in Greece, 39 sq., 98;
and culture, 63;
in Scandinavia, 272-73;
in England, 380, 395, 390, 402-403, 404, 405, 434, 462-63, 467;
in Holland, 325, 330

Powell, Prof. York, quoted, 279

Presbyterianism, 398, 410, 417, 444

Priesthoods, 125, 142, 160, 235, 266

Printing, effects of, 221, 226

Privateering, 319 n., 323

Procopius, 144

Procter, Colonel, 181, 197 n.

Progress, 469 sq.;
European, factors in, 35;
nature of, 54;
in the East, 73, 180

Proletariate, Roman, 17, 80;
Greek, 39 sq.;
Flemish, 297;
Dutch, 315;
Italian, 244, 247 sq.;
English, 380, 387, 434, 467

Protection, evocative, 135, 140, 224 sq.; 283, 314, 315

Provence, 219, 220

Prudentius, 35 n.

Publilius, 20

Puchta, 12

Pulszky, 398 n.

Puritanism, 343-46, 418 sq.; 430 sq.

Pym, 416

Pythagoreanism, 190 n.


Quirinus, 9

Quirites, the name, 9


Race, theories of, 1 sq., 23 n., 29, 31, 60, 64, 66, 123, 128 sq., 146 sq., 158, 183, 190, 193, 209, 233-34, 237, 257, 271, 275-76, 300 n., 304, 307, 339, 369, 378;
crosses of, 50, 148, 164, 184, 271, 377;
homogeneity in, 56, 184, 339;
function of, in politics, 70

Raleigh, 314, 466

Ranke, 182, 184 n., 198, 450 n.

Rashdall, Dr., 212 n.

Rationalism, Greek, 46;
Saracen, 155;
medieval, 220;
modern, 326, 422, 447

Ratzel, 59

Ravenna, 195, 204, 212

Reade, Winwood, cited, 64

Reber, 123

Redskins, civilisation of, 361

Referendum, 351

Reformation, 221, 237;
in Italy, 237 sq., 306;
in Spain, 238, 303, 306;
in France, 238, 306;
in Germany, 192, 238, 239, 305-6, 342;
in Holland, 238, 301 sq.;
in Scandinavia, 276 sq.;
in Switzerland, 341 sq.;
in England, 238, 395, 396-98;
in Scotland, 398;
in Iceland, 280

Religion in politics, 70, 177, 265 sq.;
at Rome, 17, 19 n., 159 sq.;
as substitute for politics, 26 sq., 397;
paralysis of intellect by, 61, 237;
and monarchy, 265 sq.

Rembrandt, 327

Renaissance, 220, 225, 227, 339-40

Renan, 147

Republics, Italian, 183-256

Republicanism, Portuguese, 367-68;
English, 423, 442

Reumont, A. von, 182

Revolutions, South American, 366

Rhodes, 104, 140, 228

Richard II, 387, 390

---- III, 394

Richards, E., 192 n.

Richelieu, 140, 438

Rienzi, 233, 245-46

Rilliet, 331, 334, 335

Rio-Branco, 362 n.

Robertson, E.W., on Roman heredium, 12

---- W., 303

Rodogast, 185

Roger II, 218

Rogers, Prof. Th., 292;
and economic interpretation of history, 75 n.;
on trade in sixteenth century, 221-22;
on Holland, 298;
on population in medieval England, 388-89;
on Lollardism, 396 n.;
on enclosures, 404;
on medieval production of silver, 460

Rolf, 271 n.

Rome, political evolution of, 4, 8 sq., 16 sq., 28 sq., 67;
early civilisation of, 14, 15;
economic life of, 11 n., 75 sq.;
land system of, 11 sq.;
effects of war in, 21 sq.;
bribery in, 22;
army finance in, 25;
Pagan, religion of, 27, 159 sq.;
and Carthage, 30;
deterioration of, 31 sq., 69;
barbarian invasion of, 57, 95-6;
slavery in, 76;
commerce in, 76-77;
finance in, 77 sq., 172-73, 175;
doles in, 82;
agriculture in, 76, 79, 82 sq.;
fever in, 90 sq.;
confiscation of Pagan revenues in, 90;
collapse of, 92 sq.;
Church of, 95, 96, 168-69, 204, 206, 209, 212, 214 sq., 221, 234, 235, 399;
and Greece, 110 sq., 134 sq., 158;
law of, 112, 197, 205;
art and letters in, 125, 158, 165 sq.;
and Lombards, 195;
influence of, on Italian cities, 204;
in thirteenth century, 208;
under Rienzi, 245-46;
German conquest of, 254

Roscoe, 182, 223, 227 n.

