The Via Nomentana diverged from the Via Salaria at the Collina gate in the Servian walls, and passed through the Aurelian wall at a gate which now stands a little to the south of the modern Porta Pia. The present road follows the line of the ancient Via Nomentana, as may be seen by the ruins of tombs which fringe it beyond S. Agnese. The Chapel of S. Constanza, opposite S. Agnese, is an interesting building of the Constantinian epoch, and the mosaics it contains, including a mixture of Christian and pagan emblems, are very remarkable. The Mons Sacer stands just beyond the bridge over the Anio, and the Villa of Phaon, where Nero ended his life, was at the Vigne Nuove, on a side road which branches off to the right, just beyond the Ponte Nomentano.
The Via Salaria is said to have been so named from the supplies of salt conveyed along it to the Sabine district at the time when the Romans and Sabines were confederates. It is first mentioned in history as the scene of the single combat between Manlius and the gigantic Gaul. The ancient road passed out at the Collina gate, and followed very nearly the same line as the present road along the left bank of the Tiber, as may be seen by the ruins near Serpentara, and by the position of the ancient bridge, the Ponte Salaro, which carries it over the Anio close to Antemnæ. Beyond this, Fidenæ and the Allia are the most remarkable points of interest upon the road in the neighbourhood of Rome. Beyond Malpasso, the ancient road, according to Nibby, diverges to the right, crossing the railway to Ancona.
The Via Flaminia, after passing through the Porta Ratumena at the Tomb of Bibulus, left the Aurelian fortifications at the Porta Flaminia, which stood a little nearer the slope of Monte Pincio than the present Porta del Popolo. It ran to the right of the present street, and then crossed the Tiber at the well-known Milvian bridge, and then diverged to the right along the Tiber valley, while the Via Cassia ascended to the left among the Etruscan hills towards Veii, which lay to the right at the twelfth milestone. The old Flaminian Road lay closer to the river than the modern, which is carried through a cutting in the hills and rejoins it at Tor di Quinto. There are a few rock tombs on the left hand, between the fifth and sixth milestones. One of them has been connected with the poet Ovid by a mistaken inference drawn from the inscription found upon it which bears the name of Q. Nasonius Ambrosius.
Ponte Nomentano.
The Ponte Molle, which derives its name from an unknown Roman Mulvius, or from the neighbouring hills, carries the Flaminian Road over the Tiber at a distance of two miles from the Porta del Popolo. Some of the foundations of the bridge, and parts of the peperino and travertine stonework in the smaller arches, are ancient. The victory of Constantine over Maxentius, which is usually called the battle of the Pons Mulvius, was gained six miles further along the road.
An inscription cut in a block of travertine has been fixed in the right-hand parapet of the bridge. This inscription records the inspection of the banks of the Tiber by the Censors of M. Valerius and Publius Serveilius, who were Censors in the year B.C. 55.
One of the imperial villas of an early date was placed on the right bank of the Tiber at the ninth milestone on the Via Flaminia in the Veientine territory.
The Via Flaminia is here bordered for a long distance on the left-hand side by tufa rocks of a reddish hue, whence the district had obtained, in Livy’s time, the name of Saxa Rubra. The Cremera, now the Valca, is one of the streams which enter the Tiber in this district, and beyond it, where the road turns to the left, and, leaving the valley of the Tiber, ascends the hill through a cutting, is the stream and hamlet of Prima Porta. On the right of the road here, and between it and the Tiber, lie the ruins of a large villa, the various terraces of which, raised one above the other, occupy the whole of the top of the hill, and command magnificent views of the Sabine and Æquian highlands. There can be no doubt that these ruins are the remains of the villa of Livia called ad Gallinas, mentioned by Pliny and by Suetonius as situated at the ninth milestone on the Via Flaminia. The style of construction in the walls which remain corresponds to that of the Mausoleum of Augustus in the Campus Martius. The reticulated work has that peculiar irregularity about it which indicates the transition from the opus incertum to the more regularly formed opus reticulatum. Nibby had pointed out this spot in 1837 as one in which a rich harvest might be reaped from excavating, but it was not till 1863 that the splendid Statue of Augustus, now in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican with other interesting sculptures, was dug up here.[161]
At the same time some rooms were excavated at a depth of ten feet, under the level of the ancient villa. They had apparently been closed at a very early time and filled with earth, in order to erect a building over them. The largest of these was apparently intended as a cool retreat during the summer heats, and the walls are painted with trees and birds, in imitation of a rustic bower. These paintings have attracted great attention as being some of the most ancient now in existence, and also on account of their intrinsic beauty, and the wonderful way in which they have preserved their freshness of colour. The pavement of this painted room was of marble, which was, however, removed when the earth was thrown in at the time of building the rooms above.
