Beginning from the left, the slabs of the frieze contain:

1, 2.Bearded Satyr in combat with a wild boar. The Satyr, who has pointed ears and tail, makes a thrust at the boar with a branch torn off a tree. The strange attitude of the Satyr is due to the artist's difficulty in dealing with the shape of the slab. Slab 1 has been much injured by dripping water. The two slabs are proved to be connected by the bough which is seen on both.

Prachov, pl. vi. a, a; vi. b, c; Wolters, Nos. 146, 145; Fellows, Lycia, pl. facing p. 174; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 104.

  3.Lioness, couching for a spring, but with right paw raised.

Prachov, pl. vi. a, e.

  4.Lion devouring deer. This group is of an established conventional form.

Fellows, Lycia, pl. facing p. 174; Wolters, No. 148; Prachov, pl. vi. b, d.; Dieulafoy, L'Art Ant. de la Perse, III., pl. 16; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 104.

  5.Lynx to left, with right paw raised.

Prachov, pl. vi. a, b.; Wolters, No. 147.

6, 7.Bull contending with Satyr, who appears to be in a position similar to Satyr on slab 1; but a joint cuts off the right leg, and the left arm is wanting.

Prachov, pl. vi. a, f; vi. b, g. Coarse limestone. The height of the frieze is 2 feet 6¾ inches; the lengths of the slabs are: (1) 4 feet 9 inches; (2) 6 feet; (3) 5 feet 9 inches; (4) 5 feet 1½ inches; (5) 4 feet 11 inches; (6) 4 feet 9½ inches; (7) 3 feet 1 inch.

82.1-8.  Frieze of cocks and hens. Six cocks and five hens represented as standing still, picking up food, or fighting. The work is carefully studied from nature.—Built into the walls of the Acropolis at Xanthos.

Coarse limestone; height, 1 foot 4½ inches; combined length of eight slabs, 28 feet 8 inches; Fellows, Lycia, pl. facing p. 174 (two slabs); Wolters, Nos. 136-144; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 103.

83.Part of a tomb (?). From each of two opposite sides, the head and forepaws of a lioness project. The heads are slightly turned towards the front.—Found at the foot of the Inscribed Monument, Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 1 foot 5 inches; length, 4 feet 1¾ inches. Fellows, Lycia, pl. facing p. 174.

84.Head and neck of a lion, from a tomb (?). Several pieces of the mane were separately worked and attached.—Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 1 foot 10 inches.

85.Fragment of unfinished relief, with two legs of a seat or couch (?).—Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 4 inches. Compare Perrot and Chipiez, V., p. 304, fig. 211.

86.A frieze representing a procession moving from left to right. The figures beginning from the right are:—

  1.An old man, seated in a car, driving two horses. Behind him stood an attendant, of whose figure a piece of drapery on the next slab alone remains.

  2.A youth, leading a horse, saddled and bridled. He wears a short chiton, and carries a whip. Details of the hair were probably indicated with paint.

3, 4.A venerable old man, seated in a chair, placed in a war chariot drawn by two horses. He has long hair, bound with a taenia, and a long pointed beard. He wears a chiton with sleeves, and a mantle. He holds a pomegranate flower in his left hand, and a cup (?) in his right hand. Beside him is a charioteer treated like the youth of the preceding group. The reins, now lost, were made of bronze.

Youth riding a spirited horse, equipped like the horse of the second group. The rider wears a chiton with short sleeves, and a himation. He has long hair falling on the shoulders.

  5.A group of draped persons moving to right, and composed of the following figures:—

Man (much mutilated) standing to right and turning to front. He holds a whisk in the right hand, and a spear in the left hand.

Man, carrying a spear over the left shoulder, supporting it with both hands clasped.

Man moving to right but looking back. He carries a spear on the left shoulder; right hand holds a fold of the drapery.

Man with spear on left shoulder and whisk in right hand.

