ICE, erosion of lake-basins considered, 184, 188
——, abrading power of, 168
——, continental, of Greenland, 170
Icebergs, drift carried by, 172
—— stranded in Baffin’s Bay, 173
Ice-borne erratics at Chichester, 181
Iceland, glass cavities in quartz of, 555
——, flow of lava in, 523
Ichthyosaurus communis, Lias, 361
Idocrase, 500
Ichthyodorulite of the Lias, 359
Iguanodon Mantelli, Weald Clay, 315
Ilfracombe Group of Devon, 449
Inclined strata, 73
India, Miocene formations of, 226
India, Upper Miocene of, 226
Inferior Oolite, thickness and fossils of, 349
Infusoria in tripoli, 51
Inland sea-cliffs, 103
Inoceramus Lamarckii, White Chalk, 295
Insect in American coal, 416
—— beds of the Lias, 363
Insect wing of neuropterous, 363
Insects, Devonian, of Canada, 457
—— in European coal, 405
——, Miocene, of Croatia, 243
——, Upper Miocene, at Œningen, 223
Intrusion, a test of age of Plutonic rocks, 565
——, a test of age of volcanic rocks, 521
Inundation mud of rivers, 153
Ireland, glacial drift of, 190
——, yellow sandstone of, 441
Iron pyrites, 500
—— weapons of Swiss lake-dwellings, 148
Isastræa oblonga, Portland Sand, 335
Isle of Bourbon, lava current of the, 566
—— Wight, Hempstead beds, 244
—— Wight, Eocene beds, 255
—— Mull, Miocene leaf-bed of, 247
—— Mull, volcanic rocks, 248
Isomorphism, theory of, 502
Italy, Lower Miocene of, 244
——, Older Pliocene volcanoes of, 523
——, Pliocene of, 207
——, Older Pliocene flora of, 208
——, Upper Miocene strata of, 226

JAMIESON, Mr. T. F., on Scotch glacial drift, 175
Jaws of mammalia in Purbeck, 327
Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Atlantic mud, 288
Jointed structure of metamorphic rocks, 589
Jones, Dr. Rupert, on Eozoon Canadense, 491
Jorullo, lava stream of, 566
Judd, Mr., on Speeton clay, 311
Jukes, Mr., on Tarannon shales, 468
Jura, erratic blocks on the, 169
——, structure of the, 82

KANGAROO, jaws of, 159
Käsegrotte, Bertrich Baden, Basaltic pillars of, 512
Kaup, Professor, on footprints of the Trias, 373
Keilhau, Professor, on granite veins, 562
——, on planes of foliation, 595
——, on Silurian granite of Norway, 573
——, on protrusion of granite, 581
Keller, Dr. F., on lake-dwellings, 148
Kelloway Rock, percentage of Oxford clay fossils in, 341
Kentish Rag, 308
Keuper, of Germany, 375
—— or Upper Trias of England, 369
Kilkenny, fossil plants of, 441
Killas, altered by granite in Cornwall, 582
Kiltorkan, yellow sandstone of, with Anodonta, 441
Kimmeridge Clay, 335
King, Dr., on reptile footprints in coal, 407
King, Mr., on Permian fossils, 388
Kirkdale cave, hyæna’s den of, 157
Kitchen-middens of Denmark, 146
Kleyn Spawen beds, 242
Könen, Baron von, on Brockenhurst shells, 257
Koninck, M. de, on Mountain Limestone fish, 436
——, on shells of Mayence basin, 242
Koninckia Leonhardi, Hallstadt, 377

LABRADOR rock, 505
—— series, 490
Labradorite, 499, 501
Labyrinthodon Jægeri, section of tooth, 371
——, tooth of, 370
Labyrinthodonts of Coal, 407
Lake-craters of the Eifel, 534
Lake districts, southern limits of the, 184
Lake-dwellings, scarcity of human remains in, 149
—— of Switzerland, 148
Lakes, deposits in, 27
——, connection of, with glacial action, 184-8
Lamarck on bivalve mollusca, 54
Lamination of clay slate, 594
Lamna elegans, Bracklesham, 262