The legend about this villa connects it with the death of Nero, relating that the laurel bushes and the white fowls, for which the villa had been celebrated since the days of Livia, withered and died out during Nero’s last days.
Beyond Prima Porta, to the west, is the site of Veii. This is about twelve miles from Rome, and now bears the name of Isola Farnese. But little remains of the ancient city have been found, but no doubt is now felt by antiquaries that the city occupied the rocky ground between the Cremera and the Fosso de’ due Fossi.
Inscriptions bearing the names of some Etruscan families, especially the Tarquitii, have been found here, and the remains of the ancient citadel, on the spot now called the Piazza d’Armi, are mentioned in some old ecclesiastical documents.
One of the gates must have been at the spot now called the Porta de’ Sette Pagi as the road from Veii to Sutri probably passed out here, and another gate was opposite Isola called the Porta dell’ Arco. A third may have stood towards Fidenæ, where the ancient postern and flight of steps is now to be seen, called La Scaletta. Other remains are to be seen near the site of a gate called by Canina La Spezieria. The Ponte Sodo and the tombs near it are worth attention, as is also the ancient Etruscan tomb called the Grotta Campana, in which a most interesting set of sepulchral ornamentations and cinerary urns has been preserved. The chief monuments of Veii, which have been taken to Rome, are the Ionic columns in front of the Post Office in the Piazza Colonna, the Statue of Tiberius, and the colossal heads of Tiberius and Augustus, now in the Vatican Museum.[162]
A.
Academia, 21, 246
Ædes Publican, Flavian, 22, 24
Æsculapius, temple of, 116
Agger of Servius, 157
Agon Capitolinus, 181
Agrippina, pedestal of, 146, 178
Alba Longa, 207
Alban Hills, 192, 194;
Emissarium or tunnel of, 204
—— Lake, 203
—— Mount, 206
Albanum Cæsarum, 202
Albula, 189
Albulæ Aquæ, 236
Alexamenus, 18
Allia, 257
Altar of Sextius, 16
Amphitheatrum Castrense, 173
Ancient stone work, 163
Anio, falls of, 249
Antoninus Pius, pedestal of column, 178
Appian Road, 194
Aqua Virgo, 135
Arches, 9
Arch of Constantine, 59
—— Dolabella, 174
—— Drusus, 171
—— Gallienus, 77
—— M. Aurelius, 177
—— Severus, 52
—— Silversmiths, 104
—— Tiberius, 46
—— Titus, 31
Architectural styles, 5, 11
Arco dei Pantani, 92
Area Flacciana, 15
Arena of Coliseum, 67
Arricia, causeway at, 208
Arval College, 231
Atta, tomb of, 219
Atticus, tomb of, 198
Atrium, Palatine, 23
Auguratorium, on Palatine, 30
Augustan buildings, 21
Aurelius, M., bas-reliefs from arch, 177
Aventine and Cælian Hills, 161.
B.
Bandusiæ Fons, 256
Basilica, Constantine, 34, 35, 183
—— Julia, 44
——, Palatine, 24
——, Ulpia, 83
Bas-reliefs in Forum, 42, 43
Baths of Agrippa, 134
—— Caracalla, 166, 183
—— Constantine, 100, 183
—— Diocletian, 153
—— Titus, 75
Bibliotheca, 21
Bibulus, tomb of, 97
Brickwork, 12
Bronze cone, 149, 178;
peacocks, 150, 178
Bovillæ, 200
C.