Man with spear on right shoulder; left hand holds an edge of the himation.

Man with spear on left shoulder. The front part only of this figure is preserved.

The standing figures all wear a long chiton, with long sleeves, and a himation which is wrapped closely about the body, passing under the right arm and over the left shoulder.

The size and treatment of the horses on the frieze, and the use of whisks by the standing figures, show Oriental influences, although the artistic style is distinctly Greek. The upright crest on the head of the horse in the fourth group is seen on the horses of Persepolitan sculpture. Compare the Persepolitan casts in the British Museum, assigned to 500 b.c., and Fellows, Lycia, p. 173. The ends of the horses' tails are also tied with ribbon in the same way as here. Saddle-cloths occur on early vases from Daphnae (Petrie, Nebesheh and Defenneh, pl. 29, fig. 4), and on painted sarcophagi from Clazomenae (Journ. of Hellen. Studies, iv., p. 19, fig. 14).

The traces of Persian fashion make it probable that this relief is later than the Persian conquest of Xanthos by Harpagos (about 545 b.c.).

The architectural disposition of the frieze has not been ascertained. The slabs were found by Fellows, inserted in a wall of late date on the Acropolis of Xanthos (Benndorf, Reisen in Lykien, i., p. 86), but it is clear from the square holes that occur at intervals of 4 ft. 8 in., that stone beams, imitating wood construction, must once have projected, and from the raised border round the holes it is seen that this was the intention of the artist. It is probable that the frieze belonged to a tomb, and perhaps represented a funeral procession. It is not possible to say whether it was on the outside or on the inside of the building. (Compare Nos. 87, 88, and the tomb of Giöl-Baschi. Compare also the casts of reliefs from Pinara, Nos. 761-4, for the projecting beam ends.)—Acropolis of Xanthos.

A similar procession occurs on a sarcophagus from Amathus. (Cesnola, Cyprus, pl. 14.)

Height, 2 feet 9½ inches; combined length of five slabs, 17 feet 4 inches; height of relief, 2 feet 5 inches; but in parts, upper margin is cut into. Fellows, Lycia, pls. facing pp. 173, 177; Prachov, pl. 3; Cesnola, Cyprus, pls. 16, 17; Murray, I., pls. 4-6; Wolters, Nos. 131-134; Wolters in Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst., I., p. 84; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 102.

87.Slab from the left end of a frieze. A woman stands near the foot of a couch upon which a dead man is laid out. Only the end of the couch and the left foot of the corpse remain. The woman wears a long chiton, himation, cap with tassel, and earrings. Behind her stands a male attendant, wearing a short chiton, drawn up, beneath a girdle. He holds a small piece of drapery in his left hand.

A groove to the left of the group seems to show that this slab was at an interior angle of a building. The different dimensions make it unlikely that it was a part of the same frieze as No. 86.—Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 9½ inches; length, 2 feet 7 inches. Prachov, pl. 1, fig. 2; Murray, I., pl. 6; Wolters, 135; Wolters in Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst., I. p. 83.

88.Slab from the left end of a frieze. A woman wearing a long chiton with sleeves and a himation stands to right with right hand raised, and holding a flower(?). She holds a piece of drapery in left hand. Before her, the remains of another figure.

At the left of this figure is a groove, suggesting that this was an interior angle stone.—Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 9 inches; length, 3 feet 6 inches. Prachov, pl. 6 b. h; Wolters, Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst., I., p. 83.

89, 90.Gable end of a tomb. On each side of a doorway is a seated Sphinx, and above the lintel are two lions.—Xanthos.

89.The Sphinx on the left wears a cap enclosing most of the hair, a pendant earring, and a narrow taenia. There are traces of red paint on the cap, and of the markings of feathers on the wings. The head and fore-quarters of the lion are wanting.

