[142] See Regina v. Keyn, 2 L. R. (Exch. Div.), 63.

[143] Ann. Cycl. (1894), 292.

[144] Lawrence, pp. 138, 182.

[145] See Cushing's "Treaty of Washington."

[146] 24 U. S. Sts. at Large, 475.

[147] See Whart., §§ 301-308.

[148] Treaties of U. S., 940.

[149] Proceedings Fur Seal Arbitration, 1893; also 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, 947.

[150] Note 63, § 105.

[151] IV. Hertslet, 2783.

[152] Art. 28, Gen. Act Brussels Conference, July 2, 1890.

[153] Wildenhus's Case, 120 U. S. 1, 18.

[154] Bonfils, "De la compétence des tribunaux français," § 326.

[155] Statutes, 41 and 42, Vict., p. 579.

[156] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1993; 1 Gould and Tucker, 478; 2 ibid., 178, 203.

[157] Civil Code, Art. 28.

[158] Law of June 1, 1870.

[159] Dec. 24, 1879.

[160] Feb. 27, 1858.

[161] July 3, 1876.

[162] Whart., § 183 ff.

[163] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1648-1653.

[164] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1994; 1 Gould and Tucker, 479; 2 ibid., 178.

[165] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1656 ff.

[166] Constitution of U. S., Art. I., § 8.

[167] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 2165-2174; 1 Gould and Tucker, 513; 2 ibid., 202.

[168] 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 863; 3 ibid., 1671 ff.

[169] Treaties of U. S., 1262; 2 Whart., § 181.

[170] Hall, § 71, p. 240 ff.

[171] 2 Whart., § 175, Frelinghuysen to Wallace, March 25, 1887.

[172] 2 Whart., § 175, Bayard to Williams, Oct. 29, 1885.

[173] 2 Whart., § 193, Marcy to Seibels, May 27, 1854.

[174] 2 Whart., § 193, Marcy to Fay, May 27, 1854.

[175] 2 Whart., § 198, Marcy to Hüselmann, Sept. 26, 1853.

[176] 6 Messages and Papers of President, 168.

[177] Bonfils, 337.

[178] § 48, p. 173.

[179] Snow's "Cases," 72 ff., for this and other cases.

[180] Snow's "Cases," 82, Rothschild v. Queen of Portugal; Bynkershoek, "De Foro Legatorum," C. XVI.

[181] See § 80 (f) for full discussion.

[182] Exchange v. M'Faddon, 7 Cr., 116, 139.

[183] "International Law," Naval War Col., 2d ed., p. 23.

[184] Hall, § 55.

[185] Snow's "Cases," p. 114.

[186] § 55, p. 205.

[187] 1 Whart., § 125.

[188] By treaties with Japan, going into effect 1899, such courts were abolished in that empire. 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.

[189] 1 U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4083-4130; 1 Gould and Tucker, 770-772; 2 ibid., 503; Treaties of U. S., 1279, 1288; 1 Whart., § 125.

[190] Proclamation of March 27, 1876; 19 U. S. Sts. at Large, 662.

[191] "The surrender of fugitives from justice is a matter of conventional arrangement between states, as no such obligation is imposed by the law of nations." In the Matter of Metzger, 5 How. 176, 188.

[192] 2 Whart., § 268.

[193] Snow's "Cases," 151 ff.; Treaties of U. S., 1289-1293.

[194] I. Moore, "Extradition," 156.

[195] 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1508; Snow's "Cases," 151 et seq.; 2 Whart., § 270; 1 Moore, "Extradition," 196 ff.; Treaties of U. S., 1289 et seq.; 1 Gould and Tucker, 987.

[196] Treaties of U. S., 437 and 1289-1293; 26 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1510; U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 5270-5280; 1 Gould and Tucker, 979-989; 2 Whart., §§ 274-280.

[197] In case of Chesapeake, 1863, the consul acted as agent. Wheat., D., § 428, note 207; 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1876.

[198] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1877.

[199] "Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international," 1881-1882, p. 128.

[200] IV. Hertslet, 2783.

[201] Ibid.

[202] For the general question, see 2 Pradier-Fodéré, 834, 845.

[203] § 43, p. 167.

[204] U. S. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882, 1 Gould and Tucker, 502 et seq.; 2 ibid., 193 et seq.

[205] Digest, LVII., 17.

[206] 3 Pradier-Fodéré, 1233.

[207] Nys, "Les Origines du Droit International," 297.

[208] Walton, "Life of Wotton," 155.

[209] Calvo, § 1311 ff.

[210] I. Hertslet, 62, 63.

[211] I. Hertslet, 575. These rules have been adopted by the U. S. Department of State.

[212] Calvo, § 1328 ff.

[213] March 1, 1893, 27 U. S. Sts. at Large, c. 182.

[214] 1 Whart., §§ 82, 82 a, 83.

[215] "The American Passport," U. S. Dept. State, 1898, p. 7.

[216] Wicquefort, "The Embassador and his Functions," Digby's translation, Ch. XXII., p. 201.

