incorrectly used, 73-74;
joined by or, 86;
punctuation of series of, 171 ff.

Number of verb, 86.


O, capitalization of, 161.

o, plural of nouns ending in, 19.

Object, of a preposition, 55, 66;
of a transitive verb, 66;
indirect, 66;
second, 66.

Objective case, 64, 66;
as direct object of a transitive verb, 66;
as object of a preposition, 66, 119;
as indirect object, 66;
as second object, 66;
as appositive, 66;
as adverbial modifier, 66;
following like, 124.

Observation, subjects taken from, 146 ff.

Obsolete words, 3.

Of and have, 119.

Of phrase substituted for the possessive case, 67.

Oh, 161.

Omission, of letters, 160;
of necessary words, 210 ff.;
of subject in business letters, 242.

Opening an account, letters for, 240 ff.

Operating department of a railroad, 360.

Oral English, exercises in, 127 ff.

Oral expression, 127 ff.;
variety of, 111.

Oral reproduction, from magazines, 147;
from newspapers, 154 ff.

Oral exercises, in general, 127 ff.;
on manufacture, 273 ff.;
in the retail trade, 286;
in the wholesale trade, 290 ff.;
in the mail order business, 295;
in connection with the salesman, 299 ff.

Order bill of lading, 285.

Ordering goods, letter for, 239.

Order, express money, 340-341;
postal money, 341.

Organization, corporate, 359;
of a railroad, 360.

Outline, for a debate, 141 ff.;
how to make an, 151 ff.


Paper money, kinds of, 332 ff.

Paragraph, the, 215 ff.;
in dialogue, 168 ff.;
proper length of, 215-216;
topic sentence in, 216 ff.;
"hammock," 216;
how developed, 222-223.

Paragraphs on, Sacramento City, 48;
exports in cattle, 76;
cost of living, 173;
the government's laundry, 173-174;
luck and labor, 174;
sawdust, 174-175;
a new kind of wood, 175;
hogs as mortgage lifters, 175;
cotton seed, 176;
making paper, 176-177;
how to advance, 177;
bubonic plague, 177;
politics of a city, 181;
cotton in the Soudan, 181;
the "yellow" invasion, 182;
saving, 182, 184, 193;
investors, 184, 185;
Chicago's milk supply, 186;
the dead letter sale, 190;
industries, controlled, 193;
the secret blotter, 197;
a mummy's doll, 198;
office efficiency, 217;
stenographic efficiency, 217;
business courtesy, 218;
the rural landscape of Norway, 218;
the Spectator, 218-219;
income, 225;
gas mantles, 280-281;
production of wool, 281;
casting metals, 281;
transportation, 305;
the Latin-American trade, 306;
the parcel post in Africa, 306;
the remedy for wrecks, 306-307;
colonization, 307;
farm reform, 329;
farming specials, 330;
selection of seed, 330-331;
the clearing house, 350-351;
washed money, 351-352;
an early monopoly, 365;
mining investments, 365-366.

Paragraphs, subjects for. See Subjects.

Parenthesis marks, use of, 196;
wrongly used to cancel expressions, 196.

Parenthetical expressions, punctuation of, 180 ff.

Participle, defined, 109;
tenses and voices of, 109;
the dangling, 205-206.

Participles, formation of, 21;
of verbs in y, 23.

Participial phrases, punctuation of, 176 ff.;
188 ff.

Parts of speech:
The noun and the pronoun, 49, 57 ff.;
the adjective and the adverb, 49, 75, ff.;
the verb, 49, 83 ff.;
the preposition and the conjunction, 49, 116 ff.;
the interjection, 49.

Parts, principal, of irregular verbs, 95 ff.

Par value, 355.

Passive voice, defined, 84;
conjugation of follow, in the, 105 ff.;
synopsis of follow in the, 106.

Past tense, 88;
progressive form of, 89;
emphatic form of, 89;
perfect, 90.

