194. What Straits are Territorial 265
195. Navigation, Fishery, and Jurisdiction in Straits 266
196. The former Sound Dues 267
197. The Bosphorus and Dardanelles 268
IX. Boundaries of State Territory
198. Natural and Artificial Boundaries 270
199. Boundary Waters 270
200. Boundary Mountains 272
201. Boundary Disputes 272
202. Natural Boundaries sensu politico 273
X. State Servitudes
203. Conception of State Servitudes 273
204. Subjects of State Servitudes 276
205. Object of State Servitudes 276
206. Different kinds of State Servitudes 278
207. Validity of State Servitudes 279
208. Extinction of State Servitudes 280
XI. Modes of acquiring State Territory
209. Who can acquire State Territory? 281
210. Former Doctrine concerning Acquisition of Territory 282
211. What Modes of Acquisition of Territory there are 283
212. Original and derivative Modes of Acquisition 284
XII. Cession
213. Conception of Cession of State Territory 285
214. Subjects of Cession 285
215. Object of Cession 286
216. Form of Cession 286
217. Tradition of the ceded Territory 288
218. Veto of third Powers 289
219. Plebiscite and Option 289
XIII. Occupation
220. Conception of Occupation 291
221. Object of Occupation 292
222. Occupation how effected 292
223. Inchoate Title of Discovery 294
224. Notification of Occupation to other Powers 294
225. Extent of Occupation 295
226. Protectorate as Precursor of Occupation 296
227. Spheres of influence 297
228. Consequences of Occupation 298
229. Conception of Accretion 299
230. Different kinds of Accretion 299
231. Artificial formations 299
232. Alluvions 300
233. Deltas 300
234. New-born Islands 301
235. Abandoned River-beds 302
XV. Subjugation
236. Conception of Conquest and of Subjugation 302
237. Subjugation in Contradistinction to Occupation 303
238. Justification of Subjugation as a Mode of Acquisition 304
239. Subjugation of the whole or of a part of Enemy Territory 304
240. Consequences of Subjugation 305
241. Veto of third Powers 307
XVII. Loss of State Territory
244. Six modes of losing State Territory 311
245. Operation of Nature 312
246. Revolt 312
247. Dereliction 313
CHAPTER II
THE OPEN SEA
I. Rise of the Freedom of the Open Sea
248. Former Claims to Control over the Sea 315
249. Practical Expression of claims to Maritime Sovereignty 317
250. Grotius's Attack on Maritime Sovereignty 318
251. Gradual recognition of the Freedom of the Open Sea 319
II. Conception of the Open Sea
252. Discrimination between Open Sea and Territorial Waters 321
253. Clear Instances of Parts of the Open Sea 322
III. The Freedom of the Open Sea
254. Meaning of the Term "Freedom of the Open Sea" 323
255. Legal Provisions for the Open Sea 324
256. Freedom of the Open Sea and War 325
257. Navigation and ceremonials on the Open Sea 326
258. Claim of States to Maritime Flag 326
259. Rationale for the Freedom of the Open Sea 327
IV. Jurisdiction on the Open Sea
260. Jurisdiction on the Open Sea mainly connected with Flag 329
261. Claim of Vessels to sail under a certain Flag 329
262. Ship Papers 331
263. Names of Vessels 332
264. Territorial Quality of Vessels on the Open Sea 332
265. Safety of Traffic on the Open Sea 333
266. Powers of Men-of-war over Merchantmen of all Nations 335
267. How Verification of Flag is effected 337
268. How Visit is effected 337
269. How Search is effected 338
270. How Arrest is effected 338
271. Shipwreck and Distress on the Open Sea 339
V. Piracy
272. Conception of Piracy 340
273. Private Ships as Subjects of Piracy 341
274. Mutinous Crew and Passengers as Subjects of Piracy 343
275. Object of Piracy 344
276. Piracy, how effected 344
277. Where Piracy can be committed 345
278. Jurisdiction over Pirates and their Punishment 345
279. Pirata non mutat dominium 346
280. Piracy according to Municipal Law 347
VI. Fisheries in the Open Sea
281. Fisheries in the Open Sea free to all Nations 348
282. Fisheries in the North Sea 349
283. Bumboats in the North Sea 351
284. Seal Fisheries in Behring Sea 351
285. Fisheries around the Faröe Islands and Iceland 353
VII. Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea
286. Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea admitted 353
287. International Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables 354
VIII. Wireless Telegraphy on the Open Sea
287a. Radiotelegraphy between Ships and the Shore 355
287b. Radiotelegraphy between Ships at Sea 356
IX. The Subsoil beneath the Sea Bed
287c. Five Rules concerning the Subsoil beneath the Sea Bed 357
287d. The Proposed Channel Tunnel 359
I. Position of Individuals in International Law
288. Importance of Individuals to the Law of Nations 362
289. Individuals never Subjects of the Law of Nations 362
290. Individuals Objects of the Law of Nations 365
291. Nationality the Link between Individuals and the Law of Nations 366
292. The Law of Nations and the Rights of Mankind 367
II. Nationality
293. Conception of Nationality 369
294. Function of Nationality 370
295. So-called Protégés and de facto Subjects 371
296. Nationality and Emigration 373
III. Modes of Acquiring and Losing Nationality
297. Five Modes of Acquisition of Nationality 374
298. Acquisition of Nationality by Birth 375
