Abbeys of St. Germain and St. Denis, revenues of, 6.
Adirondack forest, 235;
lakes of, 357.
Ailanthus glandulosa, 515.
Akaba, gulf of, infiltration of fresh water in, 440.
Albano, lake of, artificial lowering of, 353.
Algeria, deserts of, artesian wells in, 443;
sand dunes of, 463;
consolidated dunes, 480.
Alpaca, South American, 83.
Amazon, Indians of, 11.
Ameland, island of, 499.
America, North, primitive physical condition of, 27, 43;
forests of, 28;
possibility of noting its physical changes, 52;
by scientific observation, 53;
forest trees of, 274;
sand dunes of, 469;
proposed changes in hydrography of, 532.
Animal life, sympathy of ruder races with, 39;
instinct, fallibility of, 40;
hostility of civilized man to inferior forms of, 121.
Animals, wild, action of on vegetation, 78.
Aphis, the European, 104.
Apennines, effects of felling the woods on, 150, 152.
Appian way, the, 542.
Aqueducts, geographical and climatic effects of, 358.
Arabia Petræa, surface drainage of, 440;
sandstone of, 452;
sands and petrified wood of, 455;
wadies of, 538.
Aragua, valley of, Venezuela, 202.
Ararat, Mt., phenomenon of vegetation on, 287.
Ardèche, l', department of, 152;
destruction of forests in, 389.
— river and basin, floods of, 386;
supply of water to the Rhone, 388, 398;
violence of inundations of, 388;
damage done by, 390;
effect on river beds, 391;
force of its affluents, 392.
Argostoli, Cephalonia, millstreams of, 434.
Armenia, ancient irrigation of, 366.
Arno, the river, deposits of, 414;
upper course of in the Val di Chiana, 417, 420.
Artesian wells, their sources, 441;
usual objects, 442;
occasional effects, 442;
employment in the Algerian desert, 443;
by the French Government, 444;
success and probable results of, 445;
known to the ancients, 443;
depth of, 444.
Arundo arenaria, 501.
Ascension, island of, 205.
Auk, the wingless, extirpation of, 95.
Australia a field of physical observation, 51.
Avalanches, Alpine, various causes of, 266;
by felling trees, 270.
Azoff, sea of, proposed changes, 531.
Babinet, plan for artificial springs, by, 448.
Baikal Lake, the fish of, 117.
Baltic Sea, sand dunes of, 467.
Barcelonette, valley of, former fertility, 243;
present degradation of, 244.
Bavaria, scarcity of fuel in, 299.
Bear, the mythical character of, 40.
Beaver, the, agency in forming bogs, 31;
cause of its increased numbers, 84.
Bee, the honey, products of, 105;
introduction in United States, 106.
Belgium, effect of plantations in, 152;
Campine of, 513.
Ben Gâsi, district of, rock formation in, 537.
Bergamo, change of climate in the valley of, 151.
Bibliographical list of authorities, vii.
Birch tree (black and yellow), produce of, 171.
Birds, number of, in United States, 86;
the turkey, dove, pigeon, 87;
as sowers and consumers of seeds, 87;
as destroyers of insects, 89;
injurious extirpation of, 90;
wanton destruction of, 92;
weakness of, 93;
instinct of migratory, 94;
extinction of species, 95;
commercial value of, 97;
introduction of species, 98.
Bison, the American, 78;
number and migrations of, 81, 83;
domesticated, 135.
Blackbird, the proscription of, 91.
Bogs, formation and nomenclature of, 29-32;
of New England, 29;
repositories of fuel, 30.
Brémontier, system of dune plantations of, 503;
a benefactor to his race, 515.
Breton, Cap, dune vineyards of, 508.
Busbequius' letters, 64.
Camel, the, transfer and migrations of, 83;
injurious to vegetation, 132.
Campine of Belgium, 513.
Canada thistle, the, 68.
Canals, geographic and climatic effects of, 359;
injurious effects of Tuscan, 359;
projected, Suez, 519;
Isthmus of Darien, 522;
to the Dead Sea, 524;
maritime, in Greece, 526;
Saros, 527;
Cape Cod, 528;
the Don and the Volga, 531;
Lake Erie and the Genesee, 532;
Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, 533.
Cape Cod, sand dunes of, 487;
legislative protection of, 502;
vegetation of, 503;
projected canal through, 528.
Cappercailzie, the, extinction of, in Britain, 96.
Carniola, caves of, 434.
Caspian Sea, proposed changes in its basin, 531.
Catania, lava streams of, 544.
Catavothra of Greece, 536.
Cévennes, effects of clearing the, 153.