Lancashire, vast thickness of rocks without corresponding altitude in, 111
Land, balance of dry, how preserved, 116, 118
—— has been raised, not the sea lowered, 70
——, mean height of, above the sea, 115
——, rise of, in Sweden, 72
——, rise and fall of, affecting denudation, 101
Land-ice, action of, in Greenland, 171
Land’s End, columnar granite at, 553
——, porphyritic granite at, 556
La Roche, recent deposits in estuary of, 40
Lartet, M., on mammalia of Faluns, 214
——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, 276
——, on reindeer period, 150
Lastræa stiriaca, Monod, 239
Lateral compression causing curved strata, 75
Laterite of Giant’s Causeway, 509
Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 493
—— Group, Upper and Lower, 491
—— metamorphic rocks, 601
—— volcanic rocks, 549
Lava, 507
—— consolidating on slopes, 496
—— currents of Auvergne, 541
—— streams, effect of, 30
—— of La Coupe d’Ayzac, 511
—— of Jorullo, 566
Lead veins, age of, 616
Leaf-bed of Madeira in basalt and scoriæ, 532
——, Isle of Mull Miocene, 248
Leda amygdaloides, London Clay, 266
—— Deshayesiana (Nucula Deshayesiana), 241
—— lanceolata (L. oblonga), Scotch drift, 176
—— truncata, Scotch drift, 177
Lee, Mr. J.E., on Pteraspis of Lower Ludlow, 463
Leidy, Dr., on fossil quadrupeds of Nebraska, 249
Leperditia inflata, coal-measures, 405
Lepidodendron, Griffithsii, 441
—— corrugatum, carboniferous., 417
—— Sternbergii, coal-measures, 423
Lepidolite, 499, 501
Lepidostrobus ornatus, Coal, 424
Lepidotus gigas, Lias, 358
—— Mantelli, Wealden, 317
Leptæna depressa, Wenlock, 466
—— Moorei, Lias, 355
Level of surface altered by change of subterranean heat, 119
Lewis, hornblendic gneiss of, 601
Lias, fishes of the, 358
——, fossils of the, 354
—— and Oolite, origin of the, 364
——, reptiles of the, 360
——, insects of the, 363
——, plants of the, 364
——, plutonic rocks of the, 571
——, subdivisions of the, 353
——, volcanic rocks of the, 544
Liebig, on conversion of coal into anthracite, 403
——, on origin of stalactite, 156
Liége, limestone caverns at, 156
Lightbody, Mr., on Lower Ludlow shales, 461
Lignite, conversion of into coal, 403
Lima giganteum, 354
—— Hoperi, Chalk, 300
—— spinosa, White Chalk, 294
Limagne d’Auvergne, Lower Miocene mammalia of the, 234
Limburg beds, 242
Lime, scarcity of, in metamorphic rocks, 604
—— in solution, source of, 69
Limestone, block of striated, 168
——, brecciated, 387
—— of chemical and organic origin, 61
——, compact, 501
——, Hippurite, 304
——, magnesian, 387
——, metamorphic or crystalline, 579
——, Mountain, and its fossils, 430-8
——, striated, 168
Limnæa longiscata, 55
Lingula beds, volcanic tuffs of the, 549
Lingula Credneri, Permian, 388
Lingula Flags, fossils of the, 484
Lingula Dumortieri, Crag, 200
—— Lewisii, Ludlow, 462
Lingulella Davisii, 484
Lipari Isles, tufas in, 586
Liquidambar europæum, 209
Lithrostrotion basaltiforme, Carboniferous, 432
Lits coquilliers, 275
Littoral denudation defined, 102
Lituites giganteus, Ludlow, 463
Llanberis slates, 486
Llandeilo Flags, fossils of the, 473-5
Llandeilo formation, thickness of the, 475
——, Lower, 475
Llandovery Group, classification of the, 468
—— Rocks, thickness of the Lower, 469
Loam defined, 38, 153
Lodes, shells and pebbles in, 608
—— See Mineral Veins.
