Scandinavian, 276;
Dutch, 319, 325-26, 330;
Portuguese, 364, 365;
Swiss, 346, 353-54;
Brazilian, 367;
English, 391, 396, 419 n.

Edward III, 380, 384, 394 n.;
IV, 392, 393;
VI, 397

Effen, Van, 326

Egypt, effect of Nile on polity of, 56;
civilisation of, 64;
culture of, 68;
art of, 125, 135;
human sacrifice in, 129;
modern, 177;
Moslem, 222

Eichhorn, 191

Eleusinia, the, 132

Eliot, 415, 416

Elizabeth, 398, 399-402

Emerson, 457

Emigration, Greek, 100;
Scandinavian, 270-71;
Swiss, 348, 353

Emilius, Paulus, 78

Empire, sociological process of, in Rome, 25 sq., 33, 87 sq., 92, 166, 170 sq.;
in Byzantium, 115 sq.;
in Greece, 133 sq.;
in Turkey, 176;
in Florence, 249, 252;
in Scandinavia, 265, 271;
in Holland, 316, 324;
in France, 320;
in Britain, 323, 384, 386;
in Portugal, 356 sq.;
and literature, 359

Enclosures, 393, 403

England, evolution of, in Anglo-Saxon times, 61, 191, 192, 204, 370, 374-75;
after Conquest, 69 n., 212, 288, 371 sq., 376, 384;
in Tudor period, 392 sq.;
process of Rebellion, 414-17;
Cromwell's rule, 417-23;
Restoration politics, 423, 436 sq.;
influence on French culture, 138;
influence on German culture, 139;
and Spain, 406-7, 420;
in eighteenth century, 229;
Reformation in, 238, 396 sq.;
Industrial evolution of, 458 sq.;
present polity of, 72, 79, 87 sq., 261;
and Holland, 318, 319, 320, 323, 425, 463;
and France, 320, 384, 392

Ennius, 158, 165

Epicurus, 135

Epimenides, 133

Equality, schemes of, 104

Equilibrium, social, 71, 114

Erasmus, 348

Erik I and II, 268

Essex, 399 n., 406, 407

Etruscans and Romans, 16, 158, 159 n.;
civilisation of, 25, 185;
unity of, 68

Euripides, 46, 131

Europe, political variety of, 59

Exposure of infants, 100, 270

Ezzelino, 239


Falkland, 423

Fatalistic reasoning in politics, 178

Faustrecht, 286, 378

Favourites, royal, 382-83, 415, 468

Federalism, in Greece, 51-52;
in Italy, 233;
in Netherlands, 295, 309;
in Switzerland, 331, 332 sq.

Ferdinand, Duke, 224

Ferguson, cited, 14

Ferrero, on Roman character, 8 n.;
on Roman trade, 11 n., 76 n., 79 n., 83 sq.;
as sociologist, 75;
on Roman civilisation, 176

Feudalism, 199 sq., 295, 335, 371, 374, 395

Filmer, 441 n., 442, 443

Finance, Roman, 77 sq., 92 sq., 119-20, 175;
Byzantine, 96, 116;
Greek, 106 sq.;
Spanish, 309, 311;
Papal, 221, 223;
Dutch, 310-11, 328;
Portuguese, 363, 364;
English, 88, 397-98, 419, 420

Finland, 278, 283 n.

Finlay, as sociologist, 38;
on Roman finance, 78;
on Roman decline, 94;
on Byzantium and Lombard invasion, 95;
on Eastern Empire, 97, 115, 119-20, 143;
on Greece under Roman Empire, 113 n.;
on Christianity and slavery, 118 n.;
on philosophic schools at Athens, 143

Fisheries, Danish, 273-74;
Dutch, 293, 311, 313, 317, 329;
Portuguese, 355

Flanders, 288 n., 294, 295, 296, 302, 309, 311, 321, 380

Fletcher of Saltoun, 455

Flint, Prof., cited, 73, 74

Floods in Netherlands, 298

Florence, constitutions of, 202, 211, 240, 241, 243, 245;
political evolution of, 206-7, 243 sq.;
factions at, 202, 207, 213, 236 n., 239 sq.;
and her allies, 208;
industry of, 211, 218;
wealth of, 217, 219;
interest at, 217 n.;
art in, 220, 226, 227 n.;
and papacy, 223;
under Duke Ferdinand, 224;
literature of, 226;
causes of eminence of, 229;
commercial development of, 231;
militarism at, 231;
and Pisa, 237, 248, 252-53;
and Venice, 243, 249;
under Medici, 249 sq.;
taxation in, 251;
collapse of, 254

Food and polity, 11 n., 55, 65, 73, 293, 315

Ford, 413

Fowler, W. Warde, 37; cited, 23 n., 29 n., 66, 161 n.