Limestone; height, 3 feet 9 inches; width, 3 feet 1 inch. About 3 inches appear to be wanting on the right of the slab. Prachov, pl. 5, fig. 1 (the head only of the Sphinx); Dieulafoy, L'Art Ant. de la Perse, II., pl. 18, fig. 2; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 101a.

90.The Sphinx on the right of the doorway has her hair confined by a broad band, and has a pendant earring. The markings of the feathers may be seen on the wings. When first discovered in 1840, this relief was brilliantly coloured, as is recorded in a drawing by Scharf. The ground of the relief was bright blue; the feathers were red, black, blue, and white. The hair was yellow, and the taenia was painted with a white pattern on a red ground. The head and fore-quarters of the lion are wanting.

Limestone; height, 3 feet 4½ inches; width, 3 feet 4 inches. About 3 inches appear to be wanting on the left of the slab. Prachov, pl. 5, fig. 2; Museum of Class. Antiq., I., p. 251; Dieulafoy, L'Art Ant. de la Perse, II., pl. 18, fig. 2; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 101a.

91, 92.Gable end of a tomb. On each side of a doorway is a seated Sphinx. Above the lintel of the door is a space which may have held a relief, now wanting.—Xanthos.

91.The Sphinx on the left wears a stephanè; a tress of hair falls on the shoulder. There are faint traces of paint on the wing. The hind-quarters are missing.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 10 inches; width, 2 feet 2 inches. The joint of the stone is at the left side of the door. Prachov, pl. 4, fig. 2.

92.The Sphinx on the right has her hair bound with a narrow taenia. There are traces of paint on the wing. The hind-quarters are wanting.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 8 inches; width, 3 feet 1 inch. About 3 inches are lost from the left of this slab. Prachov, pl. 4, fig. 1 (the head only).

93.Gable end of a tomb. In the centre of the relief is a low column, with an Ionic capital, of peculiar form. A Siren stands to the front, on the column. She wears a short chiton, girt at the waist and with loose sleeves. She has spreading wings and tail, and bird's legs, but human arms which are extended in front of the wings. The head is wanting.

On each side of the column is a seated male figure. On the left is a beardless elderly man, wearing himation and chiton, with staff in left hand and right hand extended. On the right is a bearded old man, wearing chiton and himation, with staff in right hand and left hand extended. The back of the head is in part broken away; part was never represented. The lower part of the relief is wanting. A drawing by Scharf shows the colouring of the relief when discovered. The background was blue; the hair, the under side of the Siren's wings, the drapery of the man on the left, the shaft and part of the capital of the column were yellow; the drapery of the Siren and of the man on the right, the seats and part of the capital of the column were red.—Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 2 feet 9 inches; width, 3 feet 5 inches. Annali dell' Inst., 1844, p. 150.

The Harpy Tomb.

94.The monument known as the Harpy Tomb was discovered by Fellows among the ruins of Xanthos on April 19, 1838. It was more carefully examined and published by him in 1840 (Lycia, p. 170, and plate), and was brought to England in the spring of 1842. The tomb was described by Fellows in the following terms:—"The Harpy Tomb consisted of a square shaft in one block, weighing about eighty tons, its height seventeen feet, placed upon a base rising on one side six feet from the ground, on the other but little above the present level of the earth. Around the sides of the top of the shaft were ranged the bas-reliefs in white marble about three feet three inches high; upon these rested a capstone, apparently a series of stones, one projecting over the other; but these are cut in one block, probably fifteen to twenty tons in weight. Within the top of the shaft was hollowed out a chamber, which, with the bas-relief sides was seven feet six inches high, and seven feet square." (Fellows, Xanthian Marbles, p. 21; Asia Minor, p. 438.) For views of this tomb see the drawing by Scharf here reproduced (pl. iii.); also Mon. dell' Inst., iv., pl. 2; Benndorf, Reisen in Lykien, i., pl. 26. In Christian times, the tomb was made the cell of some Stylites, or dweller on a column. Traces of painting and monograms were found on the interior of the chamber. (Fellows, Xanthian Marbles, p. 21; Birch, Archæologia, xxx., p. 186.)

