Table of Contents
Contents of Volume III Articles on Castes and Tribes of the Central Provinces in Alphabetical Order
v
Illustrations in Volume III
ix
Pronunciation
xi
Articles on Castes and Tribes Garardia—Koshti
2
Gadaria
3
1. General notice.
3
2. Subdivisions.
3
3. Marriage customs.
5
4. Religion and funeral rites.
5
5. Social customs.
6
6. Goats and sheep.
6
7. Blanket-weaving.
8
8. Sanctity of wool.
9
Gadba
9
1. Description and structure of the tribe.
9
2. Marriage.
10
3. Religious beliefs and festivals.
11
4. Disposal of the dead.
12
5. Occupation and mode of living.
13
Gānda
14
1. Distribution and origin.
14
2. Caste subdivisions.
14
3. Marriage.
15
4. Religion.
16
5. Occupation and social status.
16
Gandhmāli
17
Gārpagāri
19
1. Origin of the caste.
19
2. Marriage.
20
3. Religion.
20
4. Occupation.
21
5. Social status.
24
Gauria
24
GHASIA
27
1. Description of the caste.
27
2. Subcastes.
28
3. Exogamous sections.
28
4. Marriage.
28
5. Religion and superstitions.
29
6. Occupation.
30
7. Social customs.
30
8. Ghasias and Kāyasths.
31
Ghosi
32
Golar
35
GOND
39
(
a
)
Origin and History
41
1. Numbers and distribution.
41
2. Gondwāna.
41
3. Derivation of name and origin of the Gonds.
42
4. History of the Gonds.
44
5. Mythica traditions. Story of Lingo.
47
6. Legend of the creation.
49
7. Creation of the Gonds and their imprisonment by Mahādeo.
50
8. The birth and history of Lingo.
51
9. Death and resurrection of Lingo.
55
10. He releases the Gonds shut up in the cave and constitutes the tribe.
56
(
b
)
Tribal Subdivisions
62
11. Subcastes.
62
12. Exogamy.
64
13. Totemism.
67
14. Connection of totemism with the gods.
68
(
c
)
Marriage Customs
71
15. Prohibitions on intermarriage, and unions of relations.
71
16. Irregular marriages.
72
17. Marriage. Arrangement of matches.
73
18. The marriage ceremony.
73
19. Wedding expenditure.
74
20. Special customs.
76
21. Taking omens.
78
22. Marriage by capture. Weeping and hiding.
79
23. Serving for a wife.
80
24. Widow remarriage.
80
25. Divorce.
82
26. Polygamy.
82
(
d
)
Birth and Pregnancy
83
27. Menstruation.
83
28. Superstitions about pregnancy and childbirth.
83
29. Procedure at a birth.
85
30. Names.
86
31. Superstitions about children.
87
(
e
)
Funeral Rites
89
32. Disposal of the dead.
89
33. Funeral ceremony.
89
34. Mourning and offerings to the dead.
91
35. Memorial stones to the dead.
92
36. House abandoned after a death.
93
37. Bringing back the soul.
94
38. The dead absorbed in Bura Deo.
95
39. Belief in a future life.
96
(
f
)
Religion
97
40. Nature of the Gond religion. The gods.
97
41. Tribal gods, and their place of residence.
98
42. Household gods.
100
43. Nāg Deo.
101
44. Nārāyan Deo.
101
45. Bura Deo.
102
46. Charms and magic.
103
47. Omens.
105
48. Agricultural superstitions.
106
49. Magical or religious observances in fishing and hunting.
107
50. Witchcraft.
110
51. Human sacrifice.
112
52. Cannibalism.
114
53. Festivals. The new crops.
115
54. The Holi festival.
116
55. The Meghnāth swinging rite.
116
56. The Karma and other rites.
117
(
g
)
Appearance and Character, and Social Rules and Customs
118
57. Physical type.
118
58. Character.
119
59. Shyness and ignorance.
120
60. Villages and houses.
121
61. Clothes and ornaments.
122
62. Ear-piercing.
123
63. Hair.
123
64. Bathing and washing clothes.
124
65. Tattooing.
124
66. Special system of tattooing.
125
67. Branding.
127
68. Food.
128
69. Liquor.
129
70. Admission of outsiders and sexual morality.
130
71. Common sleeping-houses.
131
72. Methods of greeting and observances between relatives.
132
73. The caste
panchāyat
and social offences.