299. Acquisition of Nationality through Naturalisation 375
300. Acquisition of Nationality through Redintegration 376
301. Acquisition of Nationality through Subjugation and Cession 377
302. Seven Modes of losing Nationality 377
IV. Naturalisation in Especial
303. Conception and Importance of Naturalisation 379
304. Object of Naturalisation 380
305. Conditions of Naturalisation 380
306. Effect of Naturalisation upon previous Citizenship 381
307. Naturalisation in Great Britain 382
V. Double and Absent Nationality
308. Possibility of Double and Absent Nationality 383
309. How Double Nationality occurs 384
310. Position of Individuals with Double Nationality 385
311. How Absent Nationality occurs 387
312. Position of Individuals destitute of Nationality 387
313. Redress against Difficulties arising from Double and Absent Nationality 388
VI. Reception of Aliens and Right of Asylum
314. No Obligation to admit Aliens 390
315. Reception of Aliens under conditions 392
316. So-called Right of Asylum 392
VII. Position of Aliens after Reception
317. Aliens subjected to Territorial Supremacy 393
318. Aliens in Eastern Countries 395
319. Aliens under the Protection of their Home State 395
320. Protection to be afforded to Aliens' Persons and Property 397
321. How far Aliens can be treated according to Discretion 397
322. Departure from the Foreign Country 398
VIII. Expulsion of Aliens
323. Competence to expel Aliens 399
324. Just Causes of Expulsion of Aliens 400
325. Expulsion how effected 402
326. Reconduction in Contradistinction to Expulsion 402
IX. Extradition
327. Extradition no legal duty 403
328. Extradition Treaties how arisen 404
329. Municipal Extradition Laws 405
330. Object of Extradition 407
331. Extraditable Crimes 408
332. Effectuation and Condition of Extradition 409
X. Principle of Non-Extradition of Political Criminals
333. How Non-extradition of Political Criminals became the Rule 411
334. Difficulty concerning the Conception of Political Crime 414
335. The so-called Belgian Attentat Clause 416
336. The Russian Project of 1881 416
337. The Swiss Solution of the Problem in 1892 417
338. Rationale for the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals 418
339. How to avoid Misapplication of the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals 420
340. Reactionary Extradition Treaties 422
PART III
ORGANS OF THE STATES FOR THEIR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CHAPTER I
HEADS OF STATES AND FOREIGN OFFICES
I. Position of Heads of States according to International Law
341. Necessity of a Head for every State 425
342. Recognition of Heads of States 425
343. Competence of Heads of States 426
344. Heads of States Objects of the Law of Nations 427
345. Honours and Privileges of Heads of States 428
346. Sovereignty of Monarchs 428
347. Consideration due to Monarchs at home 429
348. Consideration due to Monarchs abroad 429
349. The Retinue of Monarchs abroad 431
350. Monarchs travelling incognito 431
351. Deposed and Abdicated Monarchs 432
352. Regents 432
353. Monarchs in the service or subjects of Foreign Powers 432
III. Presidents of Republics
354. Presidents not Sovereigns 433
355. Position of Presidents in general 434
356. Position of Presidents abroad 434
IV. Foreign Offices
357. Position of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs 435
CHAPTER II
DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS
II. Right of Legation
360. Conception of Right of Legation 440
361. What States possess the Right of Legation 441
362. Right of Legation by whom exercised 442
III. Kinds and Classes of Diplomatic Envoys
363. Envoys Ceremonial and Political 443
364. Classes of Diplomatic Envoys 443
365. Ambassadors 444
366. Ministers Plenipotentiary and Envoys Extraordinary 445
367. Ministers Resident 445
368. Chargés d'Affaires 445
369. The Diplomatic Corps 446
IV. Appointment of Diplomatic Envoys
370. Person and Qualification of the Envoy 446
371. Letter of Credence, Full Powers, Passports 447
372. Combined Legations 448
373. Appointment of several Envoys 448
V. Reception of Diplomatic Envoys
374. Duty to receive Diplomatic Envoys 449
375. Refusal to receive a certain Individual 450
376. Mode and Solemnity of Reception 451
377. Reception of Envoys to Congresses and Conferences 452
VI. Functions of Diplomatic Envoys
378. On Diplomatic Functions in general 453
379. Negotiation 453
380. Observation 454
381. Protection 454
382. Miscellaneous Functions 454
383. Envoys not to interfere in Internal Politics 455
VII. Position of Diplomatic Envoys
384. Diplomatic Envoys objects of International Law 455
385. Privileges due to Diplomatic Envoys 456
VIII. Inviolability of Diplomatic Envoys
386. Protection due to Diplomatic Envoys 457
387. Exemption from Criminal Jurisdiction 458
388. Limitation of Inviolability 459
IX. Exterritoriality of Diplomatic Envoys
389. Reason and Fictional Character of Exterritoriality 460
390. Immunity of Domicile 461
391. Exemption from Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction 464
392. Exemption from Subpœna as witness 465
393. Exemption from Police 466
394. Exemption from Taxes and the like 467
395. Right of Chapel 467
396. Self-jurisdiction 468