  1.West Side.—This relief is divided into two unequal parts by a small doorway which formed the entrance to the tomb. This doorway may have been filled up with a slab of stone, resembling a funeral stelè, and the idea thus suggested was further carried out by the sculpture above of a cow giving suck to a calf. (Compare the tomb on the second frieze of the Xanthian Nereid Monument, Mon. dell' Inst., x., pl. 16, fig. 161.)

On the left of the entrance is an enthroned female figure. She is large and dignified, and is heavily draped. The left hand is raised, the right hand is extended and holds a bowl; she is adorned with stephanè and bracelets. The arm of the chair terminates in a ram's head, and is supported by a seated Sphinx. On the right is a second enthroned female figure of equal dignity. She is adorned with a stephanè and bracelets. With a graceful, if affected gesture of the right hand she holds up a pomegranate flower, and in the left hand she holds a pomegranate fruit. The back of the throne terminates in a swan's head, and the arm terminates in the head of a ram.

Three maidens, who are nearly alike, except in the attitudes of the hands, approach this figure. The first raises her mantle and chiton with the left and right hands respectively. The second has a pomegranate flower in her left hand, and a pomegranate fruit in her right hand. The third holds up an egg with her right hand, and holds the drapery in her left hand.

  2.North Side.—An old man, draped and bearded, is seated on a chair to left; with the left hand he holds a spear, with the right hand he receives a crested helmet which is offered to him by a young warrior, who stands before him. The warrior has a short chiton, and leather cuirass, sheathed sword, greaves, and a large shield, which he supports with the left hand. Beneath the chair is a small bear.

At each side of this group, but disconnected from it, are figures commonly known as Harpies. They are represented as beings with the head, breasts and arms of maidens, while the lower part of the body is that of a bird conventionally rendered. It terminates in oval form with a spreading tail and bird's talons attached. Long wings spring from behind the shoulders and under the arms. Each creature wears a stephanè and chiton (see below). In their arms and talons each gently carries a diminutive draped female figure, that makes a gesture, as of affection.

At the right corner of the relief a draped figure crouches on the ground in an attitude of deep grief, and looks up to the flying figure above.

  3.East Side.—A venerable bearded man is seated on a throne, to the right. He has a sceptre in the left hand, and holds up a flower in the right hand. The arm of the throne is supported by a Triton. Before him is a diminutive figure of a boy offering a cock.

Behind the enthroned figure are two draped male figures, standing to right. The first holds a pomegranate fruit in the left hand, and a doubtful object in the right hand. The second, who is bearded, holds a portion of his drapery with the left hand; with his right hand he holds his beard.

On the right of the relief is a youth, accompanied by a dog. He holds a stick with curved handle in his left hand, and has an uncertain object in his right hand. Part of it was made of metal, attached by a rivet. It may perhaps have been a kylix with a tall stem.

  4.South Side.—A male figure, not bearded, is seated on a throne to right. He has a sceptre resting on his right shoulder. In the left hand he holds a pomegranate fruit, and in the right hand an apple. Before him stands a male (?) figure, holding a dove in the left hand by the wings, and having the right hand raised in a gesture of adoration. On each side of the main group, but disconnected from it, are the winged figures with their burdens as already described. With certain differences of detail, chiefly in the positions of the arms of the figures carried, these groups are nearly similar to those of the north side.

Drapery, &c.—All the figures on this tomb, except the "Harpies," the diminutive figures connected with them, and the warrior, are draped in chiton, and himation or peplos. The figures borne by the "Harpies" and the figure crouching in grief wear long chitons only. The "Harpies" wear chitons, of which the sleeves alone are indicated. All the principal figures wear shoes or sandals, so far as the feet are preserved, with the exception of the second figure behind the throne on the east side. The women on the west side, and the seated figure on the south side wear shoes with pointed toes. The remaining figures wear sandals only. All the figures on the east side had metal taeniae or stephanae, the holes for the attachment of the metal being still visible. The youth on the east side, as already stated, held a metal object in his hand.