132
74. Caste penalty feasts.
134
75. Special purification ceremony.
135
76. Dancing.
136
77. Songs.
137
78. Language.
138
(
h
)
Occupation
139
79. Cultivation.
139
80. Patch cultivation.
140
81. Hunting: traps for animals.
141
Gond-Gowāri
143
Gondhali
144
Gopāl
147
GOSAIN
150
1. Names for the Gosains.
150
2. The ten orders.
151
3. Initiation.
152
4. Dress.
152
5. Methods of begging and greetings.
154
6. The Dandis.
155
7. The Rāwanvansis.
155
8. Monasteries.
156
9. The fighting Gosains.
156
10. Burial.
158
11. Sexual indulgence.
158
12. Missionary work.
159
13. The Gosain caste.
159
Gowāri
160
1. Origin of the caste.
160
2. Subcastes.
161
3. Totemism and exogamy.
161
4. Marriage customs.
162
5. Funeral rites.
163
6. Religion.
163
7. Caste rules and the
panchāyat
.
163
8. Social customs.
164
GŪJAR
166
1. Historical notice of the caste.
166
2. The Gūjars and the Khazars.
168
3. Predatory character of the Gūjars in northern India.
169
4. Subdivisions.
171
5. Marriage.
172
6. Disposal of the dead.
172
7. Religion.
173
8. Character.
174
GURAO
175
1. Origin of the caste.
175
2. Internal structure.
177
3. Marriage and ceremonies of adolescence.
178
4. Birth customs.
178
5. The sacred thread.
179
6. Funeral customs.
180
7. Social position.
181
8. The Jain Guraos.
181
HALBA
182
1. Traditions of the caste.
182
2. Halba landowners in Bastar and Bhandāra.
184
3. Internal structure: subcastes.
185
4. Exogamous sections.
186
5. Theory of the origin of the caste.
187
6. Marriage.
188
7. Importance of the sister’s son.
189
8. The wedding ceremony.
190
9. Going-away ceremony.
192
10. Widow-marriage and divorce.
193
11. Religion.
194
12. Disposal of the dead.
194
13. Propitiating the spirits of those who have died a violent death.
195
14. Impurity of women.
196
15. Childbirth.
196
16. Names.
197
17. Social status.
198
18. Caste
panchāyat
.
199
19. Dress.
199
20. Tattooing.
200
21. Occupation.
201
Halwai
201
Hatkar
204
1. Derivation and historical notice.
204
2. The Gauli Hatkar’s reverence for cattle.
205
3. Funeral rites.
206
4. Exogamous groups.
206
Hijra
206
Holia
212
Injhwār
213
1. Origin of the caste.
213
2. Subdivisions.
214
3. Marriage and other customs.
215
4. Occupation and social status.
216
Jādam
217
Jādua
219
Jangam
222
JĀT
225
1. Theories of the origin of the caste.
225
2. Sir D. Ibbetson’s description of the caste.
228
3. Are the Jāts and Rājpūts distinct?
228
4. The position of the Jāt in the Punjab.
229
5. Social status of the Jāts.
231
6. Brāhmanical legend of origin.
232
7. The Jāts in the Central Provinces.
233
8. Marriage customs.
233
9. Funeral rites.
234
10. The Paida ceremony.
234
11. Customs at birth.
235
12. Religion.
236
13. Social customs.
236
14. Occupation.
237
JHĀDI TELENGA
238
1. General notice.
238
2. Exogamous divisions.
238
3. Admission of outsiders.
239
4. Marriage.
239
5. Religion.
240
6. Names.
241
7. Magical devices
241
8. Occupation.
242
JOGI
243
1. The Yoga philosophy.
243
2. Abstraction of the senses or autohypnotism.
244
3. Breathing through either nostril.
246
4. Self-torture of the Jogis.
247
5. Resort to them for oracles.
249
6. Divisions of the order.
250
7. Hair and clothes.
250
8. Burial.
251
9. Festivals.
252
10. Caste subdivisions.
252
11. Begging.
252
12. Other occupations.
253
13. Swindling practices.
253
14. Proverbs about Jogis.
254
JOSHI
255
1. The village priest and astrologer.
255
2. The apparent path of the sun. The ecliptic or zodiac.
257
3. Inclination of the ecliptic to the equator.
259
4. The orbits of the moon and planets.
259
5. The signs of the zodiac.
260
6. The Sankrānts.
261
7. The
nakshatras
or constellations of the moon’s path.
261
8. The revolution of the moon.
263
9. The days of the week.
264
10. The lunar year.
266
11. Intercalary months.
266
12. Superstitions about numbers.
267
13. The Hindu months.
268
14. The solar
nakshatras
.
270
15. Lunar fortnights and days.
270
16. Divisions of the day.
271
17. The Joshi’s calculations.
272
18. Personal names.
273
19. Terminations of names.
277
20. Women’s names.
277
21. Special names and bad names.
278
Julāha
279
Kachera
281
1. Origin of the caste.
281
2. Exogamous groups.
281
3. Social customs.
282
4. Occupation.
283
KĀCHHI
285
1. General notice.
285
2. Subdivisions.
285
3. Marriage customs.
286
4. Childbirth.
287
5. Ear-piercing
287
6. Disposal of the dead.
288
Kadera
288
1. Historical notice.
288
2. Subdivisions.
289
3. Social customs.
289
4. Religion and occupation.
290
Kahār
291
1. Origin and statistics.
291
2. The
doli
or palanquin.