Champlain, lake, dates of its congelation, 163.
Cherbourg, breakwater of, 46, 332.
Chiana, Val di, description and character of, 417-420;
plans for its restoration, 420;
artificial drainage of, attempted, 421;
successfully executed, 423.
Clergy, mediæval, their character, 282.
Climatic change, discussions of, 9;
how tested, 20;
causes producing, in New England, Africa, Arabia Petræa, 20-22;
man's action on, difficult to ascertain, 51;
deterioration, 71.
Coal mines, combustion of, 546.
Coal, sea, early use of, for fuel, 222;
increased use of, in Paris, 295.
Coast line, change of, from natural causes, 331;
subject to human guidance, 332.
Cochineal insect transferred to Spain, 105.
Cochituate Aqueduct, Boston, 103.
Col Isoard, valley of, devastated, 242.
Commerce, modern, on what dependent, 60.
Como, lake of, proposed lowering of, 358.
Constance, lake of, 534.
Cork-oak tree, yield of, 311.
Corporations, social and political, influence of, 54.
Cosmical influences, 13.
Cotton, early cultivation of, 61;
can be raised by white labor, 381.
Crawley Sparrow Club, 90.
Currents, sea, strength of, 456;
in the Bosphorus, 457.
Cuyahoga river, 208.
Cypress tree, its beauty, 314.
Darien, Isthmus of, proposed canal across, 522;
conjectural effects of, 523.
Dead Sea, projected canals to, 524;
possible results of, 525.
Deer, numbers of, in United States; 82;
tame, injurious to trees, 130.
Denmark, peat mosses of, 22;
dunes of, 497;
extent and movement of, 498;
legislative protection of, 501, 504.
Desert, the, richness of local color, 445;
mirage in, 446.
Des Plaines river, 533.
Despotism a cause of physical decay, 5.
Dikes, recovery of land by, in the Netherlands, 335;
early usage and immense extent of, 336;
encouraged by the Spaniards, 337;
details of their construction and effect on the land gained, 340-345;
in Egypt, 413.
Dinornis, or moa, recent extirpation of, in New Zealand, 95.
Dodo, the, extirpation of, 95.
Domestic animals, action of, on vegetation, 79;
origin and transfer of, 82;
injurious to the forest growth, 130.
Don river, proposed diversion of, 531.
Draining a geographical element, 360;
superficial, its necessity in forest lands, 363;
effect on temperature, 364;
underground, ib.;
extensive use of, in England, 362;
affects the atmosphere, 364;
disturbs the equilibrium of river supply, 365;
by boring, 362;
in France, &c., 362;
Paris, 363.
Drance, Switzerland, glacier lake of, 403.
Dry land and water, relative extent of, 178.
Dwight, Dr., Travels in the United States, characterized, 52.
Earth, fertile, below the rock, 537;
transported to cover rocky surfaces, 537.
Earthquakes, effects of, 542;
causes and possible prevention of, 543;
of Lisbon, 544.
Earthworm, utility of, in agriculture, 100;
multiplication of, in New England, 101.
Egypt, catacombs, 70;
papyrus or water lily, 70;
poisonous snakes of, 112;
supposed increase of rain in, 190;
productiveness of, 230;
necessity and extent of irrigation in, 368, 373;
cultivated soil of, 372, 374;
population of, 374;
amount of water used for irrigation, 380;
saline deposits, 382;
artificial river courses of, 402;
cultivated area of, 412;
sands of, 458;
their prevalence and extent, 459;
source of, 461;
action on the Delta and cultivated land, 462;
effect of the diversion of the Nile on, 529;
refuse heaps near Cairo, 541.
Eland, the, preserved in Prussia, 86.
Elm, the Washington, Cambridge, 146.
Elsineur, artificial formation in harbor of, 539.
England, forest economy of, 221;
large extent of ornamental plantations, 222;
Forests of, described by Cæsar, 222;
private enterprise in sylviculture, 292;
sand dunes of, 507.
Enguerrand de Coucy, cruelty of, 281.
Erie Canal, the, influence on the fauna and flora of its region, 116;
lake, depth and level of, 532;
proposed canal from, 532.
Espy's theories of artificial rain, 547.
Etna, volcanic lava and dust, 131.
Euphrates, sand plains in the valley of, 511.
Eye, cultivation of the, 11;
control of the limbs by, 12;
trained by the study of physical geography, 12.
Feudalism, pernicious influence of, 6.
Fir tree, the, its products, 311.
Fire weed, in burnt forests of the United States, 287.