Loess of fluviatile loam described, 153
——, fossil shells of the, 154
Logan, Sir W., on Eozoon Canadense, 490
——, on Gaspe sandstones, 455
——, on Huronian and Laurentian, 490
——, on stigmaria in under-clays, 398
——, on thickness of Nova Scotia coal, 409
——, on thickness of Laurentian in Canada, 113
Loire, faluns of the, 211
London Clay, fossils of the, 264, 266
Longevity, relative, of mammalia and testacea, 162
Longmynd Group, fauna of the, 486
Lonsdale, Mr., on corals of America, 229
——, on Devonian fossils, 449
——, on Stonesfield slate, 345
——, on United States Miocene corals, 229
Lonsdaleia floriformis, Carboniferous, 432
Lowe, Reverend R. T., on Mogador shells, 537
Lubbock, Sir J., on the two stone-periods, 147
Lucina serrata, Bracklesham, 262
Ludlow formation, Upper, 459; Lower, 461
——, bone-bed of the Upper, 459
Lulworth Cove, dirt-bed of, 333
Lycett, Mr., on fossils of the Great Oolite, 344
Lycopodiaceæ of Coal, 422
Lycopodium densum, living species, 423
Lym-fiord, mingled fresh-water and marine strata of, 59
Lymnea caudata, Headon, 256
—— longiscata, Bembridge, 253
Lynton Group of Devon, 454

MACLAREN, Mr., on Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks, 548
Macclesfield, marine shells 1,200 feet high at, 181
MacClintock, Sir L., on Atlantic mud, 287
MacCulloch, Dr., on Aberdeenshire granite, 558
——, on basaltic columns in Skye, 510
——, on formation of hornblende-schist, 582
——, on trap, 519
MacMullen, Mr. J., on Eozoon Canadense, 491
Macropus atlas, lower jaw of, 158
—— major (living), lower jaw of, 159
Madeira, beds of laterite in, 509
——, dike in valley in, 513
——, Pliocene leaf-bed and shells in lavas of, 532
——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, 536
——, wind, removing scoriæ in, 97
Maestricht beds and their fossils, 283
Maffiotte, Don Pedro, cited, 538
Magas pumila, White Chalk, 294
Magnesian Limestone defined, 38
—— and marl-slate, 387
Magnetite, 500
Maidstone, Upper Cretaceous fossils of, 297
Malacolite, 502
Malaise, Professor, on Engihoul cave, 157
Mammalia, anterior to Paris gypsum, table of, 329
——, extinct, coeval with man, 152, 157
——, fossil, of Middle Purbeck, 325
——, fossil, in Pliocene in Val d’Arno, 208
——, fossil, in the Crag, 193, 197
——, fossil, of Vienna basin, 225
—— of the Limagne d’Auvergne, 234
—— of Siwalik Hills, 227
—— of the Stonesfield slate, 345
——, teeth of Post-pliocene, 165
Mammalia and testacea, comparative longevity of, 162
Mammoth, rude carving of in Perigord cave, 150
—— in Scotch till, 175
—— See Elephas primigenius.