France, intellectual evolution of, 138, 140, 212;
and Holland, 319, 464-65;
and England, 320, 323, 377-78;
empire in, 320;
religion in, 321;
population in, 322-23;
and Switzerland, 349

Franks, polity of, 186, 188, 192, 197

Frederick Barbarossa, 210, 216, 235

---- II, 211, 216, 219

---- the Great, 139

---- of Denmark, 276

Freedom of the press, 310, 344

Freeman, on Greek federation, 51-52;
on Greek history, 66;
on Athenian citizenship, 124 n.;
on Simon de Montfort, 382

Free trade, 284, 465

French politics, 1-3. See France

---- Academy, 444 n., 445

---- Revolution, 72, 149 n., 397, 449

Fribourg, 337, 338, 344, 346

Fronde, the, 415 n., 436

Fronto, 167

Frontiers, theories of, 178

Froude, 402

Fustel de Coulanges, 52, 67, 265 n.

Fyffe, cited, 66


Gaeta, 204 n.

Galileo, 227

Galton, 121

Gardiner, on House of Commons, 380 n., 382;
on Lollardism, 396 n.;
on Scotch Calvinism, 398;
on Elizabeth, 400 n., 401, 402;
on Henry VIII, 401;
on Eliot, 416;
on Cromwell, 419-20, 425 n., 427 n.;
on Lilburne, 424 n.;
on Drogheda, 428-30;
on Barbone Parliament, 432

Gasquet, Dr., 388

Gaul, Roman and Christian, 94, 167, 173, 192

Gaultier de Brienne, 244

Gee, 464

Geijer, 264 n., 272

Gelasius, 194

Geneva, 341, 343, 344, 347, 349, 350, 353, 410

Genius, in politics, 15;
evocation of, 63, 121 sq.

Genoa, 204, 211, 218, 225, 229, 248;
modern, 255-56

Geographical causation, 28, 124, 293, 295, 332, 335

Germany, effects of subdivision of, 58;
trade of, 79;
intellectual evolution of, 138-9, 340;
political and social evolution of, 184 sq., 222, 286, 378;
medieval, 216;
Reformation in, 238, 239, 342

Ghent, 295, 296, 300

Ghibelines and Guelphs, 209-10, 226, 239 sq.

Gibbon, on Byzantium, 144;
on population of Roman Empire, 172 n.;
on pestilence in the Empire, 174;
and Sismondi, 187;
on Theodoric, 188 n.;
on the Lombards, 196;
on Roman slavery, 374

Giddings, 5

Gilds, German, 199;
trade, 207, 379, 393, 394

Giles, H.A., cited, 6 n., 73 n.

Gillies, 38

Glarus, 336, 337, 338, 344, 347

Gneist, 375

Godkin, L., cited, 38 n., 62

Gold-mining, 80, 92-3, 358, 363, 460

Gondebald, 187

Gontran, 187

Gospels and slavery, 118

Goths, 184, 186, 192

Gouraud, C., 28 n.

Gray, 56

Gracchi, 20, 21, 24, 81, 82 n.

Gratian, 90

Grattan, T.C., 291

Greece, superstition and ignorance in, 46 sq.;
structure of, 53, 64, 65;
population in, 101 sq.;
industry in, 109, 113;
conquests of, 78, 98, 110;
under Roman Empire, 112-14;
evocation of art in, 123 sq.;
literature in, 126 sq.

Greek civilisation, 64, 68, 121 sq.;
in Italy, 29;
evolution of, 36 sq., 98 sq., 159;
modern, 156-57

"Greek fire," 116

Green, Captain, 455

Green, J.R., on Anglo-Saxons and Christianity, 266 n., 372;
on English slavery, 372, 373, 374;
on Reformation, 397;
on Elizabeth, 400;
on English poverty, 403 n.;
on Hobbes, 421 n.;
on Shaftesbury, 438 n.

Greene, 411, 412

Greenidge, cited, 12, 14 n.

Gregorovius, 182, cited, 188 n., 189 n., 210, 212 n.

Gregory the Great, 197, 212 n., 374

---- VII, 212 n. See Hildebrandt

---- X, 240

---- XIII, 223

Grenvelle, 304

Grisons, 338, 346

Grote, 37, 331;
on Solon, 41;
on Greek polity, 44;
on Athenian Imperialism, 47 sq.;
on Pericles, 49;
on culture contacts, 58, 64;
on "race," 64, 66, 131-32;
on Lycurgus, 99;
on Greek infantici de, 101;
on Lesbos, 126;
on Athenian drama, 127;
on Sparta, 131;
on Crete, 131-32;
on Switzerland, 331 n., 332 n., 354

Grotius, 309, 310, 326, 442 n.

Grundy, Dr. G.B., 36, 65

Gubbio, 225

Guicciardini, F., 232 n.

---- L.,