Abilities, arithmetical, nature of, 1 ff.;
measurement of, 27 ff.;
constitution of, 51 ff.;
organization of, 137 ff.
Abstract numbers, 85 ff.
Abstraction, 169 ff.
Accuracy, in relation to speed, 31;
in fundamental operations, 102 ff.
Addition, measurement of, 27 ff., 34;
constitution of, 52 f.;
habit in relation to, 71 f.;
in the higher decades, 75 f.;
accuracy in, 108 f.;
amount of practice in, 122 ff.;
interest in 196 f.
Aims of the teaching of arithmetic, 23 f.
Ames, A. F., 89
Analysis, learning by, 169 ff.;
systematic and opportunistic stimuli to, 178 f.;
gradual progress in, 180 ff.
Area, 257 f., 275
Arithmetic, sociology of, 24 ff.
Arithmetical abilities. See Abilities.
Arithmetical language, 8 f., 19, 89 ff., 94 ff.
Arithmetical learning, before school, 199 ff.;
conditions of, 227 ff.;
in relation to time of day, 227 ff.;
in relation to time devoted to arithmetic, 228 ff.
Arithmetical reasoning. See Reasoning.
Arithmetical terms, 8, 19
Averages, 40 f.; 135 f.
Ballou, F. W., 34, 38
Banking, 256 f.
Binet, A., 201
Bonds, selection of, 70 ff.;
strength of, 102 ff.;
for temporary service, 111 ff.;
order of formation of, 141 ff.
See also Habits.
Brandell, G., 211
Brandford, B., 198 f.
Brown, J. C., xvi, 103
Burgerstein, L., 103
Burnett, C. J., 202
Burt, C., 286
Cardinal and ordinal numbers confused, 206
Catch problems, 21 ff.
Chapman, J. C., 49
Class, size of, in relation to arithmetical learning, 228;
variation within a, 289 ff.
Cobb, M. V., 299
Coffman, L. D., xvi
Collection meaning of numbers, 3 ff.
Computation, measurements of, 33 ff.;
explanations of the processes in, 60 ff.;
accuracy in, 102 ff.
See also Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Fractions, Decimal numbers, Percents.
Concomitants, law of varying, 172 ff.;
law of contrasting, 173 ff.
Concrete numbers, 85 ff.
Concrete objects, use of, 253 ff.
Conditions of arithmetical learning, 227 ff.
Constitution of arithmetical abilities, 51 ff.
Copying of numbers, eyestrain due to, 212 f.
Correlations of arithmetical abilities, 295 ff.
Courses of study, 232 f.
Courtis, S. A., 28 ff., 43 ff., 49, 103, 291, 293, 299
Crutches, 112 f.
Culture-epoch theory, 198 f.
Dairy records, 273
Decimal numbers, uses of, 24 f.;
measurement of ability with, 36 ff.;
learning, 181 ff.;
division by, 270 f.
De Croly, M., 205
Deductive reasoning, 60 ff., 185 ff.
Degand, J., 205
Denominate numbers, 141 f., 147 f.
Described problems, 10 ff.
Development of knowledge of number, 205 ff.
De Voss, J. C., 49
Dewey, J., 3, 83, 150, 205, 207, 208, 219, 266, 277
Differences in arithmetical ability, 285 ff.;
within a class, 289 ff.
Difficulty as a stimulus, 277 ff.
Drill, 102 ff.
Discipline, mental, 20
Distribution of practice, 156 ff.
Division, measurement of, 35 f., 37;
constitution of, 57 ff.;
deductive explanations of, 63, 64 f.;
inductive explanations of, 63 f., 65 f.;
habit in relation to, 72;
with remainders, 76;
with fractions, 78 ff.;
amount of practice in, 122 ff.;
distribution of practice in, 167;
use of the problem attitude in teaching, 270 f.
Donovan, M. E., 295
Elements, responses to, 169 ff.
Eleven, multiples of, 85
Elliott, C. H., 228
Equation form, importance of, 77 f.
Explanations of the processes of computation, 60 ff.;
memory of, 115 f.;
time for giving, 154 ff.
Eyestrain in arithmetical work, 212 ff.
Facilitation, 143 ff.
Figures, printing of, 235 ff.;
writing of, 214 f., 241
Flynn, F. J., 196
Fractions, uses of, 24 f.;
measurement of ability with, 36 ff.;
knowledge of the meaning of, 54 ff.
Freeman, F. N., 259, 261
Friedrich, J., 103
Generalization, 169 ff.
Gilbert, J. A., 203
Graded tests, 28 ff., 36 ff.
Greatest common divisor, 88 f.
Habits, importance of, in arithmetical learning, 70 ff.;
now neglected, 75 ff.;
harmful or wasteful, 83 ff.; 91 ff.;
propædeutic, 117 ff.;
organization of, 137 ff.;
arrangement of, 141 ff.
Hahn, H. H., 295
Hall, G. S., 200 f.
Hartmann, B., 200 f.
Heck, W. H., 227
Heredity in arithmetical abilities, 293 ff.
Highest common factor, 88 f.
Hoke, K. J., 49
Holmes, M. E., 103
Howell, H. B., 259
Hunt, C. W., 196
Hygiene of arithmetic, 212 ff., 234 ff.
Individual differences, 285 ff.
Inductive reasoning, 60 ff., 169 ff.
Insurance, 256
Interest as a principle determining the order of topics, 150 ff.
Interests, instinctive 195 ff.;
censuses of, 209 ff.;
neglect of childish, 226 ff.;
in self-management, 223 f.;
intrinsic, 224 ff.