Cæcilia Metella, tomb of, 197
Cælian, houses on, 176
Caffarelli Palace, 98
Caligula, Palace of, 31
Calydonian boar hunt, 181
Campagna, hills of, 191;
population, 192
Capitoline map, 120, 181
Capitolium, 98
Casale Rotondo, 200
Cestius, tomb of, 165
Cicero’s Villa, 218
Circus Flaminius, 123;
—— Maximus, Carceres of, 112
Claudian Aqueduct, 20, 81, 174
Climate, 189
Clivus Victoriæ, 14
Cloaca Maxima, 46, 105
Clodius, Villa of, 201
Cluilia Fossa, 197
Coliseum, 61;
architecture of, 72;
characteristic of builder, 70
Colonnacce, 94
Colossus of Nero, 63
Columbaria, 73, 170
Columns, 10
Column of Marcus Aurelius, 138
—— Phocas, 41
—— Trajan, 84;
cast of, 89
Columna Centenaria, 142
Commodus, Palace of, 176
Constantine, Baths of, 100
Cornelia Gracchorum, 121
Cosmedin, S. Maria in, 111
Cremera, 259
Cryptoporticus, 25
Curtius, bas-relief, 179
D.
Dacian campaigns, Trajan’s, 87
Decebalus, 88
Demosthenes, statue of, 182
Digentia, 254
Dii Consentes, area of, 48
Dogana, in Piazza di Pietra, 136
Domitius Calvinus, pedestal, 26, 28
Domus Aurea of Nero, 73
Doria Palace, 127
Duilian column, inscription on, 179
E.
Egeria, grotto of, 195
Egyptian antiquities, 129, 177
Einsiedlen MS., 51, 76, 100, 125, 138, 148
Eurysaces, tomb of, 81
F.
Fasti Consulares, 179
—— Prænestini, 229
Faustina, the younger, 178
Fidenæ, 257
Fiumicino, 231
Flaminia, Via, 257
Forum Augusti, 92
—— Julium, 91
——, Nerva’s, 94
—— Romanum, 38
——, Trajan’s, 83
Fratres Arvales, 231;
buildings of, 232
Freshwater strata, 187
Frontispicium Neronis, 100
G.
Gabii, 221
Gabinius, Villa of, 218
Galuzze, 79
Gelotiana, Domus, 17
Geology of Campagna, 185
Germalus, 17, 29
Germanicus, House of, 26
Geta, erased, 104, 119
Gladiator or Gaul, dying, 181
Gnomon Obelisk, 137
Gordiana, Villa, 219
Gradus Concordiæ, 51
Graffiti, 18, 70
H.
Hadrian, colossal head of, 178
Hadrian’s Villa, 237;
antiquities from, 181, 183
Heliogabalus, Lavacrum, 36, 58
Horace, Sabine farm, 254
House of Laterani, 173
I.
Imperial monuments, 3
J.
Janus Quadrifrons, 103
Julius Cæsar, Heroon of, 39
Jupiter Pluvius, 141
—— Propugnator, 28
—— Redux, 176
—— Stator, 25
—— Victor, 28
L.
Labicum, 223
Laconicum, 134, 155, 168
Laocoon, 182
Lararium, Palatine, 24
Latifundia, 192
Latin road, tombs on, 211
Latium, towns of, 191, 192
Lautumiæ, 56
Legio fulminata, 141
Lucretilis, 256
M.
Mæcenas, Auditorium of, 80;
Tower of, 102
Mamertine Prison, 55
Mandela, 254
Marcus Aurelius, statue of, 183
Marine strata, 185
Masonry, Roman, 4
Mausoleum of Augustus, 143
—— Hadrian, 148
Maxentius, Circus of, 196
Meta Sudans, 58
Milestones on Appian Road, 183
Miliarium Aureum, 54
Minerva Medica, 78
Mons Sacer, 257
Monte Cavallo, 183
—— Testaccio, 164
Monumental History, 2
Monumentum Ancyranum, 145
Muro Torto, 147
Museum, Kircherian, antiquities in, 183
N.
Navicella, 174
Nemi, Lake of, 208;
Cæsar’s Villa at, 210
Nomentana, Via, 257
Nymphæum, Palatine, 23
O.
Obelisks, 12, 129, 145
Oligarchical monuments, 2
Ostia, 229;
antiquities from, 182
P.