Payment, letters requesting, 253 ff.

Perfect tenses, 89 ff.

Period, use of, 162.

Personal pronouns declined, 58.

Personality essential in a salesman, 298.

Persons of the pronouns, 58.

Phrase modifiers, 52 ff.

Phrases, prepositional, 52 ff.;
adverbial, 52-53;
adjective, 52-53;
classification of, 110;
punctuation of series of, 171 ff.;
initial participial, punctuation of, 176;
incorrectly used as a sentence, 45, 242.

Plurals, of nouns, 18 ff.;
of letters and figures, 20, 160;
of foreign nouns, 21.

Positive degree, 78, 79.

Possessive case, 64, 67;
rules for forming, 67;
separate possession, in the, 67;
with verbal nouns, 67 ff.;
of phrase substituted for, 67;
use of the apostrophe in the, 159.

Possibility, use of the subjunctive mode to show, 113 ff.

Postal money order, 341.

Predicate, of the sentence, 41;
nominative, 65.

Preferred stock, 355.

Prefix, usually constituting a syllable, 16;
Anglo-Saxon, 29;
Latin, 31;
ad, con, and in, 32-33.

Present tense, 88;
progressive, 88;
emphatic, 88;
perfect, 89.

Preposition, defined, 49;
phrase introduced by, 52;
followed by the objective case, 66, 119;
and the conjunction, 116 ff.;
the wrong, 119;
necessary, 119.

Prepositional phrases, 52-53.

Prepositions, and adverbs confused, 52;
list of, 53;
used with certain verbs, 116-117;
incorrectly used, 118-119.

Pride, its appeal in advertising, 311-312.

Principal clauses, 42.

Principal parts of irregular verbs, 95 ff.

Progressive tenses, 88 ff.; 105.

Promissory note, 335.

Pronominal adjectives, 60.

Pronoun, defined, 49;
and the noun, 57 ff.;
incorrect use of same as a pronoun, 72-73.

Pronouns, 58 ff.;
personal, declined, 58;
emphatic, 59;
reflexive, 59;
list of relative, 54;
declension of relative, 59;
compound relative, 59;
double relative, 59;
restrictive relative, 59 ff.;
interrogative declined, 60;
demonstrative, 60;
indefinite, 61;
adjective, 61;
possessive in form, not in use, 59 (note);
incorrectly used, 73 ff.;
joined by or, 86.

Pronunciation, 7 ff.;
slurring syllables in, 7;
of c and g, 24.

Proper noun, defined, 57;
capitalization of, 57, 161.

Proposition for debate, 137.

Public utility corporations, 361 ff.

Punctuation, 158 ff.;
apostrophe, 159 ff.;
capitals, 160 ff.;
period, 162;
interrogation mark, 162;
exclamation mark, 162;
quotation marks, 163 ff.;
comma, 170 ff.;
semicolon, 192 ff.;
colon, 194 ff.;
dash, 195 ff.;
parenthesis marks, 196;
hyphen, 196 ff.;
of series, 170 ff.;
of compound sentences, 45, 173 ff.;
of initial clause or participial phrase, 175 ff.;
of explanatory expressions, 179 ff.;
after as follows, etc., 195;
after namely, etc., 195.


Quality, its appeal in advertising, 311-312.

Questions for discussion on, manufacture, 273-274;
the retail merchant, 286-287;
the wholesale merchant, 291-292;
the mail order merchant, 295;
advertising, 309-310;
real estate, 323;
the corporation, 363-364.

Quitclaim deed, 322.

Quotation marks, use of, 163 ff.

Quotations, use of comma in, 170 ff.


Railroad, the, 360;
sources of income of, 360;
organization of, 360;
departments of, 360 ff.

Railroad company, the, 284, 360.

Raise and rise, 101.

Raw materials, 274.

Reading, subjects taken from, 147 ff.

Real and very, 81.

