agency in the fertilization of orchids, 102;
mass of their exuviæ in South America, 102;
introduction of injurious species, 104, 106;
ravages of, 105;
tenacity of life in, 106;
the carnivorous, useful to man, 107;
destruction of, by fish, 108;
abundance of, in Northern Europe, 108;
destruction of, by birds, 109;
do. quadrupeds, 110;
do. reptiles, 110;
do not multiply in the forest, 291;
confine themselves to dead trees, 322.
Inundations, influence of the forest on, 223;
of the German Ocean, 334;
means for obviating, 384;
of 1856 in France, 393;
remedies against, 395;
legislative regulation of the woodlands in France for prevention of, 396;
proposed basins of reception, 398;
do. in Peru and Spain, 400;
Rozet's plan for diminishing, 406.
Irrigation, remote date of in ancient nations, 366;
among Mexicans and Peruvians, 366;
its necessity in hot climates, 367;
in Europe, 367;
in Palestine, 368;
in Idumæa, 370;
Egypt, 371, 373;
quantity of water so applied, 376, 377;
extent of lands irrigated, 396;
effects of, 378;
on river supply, 380;
on human health, 381;
saline deposits from, in India and Egypt, 382;
effect of, on vegetable crops, 378;
on the soil, 379;
economic evils of, 379.
Islands, floating, in Holland and South America, 349, 351.
Ijssel river, Holland, 535.
Italy, effects of the denudation of its forests, 220;
political condition adverse to their preservation, 219;
beauty of its winter scenery, 314;
extent of irrigation in, 368;
atmospheric phenomena of Northern, 368.
Jupiter, satellites of, visible to the eye, 12.
Jutland, effects of felling the woods in, 150;
destruction of forests in, 279;
encroachments of the sea on, 491.
Kander river, Switzerland, artificial course of, 403.
Karst, the subterranean waters of, 536.
Kjökkenmöddinger in Denmark, 16;
their extent, 540.
Kohl, J. G., "the Herodotus of modern Europe," 340;
on dune sand, 475.
Labruguière, commune of, 208.
Læstadius, account of the Swedish Laplanders, 96.
Lakes, draining of, by steam hydraulic engines, 346;
natural process of filling up by aquatic vegetation, 349;
lowering of, in ancient and modern times, 353;
in Italy, 354;
in Switzerland, 356;
inconvenient consequences of, 356;
mountain, their disappearance, 357.
Landscape beauty, insensibility of the ancients to, 2;
of the oasis and the desert, 445.
Lava currents, diversion of their course, 544;
from Vesuvius, phenomena of, 545;
heat emitted by, 545.
Life, balance of animal and vegetable, 103.
Liimfjord, the, irruption of the sea into, 491;
aquatic vegetation of, 492;
original state of, 519.
Lion, an inhabitant of Europe, 85.
Lisbon, earthquake of, 544.
Locust, the, does not multiply in woods, 296;
tree and insect, 32.
Lombardy, statistics of irrigation in, 376.
Louis IX., of France, clemency of, 282.
Lower Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, 246.
Lumber trade of Quebec, 271;
of United States, 1850-'60, 301.
Lungern, lake of, lowering of, 356.
Madagascar, gigantic bird of, 96;
the ai-ai of, 110.
Madder, early cultivation of, in Europe, 20.
Madeira, named from its forests, 129.
Maize, early cultivation of, law of its acclimation, 19;
native country of, 73.
Malta, transported soil of, 538;
salt works at, 540.
Man, reaction of, on nature, 8;
insufficiency of data, 9;
geographical influence of, 13;
physical revolutions wrought by, 14;
unpremeditated results of conscious action, 15;
ancient relics of, in old geological formations, 16;
mechanical effects of, on the earth's surface, 25;
destructiveness of, 35;
in animal life and inorganic nature, 36-39;
character of his action compared with that of brutes, 42;
subversive of the balance of nature, 43;
sometimes exercised for good, 44;
present limits to, 45;
transfer of vegetable life by, 59;
remains of, 76;
contemporary with the mammoth, 77;
agency in the extermination of birds, 96;
do. introduction of species, 98;
increase of insect life, 104;
introduction of new forms of do. by, 105;
destruction of fish by, 112, 120, 122;
extirpation of aquatic animals by, 119;
possible control of minute organisms, 125;
his first physical conquest, 135;
his action on land and the waters, 330;
possible geographical changes by, 517;
incidental effects of his action, 539;
illimitable and ever enduring do., 548.
