INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
FOUNDATION OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
I. The Law of Nations as Law
SECT. PAGE
1. Conception of the Law of Nations 3
2. Legal Force of the Law of Nations contested 4
3. Characteristics of Rules of Law 6
4. Law-giving authority not essential for the existence of Law 6
5. Definition and Three Essential Conditions of Law 8
6. Law not to be identified with Municipal Law 9
7. The "Family of Nations" a Community 9
8. The "Family of Nations" a Community with Rules of Conduct 11
9. External Power for the enforcement of Rules of International Conduct 13
10. Practice recognises Law of Nations as Law 14
II. Basis of the Law of Nations
11. Common Consent the Basis of Law 15
12. Common Consent of the Family of Nations the Basis of International Law 16
13. States the Subjects of the Law of Nations 19
14. Equality an Inference from the Basis of International Law 20
III. Sources of the Law of Nations
15. Source in Contradistinction to Cause 20
16. The Two Sources of International Law 21
17. Custom in Contradistinction to Usage 22
18. Treaties as Source of International Law 23
19. Factors influencing the Growth of International Law 24
IV. Relations between International and Municipal Law
20. Essential Difference between International and Municipal Law 25
21. Law of Nations never per se Municipal Law 26
22. Certain Rules of Municipal Law necessitated or interdicted 27
23. Presumption against conflicts between International and Municipal Law 28
24. Presumption of Existence of certain necessary Municipal Rules 28
25. Presumption of the Existence of certain Municipal Rules in Conformity with Rights granted by the Law of Nations 28
V. Dominion of the Law of Nations
26. Range of Dominion of International Law controversial 30
27. Three Conditions of Membership of the Family of Nations 31
28. Present Range of Dominion of the Law of Nations 32
29. Treatment of States outside the Family of Nations 34
VI. Codification of the Law of Nations
30. Movement in Favour of Codification 35
31. Work of the First Hague Peace Conference 37
32. Work of the Second Hague Peace Conference and the Naval Conference of London 38
33. Value of Codification of International Law contested 40
34. Merits of Codification in general 40
35. Merits of Codification of International Law 42
36. How Codification could be realised 44
CHAPTER II
DEVELOPMENT AND SCIENCE OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
I. Development of the Law of Nations before Grotius
37. No Law of Nations in Antiquity 45
38. The Jews 46
39. The Greeks 49
40. The Romans 50
41. No need for a Law of Nations during the Middle Ages 53
42. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 54
II. Development of the Law of Nations after Grotius
43. The time of Grotius 59
44. The period 1648-1721 61
45. The period 1721-1789 64
46. The period 1789-1815 64
47. The period 1815-1856 66
48. The period 1856-1874 69
49. The period 1874-1899 71
50. The Twentieth Century 74
51. Six Lessons of the History of the Law of Nations 80
III. The Science of the Law of Nations
52. Forerunners of Grotius 83
53. Grotius 85
54. Zouche 88
55. The Naturalists 89
56. The Positivists 90
57. The Grotians 92
58. Treatises of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 94
59. The Science of the Law of Nations in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, as represented by Treatises 98
60. Collection of Treatises 102
61. Bibliographies 103
62. Periodicals 103
PART I
THE SUBJECTS OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
CHAPTER I
INTERNATIONAL PERSONS
I. Sovereign States as International Persons
63. Real and apparent International Persons 107
64. Conception of the State 108
65. Not-full Sovereign States 109
66. Divisibility of Sovereignty contested 110
67. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 111
68. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century 112
69. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century 113
70. Result of the Controversy regarding Sovereignty 115
II. Recognition of States as International Persons
71. Recognition a condition of Membership of the Family of Nations 116
72. Mode of Recognition 117
73. Recognition under Conditions 118
74. Recognition Timely and Precipitate 119
75. State Recognition in contradistinction to other Recognitions 120
III. Changes in the Condition of International Persons
76. Important in contradistinction to Indifferent Changes 121
77. Changes not affecting States as International Persons 122
78. Changes affecting States as International Persons 123
79. Extinction of International Persons 124
IV. Succession of International Persons
80. Common Doctrine regarding Succession of International Persons 125
81. How far Succession actually takes place 127
82. Succession in consequence of Absorption 127
83. Succession in consequence of Dismemberment 130
84. Succession in case of Separation or Cession 131
V. Composite International Persons
85. Real and apparent Composite International Persons 132
86. States in Personal Union 133
87. States in Real Union 134
88. Confederated States (Staatenbund) 135
89. Federal States (Bundesstaaten) 136
VI. Vassal States
90. The Union between Suzerain and Vassal State 140
91. International position of Vassal States 141
VII. States under Protectorate
92. Conception of Protectorate 144