Colouring.—The following indications of colour can be traced. The ground of the reliefs was bright blue. Part of the colour remains round the profile of the youth on the east side, and under the right wrist of the first figure behind the throne on this side. Birch (Archæologia, xxx., p. 192) states that he has seen scarlet on the crest of the helmet, and Scharf (Mus. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 252) that there were "traces of red in the hollow of the shields and upon sandals." Elsewhere the colour must be inferred from the inequalities of the surface of the marble, due to the unequal protecting powers of the different colours. There was an egg and tongue pattern on the lower moulding, and a maeander pattern on parts of the upper moulding. On the west side the chair of the figure on the right was painted with palmette ornament. On the east side there was also a palmette pattern on the side of the throne.

Interpretations.—The interpretations of this monument, that have been proposed, may be divided into three groups—

    (1.)  According to the first commentators, the subject represented was the rape of the daughters of Pandareos, king of Lycia, by the Harpies (Homer, Od. xx., l. 66. Gibson, in Fellows, Lycia, p. 171; Birch, Archæologia, xxx., p. 185.) The objections to this view are that the subject is an improbable one for representation on a tomb, that the "Harpies" evidently stand in a kindly relation towards the persons whom they carry, and that the reliefs do not agree well with the literary form of the myth. It is also doubtful whether the "Harpies" were imagined with bird-bodies at the period of these sculptures. (Furtwaengler, Arch. Zeit., 1882, p. 204.)

    (2.)  In the second group of theories, the enthroned figures are deities of the lower world to whom the souls of the dead pay reverence. On the west side are Demeter (left), and Persephonè (right), and three worshippers who carry symbols of life and birth, as the egg and the pomegranate. The door of the tomb signifies death, while the cow and calf, immediately above, suggest the renewal of life. The three seated figures remaining, are, according to this system, either Zeus (south), Poseidon (east), and Hades (north), (Braun, Annali dell' Inst., 1844, p. 151), or Zeus viewed under a triple aspect (Curtius, Arch. Zeit., 1855, p. 10). The symbolic system has been most elaborately worked out by Curtius (loc. cit., and Arch. Zeit., 1869, p. 10). Thus he regards the "Harpies'" bodies as intended for eggs, and so symbolical of life. This view is untenable, as the bodies are of the form usually given to birds in early art (Conze, Arch. Zeit., 1869, p. 78).

    (3.)  In the third and most recent group of theories, the seated figures are not deities, but heroified personages, buried in the tomb, to whom offerings are made by members of their family. (Milchhoefer, Arch. Zeit., 1881, p. 53; Wolters, p. 75.) This view is supported by analogies found elsewhere (cf. p. 299), while it avoids the difficulty of supposing deities to be represented on a tomb. But no parallel has been adduced for such a scene as a young warrior giving his arms to the figure of an heroified ancestor; moreover the dignity and adornments of the enthroned figures seem most appropriate to deities.

On the whole it seems best to suppose that we have on this tomb scenes connected with death, though we cannot attempt, for want of knowledge of Lycian mythology, to assign names to the personages represented. Maidens make offerings to female deities, and men to male deities. On the east side a boy makes an offering, on the north side a young warrior gives up his armour, and on the south side a man offers a bird. Kindly winged beings bear away the souls of the dead, and the crouching figure on the north side suggests the grief of the survivors. (Cf. Brunn, Sitzungsber. d. k. bayer. Akad. Phil. hist. Cl., 1872, p. 523, who points out the succession of ages among the figures, but does not consider the idea of death to be implied in the central groups of the north, east, and south sides.)