Man, antiquity of, 152
Manfredi on amount of subaërial denudation, 114
Mantell, Dr., on iguanodon of Wealden, 313
——, on Oxford Clay belemnites, 340
——, on Wealden fossils, 316
Mantellia nidiformis, Purbeck, 331
Map of Chalk formation in France, 305
—— of Eocene tertiary basins, 250
—— of Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, 376
Marble defined, 37
—— of Carrara, metamorphic, 599
Marcou, M., on age of Wealden beds, 319
Margaric acid, 591
Marine fauna of the Carboniferous, 432
—— beds underlying the London Clay, 269
—— and brackish-water strata in coal, 404
—— strata, how distinguished from fresh-water, 53-59
Marl from Lake Superior, 63
—— and marl-slate defined, 38
——, red, green, and white, of Auvergne, 233
—— slate of Middle Permian, 387
Marsupials, extinct, of Australia, 159
Marsupites Milleri, White Chalk, 294
Massachusetts, plumbago of, 583
Mastodon arvernensis, molar of, Norwich crag, 193
—— giganteus, in United States after the drift, 183
Mayence basin tertiaries, 242
May-Hill Sandstone, 468
Mechanical and chemical deposits, 60
—— theory of cleavage, 592
Mediterranean, one zoological province, 127
Megalodon cucullatus, Devonian, 452
Melania inquinata (Cerithium melanoides), 55, 268
Melania turritissima, Bembridge, 253
Melanopsis buccinoidea, 55
Melaphyre, a variety of basalt, 504
Menevian beds and their fossils, 484
Mesozoic, term explained, 123
—— and Cainozoic periods, gap between the, 282
—— and Palæozoic rocks, limits of the, 385
Metals, relative age of different, 614
Metamorphic limestone, 579
—— strata, origin of, 579
—— theory, objections to, considered, 587
—— rocks defined, 32
Metamorphic rocks, 576
——, cleavage of, 588
——, scarcity of lime in, 604
——, ages of, 597
——, order of succession of, 602
——, uniformity of mineral character in, 602
Metamorphism, hydrothermal action producing, 584
Metamorphosis of trilobites, 471, 487
Meteorites, minerals in, 501
Mexico, Gulf of, terrestrial remains washed into, 128
Meyer, Mr. Karl, on fossil shells of Madeira, 537
——, M. H. von, on reptiles in coal, 407
——, on Wealden of Germany, 319
Miascite, 558
Mica and its varieties, 499, 501
——, how deposited, 40
—— schist or micaceous schist, 578
Micaceous sandstone, origin of, 36
Micraster cor-anguinum, 294
Microconchus carbonarius, coal-measures, 405
Microlestes antiquus, Upper Trias, 368
Migrations of quadrupeds, 161
Miliolite limestone, 274
Miller, Hugh, on Old Red Sandstone fish, 443
——, on salt lakes, 375
Milne Edwards, Mr., on Palæozoic corals, 432
Minchinhampton, Great Oolite of, 344
Mineral composition a test of age of volcanic rocks, 523
—— a test of age of plutonic rocks, 565
—— a test of age of strata, 124
—— character of hypogene rocks, 602
—— springs of Auvergne, 604
Mineral veins, 605
—— formed in fissures, 606
——, successive formation of, 609
——, swelling and contraction of, 611
——, relative age of, 614
——, pebbles in, 608
Mineralisation of organic remains, 65
Minerals in meteorites, 501
——, table of the most abundant in hypogene rocks, 499
Miocene of Bordeaux and south of France, 214
—— and Eocene, line between the, 230, 251
——, Lower, of England, 244
——, Lower, of Germany and Croatia, 242
——, Lower, of Central France, 231
——, Lower, of Italy, 244
——, Lower, of Nebraska, United States, 248
——, term defined, 143
——, Upper, of the Bolderberg, 224
——, Upper, of France, 211
——, Upper, of Italy, 226
——, Upper, of Greece, 226
——, Upper, of India, 226
——, Upper, of Vienna basin, 224
Mississippi, sediment of, used as a test of denudation by rivers, 114
—— valley, deposition and denudation in the, 102
Mitchell, Mr., on Aralia fruit in Alum Bay, Eocene, 263
Mitchell, Sir T., on Wellington caves, 158
Mitchell, Rev. Hugh, on Pteraspis, 446
Mitra Scabra, Barton clay, 259
Mitscherlich, on Isomorphism, 502
Modiola acuminata, Permian, 387
Moel Tryfaen, shells found at, 181
Mohs on isomorphism, 502
Molasse, Lower, of Switzerland, 235
——, Middle, or Marine, of Switzerland, 223
——, Upper, fresh-water, of Switzerland, 217
——, term explained, 217
Mollusca. See Shells.
