Aargau, 338, 346, 349
Abbott, Dr. E., 37, 106 n.
Abderrahmān I, 154
---- III, 153
Abdy, Prof., 201, 373
Abortion in Greece, 102, 117
Abyssinia, 179
Academy, the French, 444 n., 445
Achaian League, 51
Adams and Cunningham, 331, 351 n.
Adrian IV, 235
Æschines, 50
Æschylus, 136
Aetius, 96, 185
Ætolian League, 51
Ager publicus, 77
Agis, 51, 104
Agrarian distress, 403-5
Agriculture, 88;
Egyptian, 56;
Roman, 76, 79, 82 sq., 94;
Greek, 99, 108, 117;
Feudal, 202;
Italian, 221;
Dutch, 328;
English, 88, 348 n., 403;
Scandinavian, 270, 283;
Swiss, 347, 348
Alaric, 185
Alba Longa, 14
Alboin, 188, 194
Albuquerque, 358
Alcibiades, 46, 50
Alcuin, 189
Alexander the Great, empire of, 111
---- of Parma, 307, 309, 310
Alexandria, 133, 134
Alfonso de Sousa, 362
Alfred, 370 n., 375
Algiers, French. 57 n., 156-7, 177
Alkman, 132
Allen, C.-F., 264 n.
Almohades, the, 155
Almoravides, the, 155
Althusius, 441
Alva, 308
Amalfi, 194, 204
Ambrose, 194
Amphictyonic Councils, 53
Amsterdam, 315;
bank of, 324
Anabaptism, 306, 307
Anarchism, 424
Anastasius, 96 n.
Anaxagoras, 46
Anglo-Saxons, 275, 369-76
Anne, 468
Anskar, 267
Antioch, 133
Antonines, 89, 113, 117, 166, 167
Antony, franchise policy of, 4 n.
Antwerp, 308, 310, 311, 313
Anund Jakob, 267, 272
Anytus, 50
Appenzell, 337, 338, 344, 347
Apuleius, 167
Aquinas, Thomas, 118 n., 212, 235, 440
Arab character, 146 sq.
Architecture, 150, 151, 192, 205, 220
Arianism, 97, 168
Aribert, 206
Ariosto, 230
Aristocracy, Roman, 17, 21, 22 sq., 29-30, 78;
and culture, 62, 166;
and politics, 70;
Greek, 42, 49, 98, 109;
Feudal, 200, 202, 209;
Italian, 236, 245, 255;
English, 288, 376, 379, 385, 390 sq., 396, 403, 410;
Dutch, 306;
Scandinavian, 275, 276, 277, 281;
Portuguese, 355;
Swiss, 336, 348;
French, 391, 415 n., 461
Aristotle, 50, 127, 448 sq.;
on militarism, 45;
on slavery, 98, 133 n.;
on Sparta, 101 n.;
on population, 102;
on education, 126;
and Aquinas, 212
Aristophanes, 50, 135
Armada, 308, 311, 314, 399, 408
Arminianism, 310
Arnold of Brescia, 235, 246
Arnold, M., 434
Arnold, W.T., 78
Artaxerxes, 113
Art, evocation of, 63, 122, 134, 150, 159, 220, 327, 409;
in Athens, 48-49, 106;
in medieval Italy, 220-21, 225;
in Holland, 327;
in Portugal, 359;
in England, 409
Arteveldt, J. van, 299
Ashley, Prof., 379 n., 394
Asia Minor, 55, 123
Associations, religious, 113, 115
Assyria, 135
Aston, Sir A., 428
Astronomy, 149, 150, 151
Athaulf, 186
Athens, variety of stock in, 16;
social problem in, 40, 107;
reforms of Solon in, 40 sq., 99;
morals in, 47-48, 50;
superstition and ignorance in, 45 sq.;
art and letters in, 48-49, 106, 124;
imports of, 84;
commerce of, 99;
buildings of, 105;
silver mines of, 105-6;
citizenship of, 124;
retrogression of, 134
Attila, 185, 191
Attraction and repulsion in politics, 5-7, 23, 28, 202, 207, 210, 257 sq., 299, 369, 377, 386, 460;
modes of, 70
Augustine, 34, 118 n., 168, 261
Augustus, 81, 83, 164
Australian aborigines, 128
Aurelian, 87 n., 184, 185
Autocracy. See Despotism and Tyranny
Avitus, St., 187
Babylonia, 68
Bacchic mysteries, 164
Bacon, 461
Bagaudæ, the, 175
Bagehot, cited, 23 n., 57 n.
