on Greek art, 123;
on Sparta, 132, 133 n.
Mahon, 34
Maine, Sir H., 56, 448, 449
Maisch, 42
Maitland, F.W., 370 n., 371, 374
Malaria in Italy, 90-1
Malone, 442 n.
Mallet, E., 353
Malthus, cited, 26 n., 100, 273, 282-84, 352
Mandeville, 467, 468
Manley, 427-28
Marck, W. van der, 308
Marcus Aurelius, 167
Margaret of Norway, 275
Marignano, 341
Marius, 24
Marks, Alfred, 438 n.
Marlborough, 320
Marlowe, 411
Marvell, 421, 439 n.
Mary of England, 397
---- of Scotland, 399
Maspero, cited, 125 n.
Mathematics, 149
Matilda, Countess, 206, 207
Maurice (Emperor), 96, 115
Maurice of Orange, 310, 313
Maximilian I, 300
Mazarin, 415 n.
Mazdeism, 125
Medicine, evolution of, 127, 147 sq.;
schools of, 212
Medici, the, 225, 227, 249 sq.
Megalomania, 261
Megara, 124 n.
Melville, Andrew, 398
Menander, 118, 135
Ménard, cited, 132
Mencius, 73-4
Mental development in Greece, 46
Menzel, 139 n.
Mercantile system, 460 sq.
Merchant Adventurers, the, 459, 466
Merimée, 3
Merovingian Kings, the, 187, 191
Mexico, 361
Meyer, Ed., on Quirites, 9 sq.;
on Roman land law, 12;
on Greek taxation, 42;
on Solon, 43 n.;
on Greek civilisation, 64;
on ager publicus, 77 n.;
on Roman culture, 158 n.
---- Ernst von, cited, 150
Michel Angelo, 254
Milan, 194, 199, 206, 210, 211, 218, 219, 225, 241, 249
Militarism, and democracy, 21 sq.;
Roman, 25, 55, 76;
and culture, 61, 131, 153, 341;
Spartan, 131;
Saracen, 153, 154;
Turkish, 157;
Florentine, 231;
Dutch, 318;
Swiss, 341;
English, 425
Mill, J.S., 58, 121
Milman, 146 n., 197
Milton, 426, 431, 441, 448
Mining, Roman, 80;
Greek, 105-6;
Brazilian, 363;
medieval, 460
Ministerial Government, 437, 468
Mitchell and Caspari, 41, 42, 44 n., 136-37
Mitford, 37, 38
Mithraism, 27, 113, 165
Mommsen, on Quirites, 9;
on the plebs, 10;
on Roman land law, 12, 13;
on Roman city life, 14 n.;
on Roman taxation, 77;
on the Antonines, 89;
on Roman religion, 158, 160, 162;
on antiquity of writing, 160 n.;
on the Celts, 190, 192
Monasteries, 167, 402-3
"Money economy," 80
Monk, 436
Monopolies, trade, and civilisation, 59;
Athenian, 108;
Byzantine, 117;
Dutch, 313, 315, 316, 463;
English, 320, 321, 323, 404, 415, 459, 461 sq.;
Flemish, 296;
Papal, 223;
Portuguese, 356, 358;
Spanish, in Italy, 223;
Hanseatic, 289
Montaigne, vii, 230
Montesquieu, on civil war, 25;
as sociologist, 28 n.;
on Hannibal, 30;
on soil and polity, 56
Montmorency, 386
Moors. See Saracens
Morals, Greek, 47 sq.;
Byzantine, 118;
Frankish, 186-87;
English, 395, 433
More, Sir T., 403 n., 405, 408
Morgarten, 335
Morin, F., cited, 3 n., 118 n., 465
Morley, Lord, cited, 66
Mosheim, 265-66, 434
Motley, 291;
on Celts and Teutons, 187, 238, 300 n., 304, 307;
on the Reformation, 238;
on Dutch slavery, 295;
on Spain and Holland, 302
Mountjoy, Lord, 440 n.
Müller, K.O., cited, 130, 131 n.
Mummius, 110
Murray, Gilbert, 129
Mysteries, religious, 160
Mythology, Greek and Roman, 124, 159 sq.
Names of abuse, 372
Nantes, Edict of, 321
Napier, Capt., 181
Naples, 195, 204 n., 211, 224, 225, 249
Napoleon, 349;
Prince, cited, 3 n.
Narses, 185 n., 188, 194
National character. See Race
National Debts, 312, 322, 364, 450
Nationality, notion of, 257 sq.
Navigation Act, 318, 425, 453, 463, 464
Navy, English, 294 n., 314;
Spanish, 314;
Dutch, 314
Nerli, 227 n.