[217] "Droit des gens," Liv. IV., Ch. VI.

[218] Calvo, § 1328 ff.

[219] Lehr, "Manuel des Agents Diplomatiques," § 367 ff.

[220] The Department of State instructs the representatives of the United States to follow this practice.

[221] U.S. Rev. Sts., § 2000.

[222] U.S. Rev. Sts., § 4075.

[223] Till the reign of Louis XIV., Latin was the language of diplomacy; from that time, French became more and more used. Since the Congress of Vienna, 1815, any language may be used without offense, Art. 120.

[224] 22 U. S. Sts. at Large, 216, § 5.

[225] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1750; 1 Gould and Tucker, 446; 2 ibid., 158.

[226] Hall, § 53, n. 1., p. 192.

[227] 16 Ann. Cycl., 833.

[228] 1 Whart., § 84.

[229] "Droit Int.," § 1481, ff.

[230] Lehr, "Manuel," §§ 988-998.

[231] Despagnet, "Droit international public," 2d ed., § 235; Heffter, § 204.

[232] Grotius, "De Jure Belli," II., 18.

[233] § 50.

[234] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 4063, 4064; Wheat., D., 308-310.

[235] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, § 47.

[236] 1 Whart., § 98.

[237] Ibid.

[238] De Martens, "Causes Cél.," I., 174.

[239] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, 1897, § 50.

[240] Hall, § 52, p. 189.

[241] See the "Right of Asylum in the Legations of the United States in Central and South America," by Barry Gilbert, in Harvard Law Review for June, 1901, p. 118.

[242] U. S. Constitution, Art. III., § 2, 2.

[243] U. S. Constitution, Art. I., § 9, 8.

[244] 1 Whart., § 100.

[245] 1 Whart., § 105.

[246] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., 1897, §§ 68, 69.

[247] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1751.

[248] 1 Whart., § 99.

[249] 1 Whart., § 102.

[250] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1226.

[251] Ibid., § 1688.

[252] Schuyler, "Amer. Dip.," 144.

[253] Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, U. S., § 67.

[254] U. S. Rev. Sts., §§ 1674-1752; 1 Gould and Tucker, 439-447; 2 ibid. 155-158.

[255] Nys, "Les origines du droit international," "Le Commerce," p. 286.

[256] Lawrence, "Commentaire sur Wheaton," IV., p. 6.

[257] Consular Regulations, 1896, 1.

[258] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.

[259] U. S. Rev. Sts., § 1674.

[260] § 105, p. 331.

[261] See Treaties: United States and Colombia (New Granada), 1850; United States and France, 1853; United States and Austria, 1870; United States and Germany, 1871; Austria and Portugal, 1873; Germany and Russia, 1874; France and Russia, 1874; United States and Italy, 1878; Portugal and Belgium, 1880; United States and Roumania, 1881; United States and Congo Free State, 1891, and others.

[262] 29 U. S. Sts. at Large, 848.

[263] See § 64 for extent of jurisdiction.

[264] U. S. Treaty with Borneo, June 23, 1850, Art. IX., Treaties of U. S., 102.

[265] U. S. Treaty with China, Nov. 17, 1880, Art. IV., Treaties in Force, 120.

[266] Hall, § 105 note, p. 338.

[267] Lehr, § 1236 ff.

[268] "De Clercq et de Vallat," I., pp. 106, 107.

[269] § 244.

[270] For various protocols, see Treaties of U. S., 824, 1148; 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1593; ibid., 1596. For the recent protocol between the United States and Spain as to terms of peace, see 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1742.

[271] Wheat., D., §§ 254, 344.

[272] The Holy Alliance of 1815 was signed by three sovereigns.

[273] See p. 163.

[274] The Declaration of Paris, 1856.

[275] 17 U. S. Sts. at Large, 863; Treaties of U. S., 478.

[276] Art. II., § 2, 2.

[277] Calvo, §§ 643-668.

[278] Grotius, II., 16; Vattel, II., 17. The rules of Vattel are briefly and well stated by Baker, "First Steps in International Law," 1899, p. 105.

[279] For the subject of interpretation, see Hall, §§ 111, 112, p. 350 ff.; 2 Phillimore, Pt. V., Ch. VIII.; Calvo, §§ 1649-1650; Pradier-Fodéré, §§ 1171-1188.

[280] For discussion of the "most favored nation" clause, see 2 Whart., § 134, also Appendix to Vol. III., p. 888.

[281] § 116, p. 367.

[282] See Holls's "Hague Peace Conference," 176 et seq.

[283] See, on this entire subject, Moore's "International Arbitration"; Holls's "Hague Peace Conference," 176-305; Cushing's "Treaty of Washington."

[284] 3 Phillimore, 21, 22.

[285] Pradier-Fodéré, 2634-2636.

[286] Art. 15, U. S. Naval War Code; Proclamations and Decrees, p. 77. See Appendix, p. 405.

[287] 30 U. S. Sts. at Large, 1770.

[288] Proclamations and Decrees, p. 93.