Fish, destruction of, by man, 112, 114, 120, 122;
voracity of, 114;
introduction and breeding of foreign, 116;
naturalization of, 117;
inferiority of the artificially fattened, 121.
Fish, shell, extensive remains of, in United States, 117;
of Indian origin, 128.
Fish ponds of Catholic countries, 426.
Fontainebleau, forest of, 34, 130;
poaching in, 284;
its renovation, 316;
soil of, 513.
Food, ancient arts of preservation of, 18.
Forest, the, influence of, on the humidity of air, 162;
do. of earth, 165;
as organic, 166;
balance of conflicting influences in, 176;
influence on temperature, 178;
on precipitation, 181, 196;
in South America, 184;
the Canary Islands and Asia Minor, 185;
Peru, 188;
Palestine, Southern France, Scotland and Egypt, 189;
influence of, on humidity of soil, 196;
on springs, 197;
in Venezuela, 202;
New Granada, 204;
Switzerland and France, 205, 208;
United States, 207;
in winter, 210;
general consequences of its destruction, 214;
on the earth, springs, rivers, 215;
literature of, in France, 217;
Germany, 218;
Italy, 218;
England, 221;
influence of, on inundations, 223;
in North America, 225;
disputed effects of, in Europe, 228;
principal causes of its destruction, 270;
in British America, 271;
in Europe, 279;
royal forests, 280;
effects of the Revolution on, in France, 284;
utility of, for the preservation of smaller plants, 286, 290;
do. of birds, 291;
economic utility of, and necessity for its restoration, 292;
extent of, in Europe, 296;
proportion in different countries of, 300;
of the United States and Canada, 300;
economy of, 303;
management of, in France, 304;
European forests, all of artificial growth, 305;
artificial and natural, their respective advantages, 307;
American do., their peculiar characteristics, 313;
economic action of cattle on, 325;
duty of preserving, 327;
average revenue from, 327;
regulated by laws in France, 395.
See Trees, Woods.
Forests of North America, balance of geographical elements in, 27;
agency of quadrupeds and insects in, 32;
injury to, by insects, 33;
meteorological importance of, 139.
Forest laws, mediæval, character of, 217;
do. Jewish, 217;
severity of, in France and England, 280;
under Louis IX., 281;
of America, created by circumstances, 302.
France, forest literature and economy of, 217;
legislation on forests, 233;
— Southeastern, former physical state of, 237;
altered condition of, 239;
royal forests of, and forest laws, 280;
extent of, in, 296;
ancient lakes of, 357;
inundations of 1856 in, 393;
remedies against inundations in, 395;
sand dunes of Western, 485;
encroachments of the sea on, 494.
French peasantry, described by La Bruyere, 6;
do. Arthur Young, 7;
of Chambord, 283.
Friesland, sand dunes of, 489.
Fucinus Lake (Lago di Celano), drainage of, by the Romans, 354;
moderns, 355.
Game Laws, effect on the numbers of birds in France, 91;
in England and Italy, 92;
severity of, in France, 283;
unable to stop poaching, 284.
Ganges, valley of the, 548.
Gascony, coast sands of, 453;
dunes of, 496;
extent and advance of, 497;
fixing and reclaiming of, 504;
Landes of, 511;
their reclamation, 512.
Geological influences, 13.
Geographers, new school of, 8.
Geographical influence of changes produced by man, 352.
Geography, modern, improved form of, 57.
German Ocean, sands of, 454, 457.
Germany, extent of forests in, 299.
Glacier lakes in Switzerland, 403.
Goat, the Cashmere or Thibet, 83.
Gold fish, the migration from China, 116.
Goldau, Switzerland, destruction of, 268.
Grape disease, its economic effect in France, Italy, Sicily, 72.
Grasshopper, the rapid increase in America, 291.
Gravedigger beetle, the, 107.
Greece, proposed maritime canals in, through the Corinthian Isthmus, 526;
Mount Athos, 527;
subterranean waters of, 536.
Gulls, sea, habits of, 98.
Gulf stream, the, 523.
Gunpowder chiefly used for industrial purposes, 335.
Haarlem Lake, origin and extent of, 346, 347;
reasons for draining it, 348;
means employed, 349;
successful results, 350.
Hauran, the productions of, its soil, 74.
Heilbronn, springs at, 207.
Herring fishery, produce of, 120.
Hessian fly, introduction of in the United States, 104.
Honey bee, the wild, New England, legal usage, 302.
Humid air, movement of, 183.
Hunter in New England, exploits of, 82.
Ibex, the Alpine, 86.
India, saline efflorescence of its soil, 382;
natural connection of rivers in, 401.
Insects, injurious to vegetable life, 33;
utility of, 99;