292
3. Female bearers.
294
4. Indoor servants.
294
Kaikāri
296
1. Origin and traditions.
296
2. Marriage.
298
3. Religion.
299
4. Social customs and position.
300
5. Occupation.
302
Kalanga
302
1. Origin.
302
2. Subdivisions.
303
3. Marriage.
303
4. Social position.
304
KALĀR
306
1. Strength of the caste.
306
2. Internal structure.
306
3. Dandsena Kalārs in Chhattīsgarh.
307
4. Social customs.
308
5. Liquor held divine in Vedic times.
311
6. Subsequent prohibition of alcohol.
312
7. Spirits habitually drunk in ancient times.
313
8. Drunkenness and divine inspiration.
314
9. Sanctity of liquor among the Gonds and other castes.
316
10. Drugs also considered divine.
317
11. Opium and gānja.
319
12. Tobacco.
320
13. Customs in connection with drinking.
321
KAMĀR
323
1. Origin and traditions.
323
2. Subdivisions and marriage.
324
3. The sister’s son.
325
4. Menstruation.
325
5. Birth customs.
326
6. Death and inheritance.
326
7. Religious beliefs.
326
8. Veneration of iron and liquor.
328
9. Social customs and caste penalties.
328
10. Tattooing.
329
11. Hair.
329
12. Occupation and manner of life.
329
13. Their skill with bows and arrows.
330
KANJAR
331
1. Derivation of the Kanjars from the Doms.
331
2. The Kanjars and the Gipsies.
333
3. The Thugs derived from the Kanjars.
336
4. The Doms.
336
5. The criminal Kanjars.
337
6. The Kūnchband Kanjars.
338
7. Marriage and religion.
338
8. Social customs.
339
9. Industrial arts.
340
Kāpewār
342
Karan
343
KASAI
346
1. General notice of the caste.
346
2. The cattle-slaughtering industry.
347
3. Muhammadan rite of
zibah
or
halāl
.
348
4. Animism.
349
5. Animal-gods. The domestic animals.
349
6. Other animals.
352
7. Animals worshipped in India.
354
8. The sacrificial meal.
354
9. Primitive basis of kinship.
356
10. The bond of food.
357
11. The blood-feud.
357
12. Taking food together and hospitality.
358
13. The Roman
sacra
.
