XI. The Retinue of Diplomatic Envoys
401. Different Classes of Members of Retinue 472
402. Privileges of Members of Legation 473
403. Privileges of Private Servants 474
404. Privileges of Family of Envoy 474
405. Privileges of Couriers of Envoy 475
XII. Termination of Diplomatic Mission
406. Termination in contradistinction to Suspension 476
407. Accomplishment of Object of Mission 476
408. Expiration of Letter of Credence 477
409. Recall 477
410. Promotion to a higher Class 478
411. Delivery of Passports 478
412. Request for Passports 478
413. Outbreak of War 479
414. Constitutional Changes 479
415. Revolutionary Changes of Government 479
416. Extinction of sending or receiving State 480
417. Death of Envoy 480
CHAPTER III
CONSULS
I. The Institution of Consuls
418. Development of the Institution of Consuls 482
419. General Character of Consuls 484
II. Consular Organisation
420. Different kinds of Consuls 485
421. Consular Districts 485
422. Different classes of Consuls 486
423. Consuls subordinate to Diplomatic Envoys 487
III. Appointment of Consuls
424. Qualification of Candidates 487
425. No State obliged to admit Consuls 488
426. What kind of States can appoint Consuls 488
427. Mode of Appointment and of Admittance 489
428. Appointment of Consuls includes Recognition 489
IV. Functions of Consuls
429. On Consular Functions in general 490
430. Fosterage of Commerce and Industry 491
431. Supervision of Navigation 491
432. Protection 492
433. Notarial Functions 492
VI. Termination of Consular Office
436. Undoubted Causes of Termination 496
437. Doubtful Causes of Termination 496
438. Change in the Headship of States no cause of Termination 496
VII. Consuls in non-Christian States
439. Position of Consuls in non-Christian States 497
440. Consular Jurisdiction in non-Christian States 498
441. International Courts in Egypt 498
442. Exceptional Character of Consuls in non-Christian States 499
CHAPTER IV
MISCELLANEOUS AGENCIES
I. Armed Forces on Foreign Territory
443. Armed Forces State Organs 500
444. Occasions for Armed Forces abroad 500
445. Position of Armed Forces abroad 501
446. Case of McLeod 501
446a. The Casa Blanca incident 502
II. Men-of-war in Foreign Waters
447. Men-of-war State Organs 504
448. Proof of Character as Men-of-war 505
449. Occasions for Men-of-war abroad 505
450. Position of Men-of-war in foreign waters 506
451. Position of Crew when on Land abroad 508
III. Agents without Diplomatic or Consular Character
452. Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character 509
453. Public Political Agents 509
454. Secret Political Agents 510
455. Spies 510
456. Commissaries 511
457. Bearers of Despatches 511
IV. International Commissions
458. Permanent in Contradistinction to Temporary Commissions 512
459. Commissions in the interest of Navigation 513
460. Commissions in the interest of Sanitation 515
461. Commissions in the interest of Foreign Creditors 515
462. Permanent Commission concerning Sugar 515
V. International Offices
463. Character of International Offices 515
464. International Telegraph Offices 516
465. International Post Office 516
466. International Office of Weights and Measures 516
467. International Office for the Protection of Works of Literature and Art and of Industrial Property 516
467a. The Pan-American Union 517
468. Maritime Office at Zanzibar and Bureau Spécial at Brussels 517
469. International Office of Customs Tariffs 517
470. Central Office of International Transports 517
471. Permanent Office of the Sugar Convention 517
471a. Agricultural Institute 518
471b. International Health Office 518
VI. The International Court of Arbitration
472. Organisation of Court in General 518
473. The Permanent Council 518
474. The International Bureau 519
475. The Court of Arbitration 519
476. The Deciding Tribunal 520
VII. The International Prize Court and the proposed International Court of Justice
476a. The International Prize Court 522
476b. The proposed International Court of Justice 524
PART IV
INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS
CHAPTER I
ON INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN GENERAL
I. Negotiation
477. Conception of Negotiation 529
478. Parties to Negotiation 529
479. Purpose of Negotiation 530
480. Negotiations by whom conducted 531
481. Form of Negotiation 531
482. End and Effect of Negotiation 532
II. Congresses and Conferences
483. Conception of Congresses and Conferences 533
484. Parties to Congresses and Conferences 534
485. Procedure at Congresses and Conferences 535
III. Transactions besides Negotiation
486. Different kinds of Transaction 536
487. Declaration 536
488. Notification 537
489. Protest 538
490. Renunciation 539
CHAPTER II
TREATIES
I. Character and Function of Treaties
491. Conception of Treaties 540
492. Different kinds of Treaties 540
493. Binding Force of Treaties 541
II. Parties to Treaties