Bain, R.N., 264 n., 277 n.
Balfour, A.J., 72 n., 171 sq., 180 n.
Ball, John, 390
Banking, 218, 435
Barante, 292
Barneveldt, 310, 318
Barros, 359
Basle, 338, 344, 346, 348
Bayle, 326
Beaconsfield, 72
Becker, cited, 9
Becket, 377
"Beggars," Confederacy of, 306
Beghards, 305
Behn, Aphra, 442 n.
Belgium, 260, 307
Belisarius, 96, 184, 191, 194
Bent, J.T., 181
Bentham, 449
Berbers, 154 n., 155
Berlin, University of, 139
Berne, 336, 337, 338, 343, 344, 345, 346, 349
Bertrand, A., cited, 64
Bibliolatry, 152, 154, 157, 396, 405, 410
Bijns, Anna, 326
Bikélas, cited, 143, 144
Bishops and Italian cities, 198, 206
Black Death, 380, 384, 386, 387, 388
Blackstone, 449
Blake, 420
Blok, P.J., 292, 296
Blossius of Cumæ, 81
Boccaccio, 226
Bodin, 449
Boeckh, 37, 41, 107, 108, 109
Boissier, cited, 159 n., 162
Bolingbroke, 437
Bologna, 205, 208, 211, 212
Bordier, 334, 335
Borghini, 217
Borgia, Cesare, 233, 253
Botta, cited, 229 n.
Boulting, 195 n., 196, 202 n.
Boyle, 447 n.
Brazil, 317, 361-68;
population in, 362;
prospects of, 366-67
Brethren of the Common Lot, 305
Bribery in Rome, 22
Britain, economic basis of, 59, 79
Browning, O., 181
Bruce, 308
Bruges, 297
Brun, 336
Brunehild, 186
Brussels, 297
Brutus, 79
Bryce, cited, 4, 58, 189 n., 199, 201
Buchanan, 441
Buckingham, 415
Buckle, on national character, 1 n., 4;
on Montesquieu, 28 n.;
on food and life conditions, 55;
on Spanish fanaticism, 155, 304;
on climate and civilisation, 361;
on Magna Carta, 392;
on Delolme, 392;
on Divine Right, 440 n.;
on Anne, 468 n.
Bullion delusion, 80, 464 sq.
Burckhardt, 182;
as sociologist, 36;
on Greek happiness, 47;
on Sparta, 130;
on Spain and Italy, 230, 233 n.
Burghley, 400, 406, 407
Burke, 453
---- U.R., cited, 119, 169, 191, 192
Burnet, 438, 439
Burrows, Prof., 123
Bursian, C., 65
Burton, Hill, 11, 414 n., 456
Bury, 38;
on Roman Empire, 34 n.;
on Solon, 43;
on Christian disunion, 97 n.;
on Heraclius, 116 n.;
on Greek Art, 122 n.;
on the Dorians, 130-31;
on Byzantine superstition, 145 n.;
on Roman currency, 175 n.
Busch, 392 n.
Butler, W.F., 181, 196, 197 n., 206, 211
Byzantium, 34, 93, 95, 96, 114 sq., 143 sq., 152, 186
Cade, Jack, 388, 406
Cæsar, franchise policy of, 4 n.;
revenue policy of, 73;
policy of doles of, 82;
policy in Campania of, 91;
and Corinth, 110
Calderon, 359, 413
Calvin, 301, 343, 344, 398, 435
Calvinism, 306, 310, 326, 344, 396 n., 398
Camden, 398, 407
Camoens, 359
Cantù, 181
Capitalism, in antiquity, 86, 104, 108;
in Florence, 218, 248 sq.;
in Holland, 316, 318, 324;
in America, 365;
in England, 393, 403, 434-35, 462
Caracalla, 4, 175
Carlyle, 264 n., 419, 429-30
Carmagnola, 249
Carrel, A., 436 n., 437 n., 444 n.
Carthage, 28 n., 30, 86
Castruccio Castracani, 243, 255
Cathari, 220
Cato, 32
Cats, 307, 326
Catullus, 165, 166
Celibacy, Sacerdotal, 235
Celts, 187, 190, 192, 258, 279, 375, 378
Chancery, Court of, 432
Chapman, 412,