——, longevity of species of, 162
—— of Hallstadt beds, 377
——, value of, in classification, 142
—— of the Carboniferous, 435
Monitor of Thuringia, 463
Monoclinic feldspars, 501
Monod, flora of the Lower Molasse at, 236
Mons, unconformable strata near, 95
Montblanc, talcose granite of, 568
—— Dor, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes of, 232
——, age of volcano of, 541
Monte Bolca, fossil fish of, 543
—— Calvo, section of cross stratification, 44
—— Mario, age of volcanic deposits of, 533
—— Nuovo, formed 1538, 525
Montmartre, gypseous series of, 270
Monts Dome, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes, 495
Moore, Mr. C., on Rhætic beds, 366
——, on Upper Trias quadrupeds, 369
Moraines described, 169
Morea, cretaceous volcanic rocks of, 544
Mortillet, M. de, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, 184
Morton, Dr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, 307
Mosasaurus Camperi, Chalk, 284
Mountain Limestone, fossils of the, 433-8
Mull, Isle of, leaf-bed, 247
Münster, Count, on fossils of Solenhofen, 337
Murchison, Sir R., on brackish-water strata in coal, 404
——, on Devonian series, 439, 449, 454
——, on Devonian ichthyolites, 453
——, on Eocene igneous rocks, 278
——, on Llandovery beds, 468
——, on Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 492
——, on metamorphic rocks of North Highlands, 601
——, on Monte Bolca fish-beds, 543
——, on name Permian, 385
——, on Old Red Sandstone, 449
——, on Palæozoic strata, Queenaig, 112, 113
——, on protrusion of solid granite, 574
——, on Silurian, 458, 459, 461, 467, 470, 473, 475
——, on Tertiary volcanic rocks of Italy, 533
——, on thickness of chalk in Russia, 287
——, on thickness of the Trias, 369
——, on the Upper “Old Red”, 468
Murchisonia gracilis, 479
Murex vaginatus, 204
Muschelkalk, fossils of the, 378
Muscovite, or common mica, 499, 501
Musk-ox, fossil, in Thames valley, 161
Myliobates Edwardsi, Bracklesham, 261
Mytilus septifer, Permian, 387

NAPLES, Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, 525
——, escape of carbonic acid near, 604
Natica clausa, Scotch drift, 176
—— helicoides, Chillesford beds, 192
Natrolite, 500
Nautilus centralis, London Clay, 266
—— Danicus, Faxoe Chalk, 286
—— plicatus, Hythe beds, 309
—— truncatus, Lias, 356
—— ziczac (Aturia ziczac), 266
Nebraska, Miocene strata of, 248
Necker, M., on “underlying” igneous rocks, 562
——, on dikes in Vesuvius, 526
Neocomian, Upper, 308
——, Middle, 312
——, Lower, 312
——, use of the term, 282
Neolithic era, 147
Neozoic type of corals, 431
Nerinæa Goodhallii, Coral Rag, 339
Nerinæan limestone, 340
Nerita conoidea (N. Schmidelliana), 275
—— costulata, Great Oolite, 345
—— granulosa, 55
Neritina concava, Headon, 255
—— globulus, 55
Neufchâtel, coins and iron tools in lake of, 149
Newberry, Dr., on flora of American cretaceous rocks, 307
Newcastle coal-field, faults in, 90
Newfoundland bank described, 106
New Jersey, mastodon in, 183
New Madrid, “Sunk Country” in, 402
New Red sandstone of Connecticut Valley, 381
——, trappean rocks of the, 545
New York, Devonian strata of, 456
——, Cambrian strata of, 490
——, Silurian strata of, 478
——, Laurentian strata of, 491
Niagara Limestone, fossils of the, 479
Nidau, iron tools in lake of, 148
Nile, homogeneous mud of the, 154
Ninety-fathom dike in coal, 90
Nipadites ellipticus, Sheppey, 264
Nodules in strata, how formed, 63
Noeggerathia cuneifolia, Permian, 393
Nomenclature of rocks, 140
—— of volcanic minerals, 499
Norfolk cliffs, drift of, 190
North America. See America.