Palatine, Belvedere on, 20;
entrance, 14;
paintings on peristylium, 23, 27;
walls, 16, 17
Pantheon, 130;
plundered, 135
Pedestals, in Forum, 41, 42
Phaon, Villa of, 257
Piazza Navona, 143
Pillar of Antoninus Pius, 138
Plautian Tomb, 236
Pompey, Villa and Tomb of, 201
Pons Ælius, 148
Ponte Lucano, 236
—— Molle, or Milvian bridge, 257
—— di Nono, 221
—— Rotto, 115
—— S. Sisto, 126
Porphyry basin, 182
Porta Capena, 163
—— Chiusa, 159
—— Collina, 257
—— Maggiore, 81
—— Mugionia, 24
—— Ratumena, 97
—— Romanula, 15
—— S. Lorenzo, 81
—— Viminalis, 153
Porticus Catuli, 15
—— Metelli, 120
—— Octaviæ, 119
Portland Vase, 181
Porto, 233
Præneste, 223
Prætorian Camp, 158
Prima Porta, statue of Augustus from, 260;
Villa of Livia, 259
Puteal, in Forum, 39
Q.
Quintiliana, Villa of Commodus, 198, 212;
sculpture from, 200
Quirinal Hill, 101
Quirinale, or Monte Cavallo, Piazza, 101, 183
R.
Rediculus, Divus, 195
Regal Monuments, 2
Republican Monuments, 2
Rienzi, 147
Roma Vecchia, 197, 212
Rostra of Empire, 54
Rutilius, 248
S.
Salaria Via, 257
Salita del Grillo, ruin in, 83
Sallustia, statue of, 172
S. Andrea della Valle, 123
S. Angelo, bridge of, 148
S. Constanza, Chapel of, 257
SS. Cosma and Damiano, 36
S. Maria degli Angeli, 153, 155
S. Maria in Via Lata, 127
S. Nicola in Carcere, ruins in, 117
S. Urbano, 195
Sarcophagi and cippus, 182
Saxa Rubra, 259
Scala Cœli, 29
Schola Xanthi, 49
Scipio, Sarcophagus, 182
Scipios, Tomb of, 170
Sculpture, ancient specimens of, 184
Seneca, Villa of, 197
Septa, 127
Septizonium, 20, 151
Servian Walls, 161
Sessorium, 172
Sette Basse, 212
—— Sale, 75
Site of Rome, 1
Sortes Prænestinæ, 225, 228
Stadium Palatinum, 18
Suovetaurilia, 42, 60, 88
T.
Tabularium, 56
Tarpeian Rock, 99
Tarquin Dynasty, 106, 157, 161
Teatro Correa, 143
Temple of Albunea at Tivoli, 252
—— Antoninus and Faustina, 40
—— Artemis at Nemi, 210
—— Bacchus or Honos, 195
—— Castor, 38
—— Ceres, 110
—— Concord, 50
—— Cybele, 29
—— Fortuna Prænestina, 225
—— Fortuna Virilis, 107
—— Hadrian, 137
—— Isis, 128
—— Jupiter Capitolinus, 98
—— Jupiter Feretrius, 29
—— Jupiter Latiaris, 207
—— Lares Præstites, 29
—— Marcus Aurelius, 139
—— Mars Ultor, 92
—— Minerva, 96
—— Penates, 36
—— Romulus, 196
—— Saturn, 46
—— Serapis, 128
—— Sibyl, or Vesta, at Tivoli, 251
—— Sun, Aurelian’s, 100
—— Venus and Cupid, 172
—— Venus and Rome, 32
—— Vespasian, 49
—— Vesta, 39
—— Vesta or Hercules, 108
Temples, on Palatine, 28
Theatre of Balbus, 122, 183
—— Marcellus, 112
—— Pompey, 123
Theseus and Amazons, 181
Tiber, Island of, 115;
bridges, 116;
water of, 188
Tiberius, House of, 26, 30
Tivoli, or Tibur, 235;
Villas at, 252
Torre Fiscale, 212
—— Paterno, ruins at, 234
—— Pignatara, 221
Torso Belvedere, 182
Totilas, 152, 236, 247
Transitoria, Domus, 34
Transtiberine Walls, 4
Travertine, quarries, 236
Triclinium, Palatine, 22
Trophies, of Marius, 76, 183
Tufaceous stone, 186
Tunnels, subterranean, 206
Tusculum, 214;
gate and walls, 216;
history of city, 217;
theatre at, 215
U.
Ustica, 256
Ustrina Cæsarum, 144, 146
V.
Vacuna, Chapel of, 256
Varia, 254
Vatican Hill, enclosed, 4
V. D. N., 18
Veii, 260
Veii and Campagna, antiquities from, 182
Velabrum, 103
Velia, 31
Vettius Prætextatus, 49
Vicus Tuscus, 39
Vigna Guidi, 169
Villa Mills, 21
Villas, ancient, 190, 193
Vitiges, 149, 152, 193
Volcanic strata, 186
Vota, 60
W.