Style and Period.—In the Harpy Tomb we have a fine example of the work by the Ionian School of Asia Minor, whose chief characteristic is a certain voluptuous fulness of form, and languor of expression, contrasted with the muscular vigour of the Doric sculpture, and the delicate refinement characteristic of a part of the early Attic work (cf. Brunn, loc. cit., p. 205, and Rayet, Monuments, No. 13). It is uncertain whether the tomb is later than the Persian conquest of Xanthos (545 b.c.). It has a remarkable resemblance to the tomb of Cyrus at Pasargadae as described by Arrian (vi., 29) and Strabo (xv., 3, 7), although the force of the parallel is rather diminished if Fergusson (Nineveh and Persepolis, p. 215) has correctly identified the tomb. The Harpy reliefs are usually assigned to the close of the sixth century; but a comparison with the sculptures of Ephesus points to a date nearer 550 b.c.

The Harpy tomb is of marble. The reliefs measure 3 feet 4½ inches in height; 8 feet 2 inches in length on the east and west sides; 7 feet 6 inches on the north and south sides. Fellows, Lycia, p. 170, and pl.; Birch, Archæologia, XXX., p. 185; Braun, Annali dell' Inst., 1844, p. 133; Mon. dell' Inst., IV., pl. 3; Rhein. Mus., N.F., III., 1845, p. 481; Curtius, Arch. Zeit., 1855, p. 2, pl. 73; Overbeck, Gr. Plast., 3rd edit., I., p. 171; Murray, I., p. 116, pl. 3, and figs. 22-25; Rayet, Monuments, Nos. 13-16; Mitchell, p. 187, fig. 88 (west and south sides); Wolters, Nos. 127-130.

95.Fragment of relief, with parts of two female figures, draped and having sandals, moving to the right in a dance. The relief appears to have been on the face of a lintel, panelled on its lower side.—Xanthos.

Limestone; height, 1 foot 3½ inches. Prachov, pl. 6b, fig. i.; Murray (2nd ed.), I., p. 125.

96-98.The following sculptures illustrate the way in which the simplicity of an archaic statue is sometimes preserved in later sculptures serving an architectonic purpose:—

96.Torso of female figure, wearing a long dress with diploïdion, falling in flat surfaces with few folds. The left leg is advanced, the right hand gathered up a part of the drapery. The head and arms are wanting.—Xanthos.

Marble; height, 4 feet ¼ inch. Prachov, pl. 2, fig. 5.

97.Torso of female figure, nearly similar to preceding, but with surface much mutilated.—Xanthos.

Marble; height, 2 feet 4½ inches. Prachov, pl. 2, fig. 6.

98.Torso of female figure treated like No. 96, but holding the fold of drapery with the left hand.—Xanthos.

Marble; height, 3 feet 10½ inches. Prachov, pl. 2, fig. 4.

Naucratis was a colony of Greeks, settled in Egypt for purposes of trade. It is situated to the west of the most westerly or Canopic mouth of the Nile, and is nearly midway between Cairo and Alexandria. The date of the foundation of Naucratis has been a subject of controversy. It is known that the colony owed much to Amasis, King of Egypt (564-526 b.c.). According to the statement of Herodotus (ii. 178), Amasis showed his friendship to the Greeks by giving, to those who came to Egypt, the city of Naucratis to live in (Φιλέλλην δὲ γενόμενος ὁ Ἄμασις ἄλλα τε ἐς Ἑλλήνων μετεξετέρους ἀπεδείξατο, καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῖσι ἀπικνευμένοισι ἐς Αἴγυπτον ἔδωκε Ναύκρατιν πόλιν ἐνοικῆσαι, κ. τ. λ.). The question has been discussed whether the words of Herodotus prove that Amasis was the first to allow the Greeks to live at Naucratis, or whether the account of Strabo (xvii., 1, 18) can be accepted, according to which Naucratis was already occupied by Greeks, especially by Greeks of Miletus. If Amasis introduced the Greeks to Naucratis, no Hellenic remains on the site can be older than 504 b.c. If an earlier settlement is assumed, it may have dated from the middle of the seventh century.

