413

Charlemagne, 188, 189, 191, 192, 267, 295

Charles I of England, 410, 414 sq., 426, 443

---- II of England, 319, 320, 437, 438, 442, 443, 451

---- III of Spain, 363

---- IV, 246

---- V, 300, 301, 302, 304, 309 n., 311

Charleton, W., 444 n.

Chasles, Ph., cited, 74

Chastity, barbaric, 184

Chaucer, 384, 386

Chemistry, 149, 150

Chievres, 302

Child, Sir J., 316, 458, 462, 463 n., 464, 467

Chilperic, 186

China, polity of, 56, 57, 59-60, 67, 73, 180, 260;
secret societies of, 26 n.

Chinese and Europeans, repulsions of, 6

Chivalier, 294 n.

Chivalry, 383

Christian II, 276

---- III, 277

Christianity, conditions of success of, 27, 114-15, 165;
effects of, 28;
and progress, 34-5, 179, 205, 272, 431;
and Roman Empire, 95, 96, 97, 265;
and heresy, 97, 115, 168, 300, 303, 344;
spread of, 112, 114-15;
and infanticide, 117-18;
and slavery, 118 sq., 214 sq., 372-73;
and culture, 142, 144, 168, 280;
and Islam, 149, 157;
in Gaul, 167;
and morals, 186, 210, 272, 431, 434;
and Italian disunion, 210;
in Scandinavia, 265 sq., 272, 274;
and fish eating, 293;
in modern Holland and Belgium, 307;
strife of sects in, 422

Chrysostom, 118

Church in politics, 96, 145, 152, 168-69, 198, 203, 206, 210, 223, 234, 235, 265, 274, 377, 391

Cicero, on Roman politics, 20-21;
on manumission, 215

Cimabue, 220

Cincinnatus, 12, 19

City States, 29, 38 sq., 52, 53, 124, 179, 198, 202 sq., 209 sq., 286 sq., 295

Civilisation and superstition, 46;
modern, roots of, 169

Civilisations, primary and secondary, 55 sq.

Clans, Highland, 11, 67

Clarendon, 437, 451

Class degradation, effects of, 62, 68, 372;
relations in England, 376, 379;
as political factor, 70

Classes, strife of, in Rome, 17 sq.;
in Greece, 38, 45;
in Florence, 229 sq.;
in Flanders, 296-97;
in Switzerland, 336, 350;
in England, 393-94, 405

Claudian, 167

Claudius II, 185

Clémenceau, 271

Cleomenes, 51, 104

Clientes, Roman, 11

Climate and race, 193, 361

Cloacæ, the Roman, 14

Clothaire, 186

Clovis, 187

Coal civilisations, 79, 88, 365, 366

Coinage, alleged debasement of, by Solon, 41;
Roman debasement of, 175;
Papal debasement of, 223;
debasement of, by Henry VIII, 397.
See currency

Colbert, 140, 315, 445, 446, 461, 464, 465

Cologne, 288

Colonies, Greek, 39, 48, 100;
and culture, 63 n.;
Roman, 86;
Scandinavian, 271;
Dutch, 312

Comines, 391

Comitia, Roman, 9 sq.

Commerce, Roman, 76-7, 80;
Athenian, 99, 108;
Greek, under Roman Empire, 113;
Byzantine, 117;
Italian, 211, 218-19, 221, 256, 383;
Danish, 273;
Norwegian, 284;
Medieval, 288;
Dutch, 297, 310 sq.;
Portuguese, 357 sq.;
Anglo-Saxon, 370;
English, 380, 393, 404, 459;
Irish, 453;
Spanish, 461;
and civilisation, 70, 99, 104, 109, 113, 205, 211, 221, 287, 315, 457, 458;
and war, 297, 460

Compass, the, 205

Competition of societies, 58, 70

Comte, A., 2 n., 4

Conrad the Salic, 203

Conradin, 241

Conservatism and isolation, 56, 144;
Chinese, 60;
Egyptian, 125;
and militarism, 132-33;
English, 424

Constantine, 27 n., 114, 117, 215

Constantinople, evolution of, 116 sq.

Consuls and Italian cities, 198, 203, 207

Corinth, 105, 110, 131 n.

Corporations, religious, 160, 235, 377

Cox, Sir G., cited, 66, 161

Creed politics, 405, 415, 424

Creighton, Bishop, 401 n.

Cremona, 216

Crete, polity of, 59 n., 131-32, 133

Crichton and Wheaton, 264 n., 272, 273, 275

Cromer, Lord, discussed, 177 sq.