93. International position of States under Protectorate 145
94. Protectorates outside the Family of Nations 146
VIII. Neutralised States
95. Conception of Neutralised States 147
96. Act and Condition of Neutralisation 148
97. International position of Neutralised States 149
98. Switzerland 151
99. Belgium 152
100. Luxemburg 152
101. The former Congo Free State 153
IX. Non-Christian States
102. No essential difference between Christian and other States 154
103. International position of non-Christian States except Turkey and Japan 155
X. The Holy See
104. The former Papal States 157
105. The Italian Law of Guaranty 158
106. International position of the Holy See and the Pope 159
107. Violation of the Holy See and the Pope 161
XI. International Persons of the Present Day
108. European States 162
109. American States 163
110. African States 164
111. Asiatic States 164
CHAPTER II
POSITION OF THE STATES WITHIN THE FAMILY OF NATIONS
I. International Personality
112. The so-called Fundamental Rights 165
113. International Personality a Body of Qualities 166
114. Other Characteristics of the position of the States within the Family of Nations 167
II. Equality, Rank, and Titles
115. Legal Equality of States 168
116. Political Hegemony of Great Powers 170
117. Rank of States 171
118. The Alternat 173
119. Titles of States 173
III. Dignity
120. Dignity a Quality 174
121. Consequences of the Dignity of States 175
122. Maritime Ceremonials 176
IV. Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy
123. Independence and Territorial as well as Personal Supremacy as Aspects of Sovereignty 177
124. Consequences of Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy 178
125. Violations of Independence and Territorial and Personal Supremacy 179
126. Restrictions upon Independence 180
127. Restrictions upon Territorial Supremacy 182
128. Restrictions upon Personal Supremacy 183
V. Self-preservation
129. Self-preservation an excuse for violations 184
130. What acts of self-preservation are excused 185
131. Case of the Danish Fleet (1807) 186
132. Case of Amelia Island 186
133. Case of the Caroline 187
VI. Intervention
134. Conception and Character of Intervention 188
135. Intervention by Right 189
136. Admissibility of Intervention in default of Right 193
137. Intervention in the interest of Humanity 194
138. Intervention de facto a Matter of Policy 195
139. The Monroe Doctrine 196
140. Merits of the Monroe Doctrine 198
141. Intercourse a presupposition of International Personality 199
142. Consequences of Intercourse as a presupposition of International Personality 200
VIII. Jurisdiction
143. Jurisdiction important for the position of the States within the Family of Nations 201
144. Restrictions upon Territorial Jurisdiction. 202
145. Jurisdiction over Citizens abroad 202
146. Jurisdiction on the Open Sea 203
147. Criminal Jurisdiction over Foreigners in Foreign States 203
CHAPTER III
RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES
I. On State Responsibility in General
148. Nature of State Responsibility 206
149. Original and Vicarious State Responsibility 207
150. Essential Difference between Original and Vicarious Responsibility 208
II. State Responsibility for International Delinquencies
151. Conception of International Delinquencies 209
152. Subjects of International Delinquencies 210
153. State Organs able to commit International Delinquencies 211
154. No International Delinquency without Malice or culpable Negligence 212
155. Objects of International Delinquencies 212
156. Legal consequences of International Delinquencies 213
III. State Responsibility for Acts of State Organs
157. Responsibility varies with Organs concerned 214
158. Internationally injurious Acts of Heads of States 214
159. Internationally injurious Acts of Members of Governments 215
160. Internationally injurious Acts of Diplomatic Envoys 215
161. Internationally injurious Attitudes of Parliaments 216
162. Internationally injurious Acts of Judicial Functionaries 216
163. Internationally injurious Acts of administrative Officials and Military and Naval Forces 218
IV. State Responsibility for Acts of Private Persons
164. Vicarious in contradistinction to Original State Responsibility for Acts of Private Persons 221
165. Vicarious responsibility for Acts of Private Persons relative only 222
166. Municipal Law for Offences against Foreign States 222
167. Responsibility for Acts of Insurgents and Rioters 222
CHAPTER I
STATE TERRITORY
I. On State Territory in General
168. Conception of State Territory 229
169. Different kinds of Territory 230
170. Importance of State Territory 231
171. One Territory, one State 231
II. The different Parts of State Territory
172. Real and Fictional Parts of Territory 235
173. Territorial Subsoil 235
174. Territorial Atmosphere 236
175. Inalienability of Parts of Territory 238
III. Rivers
176. Rivers State Property of Riparian States 239
177. Navigation on National, Boundary, and not-National Rivers 240
178. Navigation on International Rivers 241
178a. Utilisation of the Flow of Rivers 243
IV. Lakes and Land-locked Seas
179. Lakes and Land-locked Seas State Property of Riparian States 245
180. So-called International Lakes and Land-locked Seas 246
181. The Black Sea 247
V. Canals
182. Canals State Property of Riparian States 248
183. The Suez Canal 249
184. The Panama Canal 251