Maremme of Tuscany, ancient and mediæval state of, 425;
extent of, 427;
inhabitants, 428;
improvement of, 429;
sedimentary deposits of, 425, 430.
Marine isthmuses, cutting of, 517;
its difficulties, 518;
sometimes done by nature, 519.
Marmato in Popayan, 205.
Marshes, climatic effects of draining, 358;
insalubrity of mixture of fresh and salt water in, 417.
Mechanic arts, illustration of their mutual interdependence, 307.
Medanos of the South American desert, 482.
Mediterranean Sea, tides of, 425;
sand dunes of, 467;
poor in organic life, 520.
Mella, the river, Italy, 248.
Meteorology, uncertainty and late rise of, 16, 22;
varying nomenclature of, 23;
precipitation and evaporation, 24.
Michigan, lake, sand dunes of, 467;
originally wooded, 487;
proposed diversion of its waters, 532.
Mining excavations, effects of, 545.
Minute organisms, their offices, 123;
universal diffusion and products of, 124, 127;
possible control of their agency by man, 125;
the coral insect, 125;
the diatomaceæ, 126.
Miramichi, great fire of, 28.
Mistral in France, 153.
Mississippi river, "cut offs" and their effect, 415;
precipitation in the valley of, 436;
projected canal to, 533.
Mountain slides, their cause, 265, 268;
their frequency in the Alps, 267.
Mountainous countries, their liability to physical degradation, 50.
Monte Testaccio, Rome, 541.
Moose deer, the American, rapid multiplication of, 130.
Mushrooms, poisonous, how to render harmless, 286.
Natural forces, accumulation of, 46;
resistance to, 542.
Nature, man's reaction on, 8;
observation of, 10;
stability of, 27, 34;
restoration of disturbed harmonies of, 35;
nothing small in, 548.
Naturalists, enthusiasm of, 99.
Netherlands, ancient inundations of, 334;
recovery of land by diking, 334;
the practice derived from the Romans, 335;
extent of land gained from the sea, 336;
do. lost by incursions of do., 337;
character of lands gained, 338;
natural process of recovery, 339;
grandeur of the dike system of, 340;
method of their construction in, 341;
modes of protection, 343;
various uses of, 343;
effect on the level of the land, 344;
drainage of do., 345;
primitive condition of, 351;
effects on the social, moral, and economic interests of the people of, 351;
sand dunes of, 486;
encroachments of the sea on, 494;
artificial dunes in, 499;
protection of dunes in, 500;
removal of do., 509.
Nile, the river, valley of, 374;
its ancient state, 375;
inundations of, 385;
water delivery of, 387;
artificial mouths of, 402;
consequences of diking, 410, 413;
richness of its deposits, 411;
extent of do., 412;
mud banks caused by its deposits, 433;
sand dunes at its mouths, 468;
conduits for irrigation, 521;
proposed diversion of, 528;
not impossible, 529;
effects of, 530;
ceramic banks of, 541.
Northmen in New England, 60.
Nubians, Nile boats of the, 17.
Numbers, the frequent error in too definite statements of, 260;
oriental and Italian usage of, 261.
Oak, the English, early uses in the arts, 223;
"openings" of North America, 136.
Ohio, mounds of, 18;
remains of a primitive people in, 135, 138;
apple trees of, 22.
Old World, former populousness of, 4;
physical decay of, 3;
present desolation of, 5;
its causes, 5;
ancient climate of, 19;
physical restoration of, 47.
Olive tree, the wild, 74;
importance of, 312.
Orange tree known to the ancients, 64;
the wild, 74.
Orchids, fertilization of, by insects, 102.
Organic life embraced in modern geography, 57;
its geological agency, 75;
geographical importance of, 7;
bones and relics of, human and animal, 76.
Ostrich, the, diminution of its numbers, 97.
Ottaquechee river, Vermont, transporting power of, 253.
Otter, the American, voracity of, 120.
Oxen, agricultural uses of, in United States, 80.
Oyster, the, transplantation of, 118.
Palestine, ancient terrace culture and irrigation of, 369;
disastrous effects of its neglect, 370.
Palissy, Bernard, character of, 218;
plan for artificial springs, 447.
Paragrandini of Lombardy, 141.
Paramelle, the Abbé, on fountains, 437.
Peat beds, accidental burning of, 546;
— mosses of Denmark, 32.
Pecora, river of the Maremma, its deposits, 425.
Peru, ancient progress in the arts, 366;
basins of reception in, 400.
Petra, in Idumæa, ancient irrigation at, 370.