Interference, 143 ff.
Inventories of arithmetical knowledge and skill, 199 ff.
Jessup, W. A., xvi
Kelly, F. J., 49
King, A. C., 103, 227
Kirby, T. J., 76 f., 104, 295
Klapper, P., xvi
Kruse, P. J., 289, 293
Ladder tests, 28 ff., 36 ff.
Language in arithmetic, 8 f., 19, 89 ff., 94 ff.
Laser, H., 103
Lay, W. A., 259, 261
Learning, nature of arithmetical, 1 ff.
Least common multiple, 88 f.
Lewis, E. O., 210 f.
Lobsien, M., 209 f.
McCall, W. A., 49
McDougle, E. C., 85 ff.
McKnight, J. A., 210
McLellan, J. A., 3, 83, 89, 205, 207
Manipulation of numbers, 60 ff.
Meaning, of numbers, 2 ff., 171;
of a fraction, 54 ff.;
of decimals, 181 f.
Measurement of arithmetical abilities, 27 ff.
Mental arithmetic, 262 ff.
Messenger, J. F., 202
Metric system, 147
Meumann, E., 261
Mitchell, H. E., 24
Monroe, W. S., 49
Multiplication, measurement of, 35, 36;
constitution of, 51;
deductive explanations of, 61;
inductive explanations of, 61 f.;
with fractions, 78 ff.;
by eleven, 85;
amount of practice in, 122 ff.;
order of learning the elementary facts of, 144 f.;
distribution of practice in, 158 ff.;
use of the problem attitude in teaching, 267 ff.
Nanu, H. A., 202
National Intelligence Tests, 49 f.
Negative reaction in intellectual life, 278 f.
Number pictures, 259 ff.
Numbers, meaning of, 2;
as measures of continuous quantities, 75;
abstract and concrete, 85 ff.;
denominate, 141 f., 147 f.;
use of large, 145 f.;
perception of, 205 ff.;
early awareness of, 205 ff.;
confusion of cardinal and ordinal, 206.
See also Decimal numbers and Fractions.
Objective aids, used for verification, 154;
in general, 243 ff.
Oral arithmetic, 262 ff.
Order of topics, 141 ff.
Ordinal numbers, confused with cardinal, 206
Original tendencies and arithmetic, 195 ff.
Overlearning, 134 ff.
Percents, 80 f.
Perception of number, 202 ff.
Phillips, D. E., 3, 4, 205, 207
Pictures, hygiene of, 246 ff.;
number, 259 ff.
Pommer, O., 212
Practice, amount of, 122 ff.;
distribution of, 156 ff.
Precision in fundamental operations, 102 ff.
Problem attitude, 266 ff.
Problems, 9 ff.;
"catch," 21 ff.;
measurement of ability with, 42 ff.;
whose answer must be known in order to frame them, 93 f.;
verbal form of, 111 f.;
interest in, 220 ff.;
as introductions to arithmetical learning, 266 ff.
Propædeutic bonds, 117 ff.
Purposive thinking, 193 ff.
Quantity, number and, 85 ff.;
perception of, 202 ff.
Race, H., 295
Rainfall, 272
Ratio, 225 f.;
meaning of numbers, 3 ff.
Reaction, negative, 278 f.
Reality, in problems, 9 ff.
Reasoning, arithmetical, nature of, 19 ff.;
measurement of ability in, 42 ff.;
derivation of tables by, 58 f.;
about the rationale of computations, 60 ff.;
habit in relation to, 73 f., 190 ff.;
problems which provoke false, 100 f.;
the essentials of arithmetical, 185 ff.;
selection in, 187 ff.;
as the coöperation of organized habits, 190 ff.
Recapitulation theory, 198 f.
Recipes, 273 f.
Rectangle, area of, 257 f.
Rice, J. M., 228 ff.
Rush, G. P., 49
Seekel, E., 212
Selkin, F. B., 196 f.
Sequence of topics, 141 ff.
Series meaning of numbers, 2 ff.
Size of class in relation to arithmetical learning, 228
Smith, D. E., xvi, 224
Social instincts, use of, 195 f.
Sociology of arithmetic, 24 ff.
Speed in relation to accuracy, 31, 108
Speer, W. W., 3, 5, 83
Spiral order, 141, 145
Starch, D., 49, 295
Stern, W., 210, 212
Stone, C. W., 27 ff., 42 ff., 228 ff.
Subtraction, measurement of, 34 f.;
constitution of, 57 f.;
amount of practice in, 122 ff.
Supervision, 233 f.
Suzzallo, H., xvi
Temporary bonds, 111 ff.
Terms, 113 f.
Tests of arithmetical abilities, 27 ff.
Thorndike, E. L., 34, 38 ff., 227, 294
Time, devoted to arithmetic, 228 ff.;
of day, in relation to arithmetical learning, 227 f.
Type, hygiene of, 235 ff.
Underlearning, 134 ff.
United States money, 148 ff.
Units of measure, arbitrary, 5, 83 f.
Variation, among individuals, 285 ff.
Variety, in teaching, 153
Verification, 81 f.;
aided by greater strength of the fundamental bonds, 107 ff.
Walsh, J. H., 11
Wells, F. L., 295
White, E. E., 5
Whitley, M. T., 295
Wiederkehr, G., 212
Wilson, G. M., 24, 49
Woody, C., 29 ff., 52, 287, 293
Words. See Language and Terms.
Written arithmetic, 262 ff.
Zero in multiplication, 179 f.