Norway, Cambrian of, 489
——, foliation of crystalline schists in, 595
——, granite veins in gneiss of, 573
——, granite altering fossiliferous strata in, 581
Norwich, or Fluvio-marine crag, 193
Nova Scotia coal-measures, 409
—— coal, reptiles and shells in, 414
——, folding and denudation of beds in, 417
Nucula Cobboldiæ, Crag, 194
Nummulites lævigata, Bracklesham, 260
—— Puschi, Pyrenees, 278
—— variolaria, Bracklesham, 259
Nummulitic formations, 277

OBOLUS APOLLINIS, in Russian grit, 478
Obsidian, 505
Oceanic areas, permanence of, 117
Œningen, Upper Miocene beds of, 215
Oeynhausen, M. von, on Cornish granite veins, 560
Ogygia Buchii, 474
Oldhamia radiata: O. antiqua, 487
Old Red Sandstone, Upper, 440
——, Middle, with fish, 443
——, Lower, 446
——, trap of the, 547
——, classification of, 439
Olenus micrurus, 484
Oligocene, term for Lower Miocene, 230, 244
Oligoclase, 499, 500
Oliva Dufresnii, Bolderberg, Belgium, 224
Olivine, 499
Omphyma turbinatum, Silurian, 466
Onchus tenuistriatus, Silurian, 460
Oolite, classification and physical geography of the, 321
——, defined, 37
——, Inferior, fossils of the, 349, 350
—— and Lias, origin of the, 364
—— and Chalk, Palæontological break between, 338
Oolitic strata, palæontological relations of, 351
—— volcanic rocks, 545
Ophioderma tenuibrachiata, Lias, 357
Oppel on zones of Lias, 353
Orbigny, Alcide de, on foraminifera of Vienna basin, 225
——, on orbitoidal limestone, 279
——, on Pisolitic limestone, 285
——, on Sénonian, 302
Oreodaphne Heerii, Italian Pliocene, 209
Organic remains, mineralisation of, 65
——, tests of age of strata, 125
——, tests of age of volcanic rocks, 522
——, geological provinces of, 127
Oriskany Sandstone, 478
Orthis elegantula, Ludlow, 46
—— grandis, Caradoc beds, 470
—— tricenaria, Bala beds, 470
—— vespertilio, Bala beds, 470
Orthoceras duplex, 474
—— Ludense, Silurian, 463
—— laterale, 436
—— ventricosum, Silurian, 462
Orthoclase, 499, 500
Orthoclastic feldspars, 501
Osborne or St. Helen’s series, Eocene, 255
Osteolepis, Old Red Sandstone, 444
Ostraceon, spine of, Bracklesham, 261
Ostrea acuminata, Fuller’s earth, 349
—— carinata, Chalk marl, 300
—— columba, Chloritic sand, 300
—— gregarea, Coral Rag, 339
—— deltoidea, Kimmeridge clay, 336
—— distorta, Middle Purbeck, 324
—— expansa, Portland sand, 336
—— Marshii, Oolite, 351
—— vesicularis, Chalk, 295
Otodus obliquus, Bracklesham, 262
Outcrop of strata, 83
Overlapping strata, 95
Owen, Professor on Archæopteryx, 337
——, on Eocene Zeuglodon, 279
——, on footprints in Trias, 382
——, on fauna of Sheppey, 265, 267
——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, 276
——, on Labyrinthodon, 370
——, on mammalia of Stonesfield, 347
——, on Purbeck mammalia, 326, 328
——, on reptiles of coal, 407, 414
——, on zoological provinces of extinct animals, 160
Ox, tooth of (recent), 165
Oxford Clay, thickness and fossils of, 340