Wolf, bronze figure, 17, 180
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET
AND CHARING CROSS.
Footnotes:
[1] See Corp. Inscr. Lat. vol. vi. 1, No. 1158.
[2] Cic. de Har. Resp. xv., 33. Vettius, in Cic. ad Att. ii. 24, calls Cicero “vicinus consulis,” i.e. near the Regia.
[3] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ ch. viii. p. 160.
[4] Festus, p. 262, “infimo clivo Victoriæ.”
[5] A descent to the right to the Forum has been observed by a French architect. See ‘Le Forum Romain,’ par Dutert; Lévy, Paris, 1876, p. 14. ‘Guida del Palatino,’ p. 71. Valerius Maximus, vi. 3, 1. Cic. pro Dom. 38. 102.
[6] Cic. de Div. i. 45; ii. 32. Liv. v. 32.
[7] Corp. Inscr. i. 632. Wordsworth, Frag. of early Latin, p. 167, 410.
[8] Cic. de Orat. ii. 249.
[9] Cic. ad Att. iv. 3, 3. Liv. xxxiii. 26.
[10] Vacca Memorie 3, Urlichs, in Rheinisches Museum, 1846.
[11] See Henzen, in Bull. dell. Inst., 1867. The name of Domus Gelotiana has been given to this ruin by Visconti. See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 181.
[12] The marks on the bricks found here bear the names of Clonius and Ermetes, freedmen of the Gens Domitia, but the walls which stand near the meta are constructed of materials which show that they are of later date, and belong to the Restoration of Theodoric, A.D. 500.
[13] Hist. Aug. Severus, 19, 24. See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 180.
[14] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ pp. 174, 200.
[15] Plin. Ep. I. 13.
[16] See ‘The Journal of Philology,’ Cambridge 1869, vol. ii. p. 89.
[17] Stat. Silv., iv. 2, 26.
[18] The name Basilica Jovis, placed here by Rosa, probably refers to a temple and not to this tribunal.
Plin. Panegyr., 47.
[19] ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 34.
[20] Josephus, Ant. Jud. xix. 1, 15.
[21] Gell, N. A. xx. 1, 2.
[22] Suet. Tib. 5.
[23] Orelli, Inscr. 6057, 6058.
[24] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 178.
[25] Solinus, i. 18.
[26] Orelli, 2286.
[27] Tac. Hist. i. 27.
[28] Hist. Aug. Ant. Pius, 10; Ant. Phil. 6; Gell. xiii. 20.
[29] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 160, Note 1.
[30] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 162.
[31] Josephus, Bell. Jud. vii. 5, 7.
[32] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 170.
[33] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 171.
[34] Parker’s ‘Archæology of Rome,’ vol. ii. p. 98. Jordan, ‘Forma urbis Romæ’; Berlin, 1874, p. 37.
[35] ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 169.
[36] Aur. Vict. Cæs. xl. 26. See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 166.
[37] Vitruv. v. 1.
[38] ‘Archæology of Rome,’ vol. ii. p. 75.
[39] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 163.
[40] Lampridius, Hist. Aug. Ant. Hel. 8, 17, in ædibus aulicis. Parker, ‘Archæology of Rome,’ vol. ii. p. 92.
[41] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 100.
[42] Ibid. p. 103.
[43] Eckhel, vii. 37. On the mistaken appropriation of the temple to M. Aurelius, see ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ p. 114.
[44] See Reber’s ‘Ruinen Roms,’ p. 132.
[45] Corp. Inscr. Lat. vol. vi. pt. 1, No. 1200. “Indictionis undecimo Post Consulatum pietatis ejus anno quinto” are the last words of the inscription. “In the eleventh year of his appointment and the fifth year of his reverence the emperor.” See Nibby, ‘Roma antica,’ p. 152; Zell. Epigr. 1226. A D = A Deo.
[46] See Clinton, Fast. Rom. A.D. 608.
[47] Stat. Silv. i. 1. Mr. Parker thinks that this was the pedestal of a statue of Constantine. Archæol. vol. ii. pl. xix.
[48] Nichols, ‘The Roman Forum,’ p. 78.
[49] See ‘Rome and the Campagna,’ Appendix, p. 452.