358
14. The Hindu caste-feasts.
359
15. Sacrifice of the camel.
360
16. The joint sacrifice.
361
17. Animal sacrifices in Greece.
361
18. The Passover.
363
19. Sanctity of domestic animals.
364
20. Sacrificial slaughter for food.
365
21. Animal fights.
366
22. The sacrificial method of killing.
366
23. Animal sacrifices in Indian ritual.
368
Kasār
369
1. Distribution and origin of the caste.
369
2. Internal structure.
370
3. Social customs.
371
4. Occupation.
372
KASBI
373
1. General notice.
373
2. Girls dedicated to temples.
374
3. Music and dancing.
376
4. Education of courtesans.
377
5. Caste customs.
380
6. First pregnancy.
381
7. Different classes of women.
381
8. Dancing and singing.
383
Katia
384
1. General notice.
384
2. Subcastes and exogamous groups.
385
3. Marriage customs.
386
4. Funeral rites.
387
5. Social rules.
387
KAWAR
389
1. Tribal legend.
389
2. Tribal subdivisions.
390
3. Exogamous groups.
392
4. Betrothal and marriage.
393
5. Other customs connected with marriage.
395
6. Childbirth.
396
7. Disposal of the dead.
397
8. Laying spirits.
398
9. Religion.
399
10. Magic and witchcraft.
400
11. Dress.
401
12. Occupation and social rules.
401
KĀYASTH
404
1. General notice and legend of origin.
404
2. The origin of the caste.
405
3. The rise of the Kāyasths under foreign rulers.
408
4. The original profession of the Kāyasths.
410
5. The caste an offshoot from Brāhmans.
412
6. The success of the Kāyasths and their present position.
415
7. Subcastes.
416
8. Exogamy.
418
9. Marriage customs.
418
10. Marriage songs.
419
11. Social rules.
420
12. Birth customs.
421
13. Religion.
421
14. Social customs.
421
15. Occupation.
422
Kewat
422
1. General notice.
422
2. Exogamous divisions and marriage.
424
3. Social customs.
425
KHAIRWĀR
427
1. Historical notice of the tribe.
427
2. Its origin.
430
3. Tribal subdivisions.
431
4. Exogamous septs.
432
5. Marriage.
432
6. Disposal of the dead.
433
7. Religion.
434
8. Inheritance.
434
9. The Khairwas of Damoh.
435
Khandait
436
KHANGĀR
439
1. Origin and traditions.
439
2. Caste subdivisions.
440
3. Marriage.
441
4. Religion.
442
5. Social status.
443
6. Occupation.
443
KHARIA
445
1. General notice.
445
2. Legend of origin.
445
3. Subcastes.
447
4. Exogamy and totemism.
447
5. Marriage.
447
6. Taboos as to food.
449
7. Widow-marriage and divorce.
449
8. Religion.
449
9. Funeral rites.
450
10. Bringing back the souls of the dead.
450
11. Social customs.
451
12. Caste rules and organisation.
451
13. Occupation and character.
452
14. Language.
453
Khatīk
453
Khatri
456
1. Rājpūt origin.
456
2. Sir George Campbell’s account of the Khatris.
457
3. Higher and lower groups.
459
4. Marriage and funeral customs.
460
Khojāh
461
KHOND
464
1. Traditions of the tribe.
464
2. Tribal divisions.
465
3. Exogamous septs.
466
4. Marriage.
467
5. Customs at birth.
468
6. Disposal of the dead.
469
7. Occupation.
470
8. A Khond combat.
470
9. Social customs.
472
10. Festivals.
472
11. Religion.
473
12. Human sacrifice.
474
13. Last human sacrifices.
479
14. Khond rising in 1882.
480
15. Language.
481
Kīr
481
1. Origin and Traditions.
481
2. Marriage.
481
3. Religion.
483
4. Birth and death ceremonies.
484
5. Food, dress and occupation.
485
Kirār
485
1. Origin and traditions.
485
2. Marriage.
487
3. Religion.
490
4. Social customs.
492
5. Occupation.
492
Kohli
493
1. General notice.
493
2. Marriage and other customs.
495
3. The Kohlis as tank-builders.
497
4. Agricultural customs.
498
5. General characteristics.
499
KOL
500
1. General notice. Strength of the Kols in India.
500
2. Names of the tribe.
501
3. Origin of the Kolarian tribes.
503
4. The Kolarians and Dravidians.
504
5. Date of the Dravidian immigration.
504
6. Strength of the Kols in the Central Provinces.
508
7. Legend of origin.
508
8. Tribal subdivisions.
509
9. Totemism.
510
10. Marriage customs.
511
11. Divorce and widow-marriage.
512
12. Religion.
512
13. Witchcraft.
513
14. Funeral rites.
514
15. Inheritance.
515
16. Physical appearance.
516
17. Dances.
516
18. Social rules and offences.
517
19. The caste
panchāyat
.
517
20. Names.
518
21. Occupation.
519
22. Language.
519
KOLĀM
520
1. General notice of the tribe.
520
2. Marriage.
522
3. Disposal of the dead.
523
4. Religion and superstitions.
523
5. Social position.
524
6. Miscellaneous customs.
525
KOLHĀTI
527
1. Introductory notice.
527
2. Internal structure.
528
3. Marriage.
529
4. Funeral rites.
529
5. Other customs.
530
6. Occupation.
531
KOLI
532
1. General notice of the caste.
532
2. Subdivisions.
534
3. Exogamous divisions.
535
4. Widow-marriage or divorce.
535
5. Religion.
536
6. Disposal of the dead.
536
7. Social rules.
536
Kolta
537
1. Origin and traditions.
537
2. Exogamous groups.
538
3. Marriage
539
4. Religion.
541
5. Occupation.
541
Komti
542
Kori
545
1. Description of the caste.
545
2. Marriages
546
3. Customs at birth and death.
547
4. Religion.
548
5. Occupation and social status.
548
KORKU
550
List of Paragraphs
550
1. Distribution and origin.
550
2. Tribal legends.
551
3. Tribal subdivisions.
554
4. Marriage Betrothal.
556
5. The marriage ceremony.
557
6. Religion.
559
7. The Bhumka.
560
8. Magical practices.
562
9. Funeral rites.
564
10. Appearance and social customs.
566
11. Character.
568
12. Inheritance.
568
13. Occupation.
569
14. Language.
570
KORWA
571
1. General notice.
571
2. Physical appearance.
572
3. Subdivisions.
573
4. Marriage customs.
574
5. Funeral rites.
574
6. Religion.
575
7. Social customs.
575
8. Dancing.
575
9. Occupation.
576
10. Dacoity.
577
11. Folk-tales.
577
KOSHTI
581
1. General notice.
581
2. Subdivisions.
582
3. Marriage.
583
4. Funeral customs.
584
5. Religion.
585
6. Superstitions.
587
7. Clothes, etc.
587
8. Social rules and status.
588
9. Occupation.
588