In either case the temple of the Milesian Apollo would have been among the earliest buildings erected. Herodotus states that by permission of Amasis, the Milesians independently founded a temenos of Apollo (χωρὶς δὲ ... ἐπ' ἑωυτῶν ἱδρύσαντο τέμενος ... Μιλήσιοι Ἀπόλλωνος). Messrs. Petrie and Gardner, arguing for the older date, put the foundation shortly after the middle of the seventh century.

The architectural remains are very scanty. Probably much of the first temple was built of mud bricks. The stone portions may have been used again in the building of the second temple, whose ornaments were of marble. Moreover, all marble and stone is eagerly sought for and removed by the modern Arab diggers.

Naukratis, Part I., 1884-5, by W. M. Flinders Petrie and others; Naukratis, Part II., 1885-6, by E. A. Gardner; G. Hirschfeld in Rhein. Mus., N.F., XLII. (1887), p. 209, and XLIV. (1889), p. 461; Kirchhoff, Studien, 4th edit. p. 43; Roberts, Greek Epigraphy, p. 323.

The First Temple of Apollo.

100.Columns.—The architectural members of the first temple were of limestone. They are insufficient to fix the dimensions of the temple, which was, however, small. Mr. Petrie supposes it to have been not more than twenty-five feet broad. A volute and a complete base of an Ionic column were discovered, but were immediately destroyed by Arabs. The following fragments are preserved:—

1, 2. Two members of an Ionic capital, consisting of two courses of an egg and dart moulding. The upper course is considerably the larger. The lower course is worked with a rebate to fit the upper course. Below the mouldings are the tops of the flutings.

Upper course—height, 5 inches; diameter, 1 foot 7½ inches; lower course—height, 4¼ inches; diameter, 1 foot 4½ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 3.

  3.Fragment of necking of a column, of a different design from the preceding, and surrounded by a pattern of lotus buds and lotus flowers.

Height, 11 inches; diameter, 1 foot 8 inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 3.

  4.Fragment of necking of a column, somewhat similar to the preceding.

Height, 4 inches; width, 5 inches.

  5.Drum of a limestone column with flutings.

Height, 4⅝ inches; diameter, 1 foot 6 inches.

  6.Lower part of the base of an Ionic column.

Height, 4 inches; diameter, 1 foot 9 inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 3.

Miscellaneous Fragments from First Temple.

  101.  1.Upper part of an acroterion, worked below with a rebate.

Height, 3½ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 14a.

  2.Angle piece, with half of a palmette.

Height, 5 inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 14a.

  3.Fragment of a plane surface of limestone, with a series of circles painted in blue, white, and red.

Height, 2 inches; width, 7½ inches.

4, 5.

Fragments of two sculptured rosettes, perhaps intended for the decoration of mud surfaces, and probably derived from the earlier temple.

Diameters, 4½ inches and 3 inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 18, figs. 7, 8.

The Second Temple of Apollo.

102.The remains assigned to the second temple are of marble, instead of limestone. They are too fragmentary for restoration, but include bead and reel mouldings, egg and dart patterns, portions of palmette and lotus patterns of elaborate design. Several of the fragments are brilliantly painted with red and blue. The second temple probably belongs to the second half of the fifth century.

Compare Naukratis, I., pls. 14, 14a.

Miscellaneous Sculptures from Naucratis.

103.Fragment of the lower part of a draped standing figure. In the middle of the legs the drapery falls in conventional vertical folds. The figure is painted white with a red stripe down each side.—From the temenos of Apollo.

Limestone; height, 1 foot 5 inches. Naukratis, I., p. 13.

104.Upper part of an incense burner or small altar with rosettes and Uraei.

Limestone; height, 4¾ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 18, fig. 11.

