347

Solon, 40 sq., 99, 100

Somaliland, 129

Sousa, Alfonso de, 362

Spain, Roman, 23, 24, 80, 92, 173;
Christian, evolution of, 156, 221, 222-23, 305;
Parliament in, 382;
and Portugal, 360-61;
and Italy, 223-24;
and Holland, 301 sq.;
Inquisition in, 303;
finance of, 311;
and England, 406-7;
prospects of, 156, 260;
stagnation of, 222-23, 230, 311, 361;
industry in, 461;
Gothic, 191;
Saracen, 150 sq.

Spalding, 136, 181, 224

Sparta, polity of, 51, 98, 101, 103-4, 130 sq.;
women in, 130 n., 142

Spencer, H., 2 n.

Spiegel, 146 sq.

Sprat, 444 sq.

Spreghel, 326

Sprengel, cited, 150

"State," the word, 309

Staley, E., 182

Stephen, King, 377

Stephens, H.M., 355 n., 359, 362 n.

Stilicho, 96, 185

Stoics, 118-19

Strabo, 103

Strafford, 415 n., 437, 453

Strife, modes of, 6-7, 70

Struensee, 281

Stubbs, Bishop, on Teutons, 196;
on feudalism, 200, 201;
on Spain and Germany, 305;
on Normans, 375;
on Parliament, 387 n.;
on Magna Carta, 392;
on English commerce, 403 n.;
on enclosures, 404

Suarez, 440-41, 450

Sulla, 21, 25, 82, 86, 110

Sumptuary laws, 415

Superstition, Roman, 27;
Greek, 46;
Byzantine, 145;
and natural phenomena, 304

Sweden, structure of, 265;
political evolution of, 267, 274, 275;
religion in, 267;
polygamy in, 272;
slavery in, 274;
population in, 283-84, 329

Switzerland, 260-61;
structure of, 67;
evolution of, 331 sq.;
histories of, 331;
population in, 339, 352 sq.;
culture evolution of, 339, 341 sq.;
Reformation in, 342 sq.;
modern, 350 sq.

Sybaris, 39 n.

Symes, Prof., cited, 389

Symonds, J.A., 182, cited 96, 197 n., 210, 224-25, 238;
discussed, 225-32

Synthesis, 5

Syracuse, literature at, 136


Tacitus, 118 n., 184

Taine, 1-3

Tanquelin, 306

Tasso, 230

Taxation, Roman, 31, 77, 110;
Athenian, 42;
Byzantine, 119-20;
Moslem, 152;
Dutch, 321 n., 322;
English, 395, 404, 415, 416;
Spanish, 223, 300, 311;
Florentine, 251;
Papal, 223;
Venetian, 228;
Scandinavian, 278

Tell, myth of, 334-35

Temple, Sir W., 291, 315, 319, 321 n., 324, 449

Testa, 215 n.

Teuffel, on Roman degeneration, 32-3

Teutomania, 183, 187, 190, 192, 238, 300, 304, 307, 378

Teutonic evolution, 184 sq., 306, 340

Tertullian, 441 n.

Theodoric, 187-88, 191, 194

Theognis, 40

Theresa of Portugal, 355

Thessaly, 132, 133

Thierry, 385 n.

Thirlwall, 37; cited, 103, 106 n., 136 n.

Thirty Years' War, 460

Three, the number, 8

Thucydides, 45, 49, 128

Thurgau, 338, 346

Ticino, 338, 346, 349

Tocqueville, De, 1 n., 62

Toleration, 438, 450

Torquemada, 303

Totila, 187

Traill, H.D., 454

Trench, Bishop, 451 n.

Trollope, T.A., 181, 236 n.

Troubadours, 219, 220

Tübingen, 139

Tucker, Dean, 322-23

Turkey, religion in, 154;
prospects of civilisation in, 157, 176, 260;
empire in, 176

Turner, Sharon, 370

Tyndale, 390

Tyranny, effects of, 51, 173;
and art, 135 sq.;
Greek, 137;
at Florence, 244;
in England, 392 sq.;
in Scotland, 398

Twysden, 398


Ulster, 454

Umiliati, 218, 289 n.

United States, civilisation of, 88, 119, 365

Universities, 139, 211, 325, 348, 419 n.

Unterwalden, 332, 333, 337, 338, 344, 347

Urban II, 215

Uri, 332, 333, 337, 338, 342, 344, 347

Usher, 440

Usury, Roman, 76, 78, 79;
Roman legislation against, 20;
in Greece, 39-40;
medieval, 217;
in England, 435

Utopia, 469

Utrecht, 295


Valais, 337, 338, 346, 349

Valentinian, 90, 93

Valla, L., 227

Vandals, 92, 191

Vandyck, 327, 416

Variation, social, 144

Varro, 161 n.

Vaud, 338, 346, 349, 352

Vaughan, 418

Velasquez, 135, 327, 359, 413

Venice, evocation of art in, 63, 225, 226, 228;
trade of, 120, 222, 228, 293;
rise of, 195, 254;
and Byzantium, 204, 254;
and Turks, 222;
social conditions in, 227-28;
and Florence, 241;
and France, 253;
polity of, 254-55

Verity, Dr. R., cited, 27 n.

Verres, 32

Vespasian, 166 n.

Vicente, 359

Vico, 11, 227

Vieusseux, 331

Viglius, 304

Vijnne, 292

Villainage in England, 371 sq.

Villani, G., 217, 247 n.

Villari, Prof., 182, 218, 226, 236 n.

Villemain, 420 n., 433

Vinogradoff, 371, 372

Virgil, 165, 166

Viscontis, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249

Visigoths, the, 119, 191

Volney, 34

Voltaire, 59, 349

Vondel, 326


Wagner, 140

Waitz, 200

Walckenaer, 34, 56, 74, 121

Wales, 258, 384

Waller, 421

Walloons, 307

War, persistence of, 6-7;
and democracy, 21, 24, 45, 72;
private, 202, 286, 290;
in medieval Italy, 216, 237;
and class relations, 379-80;
and civilisation, 383, 386;
alleged benefits of, 383

Ward, Lester, 121

Wealth, adventitious, effects of, 59

Weaving, 205, 294

Webster, 413

Wends, the, 266, 272

Wenzelburger, 292

Whigs and Tories, 421 n.

Whitney, 59-61

Whittaker, T., 52

Whistler, cited, 122

Wiclif, 390

Wicquefort, 309

William of Orange, 301, 308, 309, 318

---- the Conqueror, 376

---- III, 450

Wissowa, 160 n.

Wittich, 185

Women, status of, 61, 141-42, 143, 150, 151

Woollen trade, 218, 289 n., 294, 380, 403, 453, 459

Writing, antiquity of, 160 n.


Xenophon, 105, 107


Ypres, 296


Zeno, 135

Zimmern, Miss, 289 n.

Zola, on war, 6

Zschokke, 266 n., 331

Zug, 336, 337, 338, 347

Zurich, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345

Zwingli, 342, 343