Real estate and insurance, 321.

Real estate business, 321 ff.
Rent, 321;
lease, 321;
warranty deed, 322;
quitclaim deed, 322;
clear title, 322;
fee simple, 322;
mortgage, 322;
foreclosing a mortgage, 322;
agent and commission, 323;
letters in, 324 ff.;
topics for investigation and discussion, 327.

Receipt for freight, 285.

Redemption of bonds, 358.

Reflexive pronouns, 59.

Reform, farm, 329.

Relative pronouns, list of, 54, 59;
declined, 59;
double, 59;
restrictive, 59 ff.;
compound, 59.

Relative value of different forms of advertising, 310.

Remedy for wrecks, 306-307.

Remittance, forms of, 338 ff.
Check, 339;
certified check, 339 ff.;
endorsement, methods of, 340;
express money order, 340;
postal money order, 341;
bank draft, 341 ff.;
time draft, 343 ff.;
sight draft, 344 ff.

Rent, 321.

Reproduction, oral, from magazines, 147 ff.;
from newspapers, 154 ff.

Requesting payment, letters, 253 ff.

Restricting the subject, 150.

Restrictive relative pronouns, 59 ff.

Retail merchant, the, 286 ff.

Richards' baby stocking fund, 337.

Rise and raise, 101.

Roots, Greek, 30.

Rules.
For spelling:
regular plurals in s and es, 18;
changing final y to i, 19;
nouns in o, 19;
nouns in f and fe, 19;
plural by change of vowel, 19;
by adding en, 19;
no change for the plural, 20;
two plurals, 20;
compound nouns, 20;
plurals of letters and figures, 20;
foreign plurals, 21;
doubling final consonant, 21-22;
retaining y before ing, 23;
ie or ei, 24;
soft c and g, 24;
dropping final silent e, 25;
retaining final e, 25-26.
For punctuation:
the apostrophe, to show the possessive case of nouns, 159;
to show omission of letters, 160;
to show plurals of letters, figures, and words not regularly nouns, 160;
capitals, 160 ff.;
the period, 162;
the interrogation mark, 162;
the exclamation mark, 162;
quotation marks, 163 ff.;
comma in direct quotations, 170;
comma in series, 171 ff.;
comma in compound sentence, 173 ff.;
comma after initial clause or participial phrase, 175 ff.;
comma to separate month from year, etc., 178;
comma to show omission of words, 178;
comma to set off appositive, 179 ff.;
comma to set off parenthetical expressions, 180 ff.;
comma to set off independent elements, 182 ff.;
comma to set off non-restrictive relative clause, 185 ff.;
comma to set off subordinate element at the end of the sentence, 188 ff.;
the semicolon, 192 ff.;
the colon, 194 ff.;
the dash, 195 ff.;
parenthesis marks, 196;
the hyphen, 196.


S 1, comma fault, 44.

S 2, use of phrase or clause as sentence, 45.

Sacramento City, paragraph on, 48.

Salary, 3.

Sales letter, the, 244 ff.

Salesman, the, 298 ff.;
letters to help the, 301-302.

Salutation, the, of business letters, 232, 236-237.

Same, not a pronoun, 72-73;
distinctly business blunder, 243.

Saving, paragraphs on, 182, 184, 193.

Savings banks, 334, 336; postal, 337.

Savings department of bank, 332.

Saw and seen, 99-100.

Sawdust, paragraph on, 174.

Second object, 66.

Secretary's report, the, 115 (note).

Sede, cede, ceed, 34.

Selection of seed, 330-331.

Semicolon, uses of, 45, 174, 192 ff.

Sentence, the, and its elements, 41 ff.;
subject of, 41;
simple, 42;
complex, 42;
compound, 42;
compound, punctuation of, 45, 174;
predicate of, 41;
declarative, defined, 41;
interrogative, defined, 41;
imperative, defined, 41;
exclamatory, defined, 41;