494. The Treaty-making Power 543
495. Treaty-making Power exercised by Heads of States 544
496. Minor Functionaries exercising Treaty-making Power 545
497. Constitutional Restrictions 545
498. Mutual Consent of the Contracting Parties 546
499. Freedom of Action of Consenting Representatives 547
500. Delusion and Error in Contracting Parties 547
III. Objects of Treaties
501. Objects in general of Treaties 548
502. Obligations of Contracting Parties only can be Object 548
503. An Obligation inconsistent with other Obligations cannot be an Object 549
504. Object must be physically possible 549
505. Immoral Obligations 549
506. Illegal Obligations 550
IV. Form and Parts of Treaties
507. No necessary Form of Treaties 550
508. Acts, Conventions, Declarations 551
509. Parts of Treaties 552
V. Ratification of Treaties
510. Conception and Function of Ratification 553
511. Rationale for the Institution of Ratification 554
512. Ratification regularly, but not absolutely, necessary 554
513. Length of Time for Ratification 555
514. Refusal of Ratification 556
515. Form of Ratification 557
516. Ratification by whom effected 558
517. Ratification cannot be partial and conditional 559
518. Effect of Ratification 561
519. Effect of Treaties upon Contracting Parties 561
520. Effect of Treaties upon the Subjects of the Parties 562
521. Effect of Changes in Government upon Treaties 562
522. Effect of Treaties upon Third States 563
VII. Means of Securing Performance of Treaties
523. What means have been in use 565
524. Oaths 565
525. Hostages 566
526. Pledge 566
527. Occupation of Territory 566
528. Guarantee 567
VIII. Participation of Third States in Treaties
529. Interest and Participation to be distinguished 567
530. Good Offices and Mediation 568
531. Intervention 568
532. Accession 568
533. Adhesion 569
IX. Expiration and Dissolution of Treaties
534. Expiration and Dissolution in Contradistinction to Fulfilment 570
535. Expiration through Expiration of Time 570
536. Expiration through Resolutive Condition 571
537. Mutual Consent 571
538. Withdrawal by Notice 571
539. Vital Change of Circumstances 572
X. Voidance of Treaties
540. Grounds of Voidance 576
541. Extinction of one of the two Contracting Parties 576
542. Impossibility of Execution 577
543. Realisation of Purpose of Treaty other than by Fulfilment 577
544. Extinction of such Object as was concerned in a Treaty 577
XI. Cancellation of Treaties
545. Grounds of Cancellation 578
546. Inconsistency with subsequent International Law 578
547. Violation by one of the Contracting Parties 579
548. Subsequent Change of Status of one of the Contracting Parties 579
549. War 580
XII. Renewal, Reconfirmation, and Redintegration of Treaties
550. Renewal of Treaties 580
551. Reconfirmation 581
552. Redintegration 581
XIII. Interpretation of Treaties
553. Authentic Interpretation, and the Compromise Clause 582
554. Rules of Interpretation which recommend themselves 583
CHAPTER III
IMPORTANT GROUPS OF TREATIES
I. Important Law-making Treaties
555. Important Law-making Treaties a product of the Nineteenth Century 587
556. Final Act of the Vienna Congress 588
557. Protocol of the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 588
558. Treaty of London of 1831 588
559. Declaration of Paris 588
560. Geneva Convention 589
561. Treaty of London of 1867 589
562. Declaration of St. Petersburg 590
563. Treaty of Berlin of 1878 590
564. General Act of the Congo Conference 590
565. Treaty of Constantinople of 1888 591
566. General Act of the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 591
567. Two Declarations of the First Hague Peace Conference 591
568. Treaty of Washington of 1901 592
568a. Conventions and Declaration of the Second Hague Peace Conference 592
568b. The Declaration of London 595
II. Alliances
569. Conception of Alliances 595
570. Parties to Alliances 597
571. Different kinds of Alliances 597
572. Conditions of Alliances 598
573. Casus Fœderis 599
III. Treaties of Guarantee and of Protection
574. Conception and Objects of Guarantee Treaties 599
575. Effect of Treaties of Guarantee 600
576. Effect of Collective Guarantee 601
576a. Pseudo-Guarantees 602
577. Treaties of Protection 604
IV. Commercial Treaties
578. Commercial Treaties in General 605
579. Meaning of Coasting-trade in Commercial Treaties 606
580. Meaning of Most-favoured-nation Clause 610
V. Unions Concerning Common Non-Political Interests
581. Object of the Unions 612
582. Post and Telegraphs 613
583. Transport and Communication 614
584. Copyright 615
585. Commerce and Industry 616
586. Agriculture 617
587. Welfare of Working Classes 618
588. Weights, Measures, Coinage 619
589. Official Publications 620
590. Sanitation 620
591. Pharmacopœia 622
592. Humanity 622
593. Preservation of Animal World 623
594. Private International Law 623
595. American Republics 624
596. Science 625
INDEX 627