Phosphorescence of the sea unknown to the ancients, 114.
Physical decay of the earth's surface, 3;
its causes, 5;
arrest of, in new countries, 48;
forms and formations predisposing to, 49.
Physical geography, study of recommended, 12;
restoration of the earth, 8;
importance and possibility of, 26;
of disturbed harmonies, 35;
of the Old World, 47.
Pine, the American, former ordinary dimensions of, 275;
how affected by the accidents of its growth, 306;
the maritime, on dune sands in France, 506;
the pitch, hardihood of, 273;
umbrella, the, most elegant of trees, 309, 313;
the white, rapidity of its growth, 274.
Pinus cembra of Switzerland, 309.
Pisciculture, its valuable results, 118.
Plants, cultivated, uncertain identity of ancient and modern, 19;
do. of wild and domestic species, 73;
changes of habit by domestication, 19;
geographical influence of, 58;
foreign, grown in United States, 61;
American, grown in Europe, 63;
modes of introduction, 64;
accidental do., 66;
power of accommodation of, 65;
how affected by transfer, 68;
tenacity of life in wild species, 69;
extirpation of, 70;
domestic origin of, 72;
species employed for protection of sand dunes, 500.
Pliny, the elder, theory of springs, 198, 216.
Po, river, ancient state of its basin, 255;
modern changes, 256;
its floods, tributaries, and deposits, 256-261, 405;
embankments of, 385, 404;
sediment of, 410;
age and consequences of its embankments, 411;
mean delivery of, 412;
salti of, 415.
Poland, sand plains of, 514.
Poplar, the Lombardy, 68;
characterized, 313.
Potato, native country of, 73.
Prairies, conjectural origin of, 134.
Provence, physical structure of, 237;
ancient state of, 238;
destructive action of torrents on, 236;
Alps of, 245.
Prussia, sand dunes of, 485;
drifting of, 498;
measures for reclaiming of, 505.
Quadrupeds, number in United States, 79;
extirpation of, 84.
Quebec, high tides of, 271;
lumber trade of, 272.
Railways, scientific uses of, 53.
Rain water, its absorption and infiltration, 438, 439;
economizing its precipitation, 449.
Ravenna, cathedral of, 60;
pine woods of, 150.
Red Sea, richness of, in organic life, 320;
diversion of the Nile to, its effects, 530.
Reindeer, the, 83.
Reservoirs, geographic and climatic effects of, 258.
Reventlov's organization of dune economy in Denmark, 504;
a benefactor to his race, 515.
Rhine, river, proposed diversion of, 533.
Rice, cultivation of, 381.
Rivers, transporting power of, 252;
in Vermont, 253;
their origin, 262;
injury to their banks by lumbermen, 277;
conditions of their rise and fall, 278;
mutual action of rivers and valleys, 408;
effect of obstructions in, 409;
subterranean course of, 409;
confluences of, effect on the current below, 424;
sediment of, its extent, 547.
River beds, natural change of, 401;
artificial do. in Egypt, 402;
Italy and Switzerland, 403.
River deposits, 408;
of the Nile, 410;
the Po, 411;
the Tuscan rivers, 414.
River embankments, 384;
their use, 404;
disadvantages, 405;
transverse do., superiority of, 406;
effects of, 409.
River mouths, obstructions of, 430;
by sand banks, 431;
accelerated by man's influence, 432;
effect of tidal movements, 432.
Robin, the American, voracity of, 88.
Rock generally permeable by water, 265.
Roman empire, natural advantages of its territory, 1;
increased by intelligent labor, 2;
physical decay of, 3;
present desolation, 4;
caused by its despotism and oppression, 5.
Rozet's plan for diminishing inundations, 406.
Rude tribes, continuity of arts among, 17;
commerce of, 18;
relations to organic life, 39;
and to nature, 41.
Russia, diminution of forests in, 298;
effects of, on rivers and lakes, 299;
sand drifts of the steppes of, 514;
attempts to reclaim them, 515.
Sacramento City, California, effect of river dike at, 405.
Sand, its composition and origin, 452;
action of rivers, 453;
ancient deposits of, 454, 456;
amount of, carried to the Mediterranean, 455;
of Egypt, 458, 461;
movement of, by the wind, 459;
drifts of, from the sea, 461;
dangers of accumulation of, 463;
two forms of deposit, 463;
drifting of dune, 495.
Sand banks, aquatic, 468;
movement of, 469;
connect themselves with the coast, 490.
Sand dunes, how formed, 464;
utilization of, 465;
inland, of the South American desert, 482;