Nero, 186
Netherlands. See Holland
Neuchâtel, 347, 349
Newman, F.W., cited, 9
Niebuhr, cited, 11 n., 108
Nöldeke, 149 n., 151
Normandy, 376, 381
Normans, 191, 211, 375
North, Dudley, 466
Norway, structure of, 269;
political evolution of, 268-69, 274, 277;
religion in, 268-69;
Reformation in, 277;
population in, 282, 284, 285
Oates, Titus, 438
Odoaker, 185, 194
Odour in races, 6
Oebly, 344
Olaf the Lap King, 267:
Tryggvason, 269;
St., 269
Oligarchy, 255
Oman, cited, 117, 118
Orange. See William of
Orosius, cited, 186
Ortolan, cited, 10 n., 11
Otté, 264 n.
Otto I, 188, 189, 198, 201
Overton, R., 424 n.
Padua, 212
Pæderasty in Greece, 103
Painting, Italian, 220-21, 223, 225, 288-89
Pais, Prof., 15
Palermo, 225
Papacy, and Italian disunion, 210, 234-35, 240 sq., 253;
and culture, 212, 227, 237;
and slavery, 215;
and trade, 223;
finance of, 223;
and art, 225, 226;
and celibacy, 235;
and Rienzi, 246;
and Florence, 246;
and Divine Right, 440
Paparrigopoulo, 36
Parliaments, 378, 380 n., 381
Parma, 216, 240 n.
Parthian empire, 113
Paterini, 220
Patricians, the Roman, 17
Patriotism, 258, 262, 308, 406, 407;
and art, 411
Patterson, W.R., 36, 76
Paul, 118
Paul the Deacon, 270
Pauw, De, 142
Pavia, 199
Pearson, C.H., 74, 378, 380 n.
Pecock, Bishop, 390
Pedro II, 366
Peele, 411, 412
Peisistratos, 42, 43-4, 137
Pelham, Prof., cited, 10
Pepys, 466
Pequods, the, 433
Pericles, 46, 48, 49, 105, 106, 124
Perrens, F.T., 181, 182, 226 n., 227 n., 249, 252 n.
Persia, 113, 115, 125, 156
Pertinax, 87 n.
Peru, 56, 361
Perugia, 225
Petit, cited, 101
Petronius, 166
Petty, 314, 316, 427, 467
Phaleas, 104
Pheidon, 104
Philip II, 301 sq., 309, 311, 312
---- IV, 304, 359, 413
Philip of Macedon, 50-1
Philippus, Lucius Marcus, 21
Philosophy, Greek, 47, 113, 127, 135
Phocas, 115
Phœnicia, 127, 129, 150-51, 159 n.
Physiology and sociology, 27 n., 71
Picton, J.A., 431 n.
Pignotti, 182
Pindar, 136
Piracy, Cilician, 110;
Algerine, 223;
Scandinavian, 270, 272, 293, 296
Pisa, 178, 205, 211, 224, 225, 226, 231, 237, 242, 248, 252
Pitt, 323
Plato, 50, 102, 109, 127
Plebs, the Roman, 9 sq., 15, 17 sq., 77, 163;
privileges obtained by, 19 and n.
Pliny the elder, 86, 91
Pluquet, 270
Plutarch, 128, 133 n.
Podestà, the title, 240 n.
Poetry, Greek, 126;
English during Commonwealth, 421, 439 n.
Pöhlmann, R., 183
Poisoned weapons, use of, 129
Politics, definition of, 1, 468;
theories of, 52, 62, 104, 233, 448
Pollock, Sir F., 448
Polyandry, 101
Polybius, cited, 103
Polytheism and politics, 266
Pombal, Marquis of, 281 n., 358, 363
Pompeius, 110
Pontalis, 292
Popish Plot, 438
Population in Rome, 19, 24, 26, 91;
in Greece, 38 sq., 100 sq., 111, 117, 172;
in Scandinavia, 270, 273, 329;
in Roman Empire, 172 sq., 194;
in Holland, 294, 327, 328-30;
in Switzerland, 339, 348, 352 sq.;
in Portugal, 329, 358;
in Brazil, 362;
in feudal England, 371 sq., 388-90;
in France, 322-23;
in Ireland, 427;
control of, 52, 53
Populus, the Roman, 10 sq.
Portugal, evolution of, 355-68;
exploration by, 221, 356 sq.;
population in, 329;
finance of, 363, 364
Positivism, 366 n.
Pott, cited, 9
Poverty in Rome, 17, 19 sq., 76 sq. (see Doles);