Cromwell, Oliver, 318, 417-21, 424-33, 453;
Richard, 436;
Thomas, 395

Crusades, effects of, 69;
and slavery, 214, 296;
and civilisation, 383

Culture, Greek, 46 sq.;
and the sexes, 61;
importance of diffusion of, 62

Culture-contacts, effects of, 57, 63;
conditions of success of, 57, 58;
and Greek civilisation, 64, 122;
in Christendom, 69, 150;
in Japan, 69, 70;
in modern Europe, 138 sq.;
and Saracen civilisation, 146;
and Roman civilisation, 158, 163, 164;
and post-Roman civilisation, 189, 193;
and medieval Italy, 211, 219, 254;
and England, 212 n.;
and Scandinavia, 279;
and Holland, 326;
and Renaissance, 340;
and England, 375

Cunningham, Dr., on Greek civilisation, 36, 129;
on Roman expansion, 67;
on Roman wars, 76 n., 78 n.;
on Roman decline, 93-4;
on Athenian expenditure, 106 n.;
on Greeks and Phœnicians, 129, 150;
on Black Death, 388;
on the Tudors, 402;
on Puritanism, 433;
on the mercantile system, 466

Curiæ, the Roman, 8 sq., 203

Currency, Roman, 80, 175;
Byzantine, 96;
Dutch, 311

Curtius, E., 130

Cybele, cult of, 163


Dahn, F., cited, 188 n.

Danby, 442

Dändliker, 331, 339 n.

Dante, 213, 217, 226, 233, 240 n.

Daremberg, Dr., cited, 147-48

Darien Company, 456

Daru, 255 n.

D'Aubigné, 430-31

David, J., 292

Davies, 291

Davis, Sir J., 67

---- H.W. C., 378

"Death," political, 33-4, 59

Decay, social, 22, 25, 32, 59, 69, 170 sq.;
socio-physiological, 186;
socio-psychological, 61, 112, 141, 280, 411-13

Defoe, 413

Dekker, 406 n.

De la Chambre, 445

Delacourt, 313

Delaunay, cited, 10, 11

Della Torre, 241

Democracy, Roman, 19 sq.;
Greek, 38 sq., 46 sq.;
French, 72;
American, 38 n., 365, 366;
Scandinavian, 276, 278;
Flemish, 300;
Dutch, 306, 310, 311;
English, 388, 414 sq.;
Italian, 209 sq., 225;
Swiss, 350 sq.;
conditions of success of, 52;
and intellectual life, 139

Demosthenes, 50, 105, 136

Denmark, structure of, 265;
political evolution of, 268, 271, 273, 273-74;
religion in, 268;
slavery in, 273, 274;
commerce of, 273;
Reformation in, 276-77;
culture of, 280-81

Dennis, G., 185

Denton, Rev. W., 385

Descartes, 326, 446

Despotism, and food supply, 55-6;
as political factor, 70;
and art, 135 sq., 166, 220, 224 sq.;
and culture, 141, 153, 224 sq.;
and decadence, 173;
in Holland, 299;
in Portugal, 357-58;
spirit of, 455

Deutsch, cited, 149 n., 157 n.

De Witt, 291, 317, 319, 324

Dicæarchus, 105

Dierauer, 331, 334

Diocletian, 96, 113, 175

Dionysos, cult of, 164

Diophanes, 81

"Divine Right," 440 sq.

Doge, the title, 204 n.

Dogma and intellect, 61

Doles, Roman, 26, 82, 87;
Byzantine, 116

Domesday Book, 371, 376

Domitian, 166

Dorians, 130 sq.

Dozy, cited, 154 n., 155 n.

Drama, Greek, 126-27, 135;
French, 140;
Elizabethan, 140, 406, 409-13;
Roman, 165;
Spanish, 359, 413

Draper, 34, 56, 67

Drogheda, siege of, 427-30

Droysen, 135 n., 148 n.

Droz, E., cited, 3 n.

Druidism, 266

Drunkenness, English, 463, 467;
Scandinavian, 278

Dryden, 439, 442

Duccio, 220

Duffy, Miss, 182

Dunham, 187, 195, 197 n., 264 n.

Dureau de la Malle, 24, 91

Dussieux, 465


Earle, Prof., 385

East Indies, 312, 324

Ecclesia, Athenian, 41

Economic causation, ix, 71;
Roman, 75 sq.;
Greek, 98 sq., 133 sq.;
Italian and other, 212, 215 sq., 221;
Scandinavian, 270, 277;
Dutch, 293, 295, 306, 313 sq., 324;
Portuguese, 359-60;
Brazilian, 366;
English, 397, 411, 412

Education and democracy, 63;
Greek, 123, 126;
Saracen, 153, 154 n.;
Italian, 231, 247 n.;