Round, J.H., 378

Rousseau, 349, 449

Royal Society, 444-46

Royalism, 299, 300, 381, 394, 399, 416, 436

Royer-Collard, 2

Rubens, 327

Russia, culture-conditions of, 135, 139-40;
and the Far East, 178

Rutherford, S., 441


Sabines and Romans, 9, 14, 15, 16

Sacra, Roman, 9

Sacrifice, human, 129

St. Gall, 346, 349

Saint-Simon, 2 n.

Salerno, 212

Salimbene, 240 n.

Salmasius, 441 n.

Salting, 294

Salvation Army, 28 n.

Salverte, cited, 5, 56

Salvian, 35 n., 119, 214

Samber, 464 n.

Sappho, 126, 136

Saracens, and Christendom, 69;
and Byzantine trade, 117;
civilisation of, 146 sq.;
and Italy, 197, 211, 212 n.;
and Sicily, 219;
and Provence, 219

Savigny, 191, 203

Savonarola, 252

Saviour Gods, 115, 164

Scandinavia, prospects of, 260-61, 285;
evolution of, 264 sq.;
histories of, 264 n.;
religion in, 266 sq., 272;
population in, 270, 273, 282 sq.;
social conditions in, 272-73, 278;
Reformation in, 276 sq.;
separatism in, 275-76, 278;
culture evolution of, 278 sq.

Schaffhausen, 338, 344, 347

Schanz, 392 n., 458

Scherer, H., cited, 222

Schlegel, 413

Schwegler, cited, 10, 12, 13

Schweitzer, 264 n., 273 n.

Schwytz, 332, 333, 337, 338, 344, 347

Science, evolution of, 127, 145 sq., 281, 326, 348, 444 sq.

Scotland, intellectual evolution in, 61, 398, 414 n., 456;
union with England, 455-57

Sculpture, evolution of, 125 sq., 135, 142, 161, 162

Seebohm, 370 n., 388

Seeley, on decadence, 174-75;
on small nations, 259;
on national greatness, 261;
on Holland, 317;
on England and Spain, 433 n.

Selim I, 222

Semites, evolution of, 67, 146 sq.

Senate, the Roman, 18, 87, 163

Seneca, 434

Senior, N., cited, 65

Separatism, 132, 209, 231-32, 275, 276, 298, 335, 422

Servius Tullius, 15, 16

Sexes, equality of, 61, 142, 143, 150

Sextus Empiricus, 100

Sforza, 225, 249

Shaftesbury, First Earl, 437 sq.

---- Third Earl, cited, 5-6, 281 n., 449

Shakespeare, 405-7

Sheep farming, 403, 404

Sherborne, Bishop, 449

Shipping, Dutch, 313, 314, 315, 329;
French, 315;
English, 370, 402, 458, 464;
Irish, 453

Shuckburgh, cited, 29, 31, 77

Sicily, taxation of by Rome, 31;
and Saracens, 219;
literature of, 219;
revenue of, 224;
medieval invasions of, 241 sq.;
Parliament in, 381

Sidney, Algernon, 439, 442, 443

Siena, 220, 225

Silk manufacture, 116, 120, 218, 255

Silver, Greek production of, 105-6;
medieval production of, 460

Simon de Montfort, 378, 381, 382

Simonides, 136

Sismondi, 182, 350;
on the Merovingians, 187;
on the tenth century, 189, 197;
on the Lombards, 195, 198;
on feudalism, 202;
on Italian Republics, 205 n.;
on Provence, 220 n.;
on Papal rule, 223;
on despotism and letters, 230;
on Gaultier, 245;
on Italian proletariate, 247;
on the Medici, 249;
on national egoism, 259 n.

Sixtus V, 223

Slave-trade, Portuguese, 356;
English, 374, 407

Slavery, and civilisation, 62-63, 176-77;
Roman, 23-24, 76, 81, 94, 110, 112-13;
Greek, 39 and note, 43, 101, 110, 133 and note;
Christian, 118 sq., 213 sq.;
Brazilian, 362, 363, 365;
Scandinavian, 273, 274;
Dutch, 293, 295;
Portuguese, 356, 358;
Swiss, 332;
English, 370-74, 380, 388, 418;
decline of, 213 sq.

Slavs, 115, 117, 264

Smith, Adam, 59 n., 215, 324, 382, 464, 465, 467

Snobbery, national, 261-62

"Social contract," 349, 448

Socialism, 352

Sociology, course of, 60, 147;
in seventeenth century, 316

Socrates, 46, 102, 127

Soleure, 337, 338, 344, 345,