105.Part of a model of an Egyptian building.

Limestone; height, 5½ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 18, fig. 1.

106.Model of a shrine.

Limestone; height, 8½ inches.

107.Portions of a group of two figures leading a bull to sacrifice. Of the first figure no part remains except the hands which held a rope round the bull's neck. The second figure stands beside the bull, and places his right hand on its back. The head is wanting. An amphora stands on the ground on each side of the figure. Red colour on the drapery and on the tops of the vases.—Temple of Apollo.

Limestone; height, 3 inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 2, fig. 21.

108.Part of a figure kneading dough in a trough. Of the figure only the hands and feet remain. Traces of red colour.—Temple of Apollo.

Limestone; height, 2⅛ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 2, fig. 19.

109.Figure seated on a chair with a box on its lap. Before it a table on which lie four fish. The head of the figure is wanting.—Temple of Apollo.

Limestone; height, 1¾ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 2, fig. 20.

110.Torso of a male statuette, from the neck to the knees, holding a lion by the tail and hind legs.

Alabaster; height, 5¾ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 1, fig. 1.

111.Upper part of a statuette of a warrior(?). The figure wears a peaked helmet, a close-fitting tunic with sleeves, and armlets.

Alabaster; height, 4¼ inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 1, fig. 2.

112.Vessel for holding ointment (alabastron). The upper part is in the form of a female bust. The right hand holds a necklace on the breast. The left hand is by the side.

Alabaster; height, 7¼ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 11.

113.Upper part of an alabastron similar to the preceding.

Alabaster; height, 3½ inches.

114.Head, wearing a band across the forehead, and having a headdress with a veil which is gathered back in folds from the front. Red on the lips and headdress.

Limestone; height, 4 inches. Naukratis, I., pl. 1, fig. 5.

115.Head, wearing a band across the forehead, from which lappets hang down before the ears. Delicately executed archaic work.

Alabaster; height, 2½ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 17, fig. 13.

116.Fragment of the rim of a basin, supported by a Harpy-like being, carrying a diminutive figure at her breast. The figure is female, with spreading wings. On its left side, the body ends in the egg-like form of the figures on the Harpy tomb. On the opposite side, the form of the body is uncertain. The head is wanting.

Alabaster; height, 3 inches.

117.Nude female statuette, from the neck to the knees. She has necklaces, armlets, bracelets, and rings, which are partly in relief, and partly painted red. She wears also a red girdle, from which symbolic eyes are suspended, one on the abdomen, and one on the small of the back. The ends of this girdle fall one in front of each thigh, and finish in lotus flowers.

Limestone; height, 5⅜ inches. Naukratis, I., p. 33.

118.Statuette of a Hunter, standing, with two hares and two young boars slung over his shoulders. He holds his bow in the left hand, his hunting knife in the right hand. He wears a close-fitting cap, and tunic girt at the waist. Inscribed Καλλί[ας ἀνέθ]η[κε].—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 1 foot 7½ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 13, fig. 5.

119.Female statuette, wearing long, close-fitting drapery and head-dress; she wears a necklace and plays on a tympanum.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 5⅝ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 9.

120.Upper half of female statuette wearing close-fitting drapery, and headdress. She wears a necklace, and holds a flower in the right hand between her breasts.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 6 inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 15, fig. 5.

121.Female figure, standing, wearing a close-fitting dress, necklace and shoes. She holds a part of the drapery in her right hand, before her body, and a bird in her left hand between her breasts. Necklace, armlets, bracelets, shoes, and stripes down her dress are painted red. The head is wanting.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 7⅛ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 12.

122.Male figure, standing, playing on a lyre. He wears a chiton falling to the feet, a closely-fitting upper tunic, and boots. Parts of the tunic, lyre and boots are painted red. The head is wanting.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 7¼ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 14.

123.Upper part of a female figure, standing. She wears a closely-fitting dress with long sleeves, and two necklaces. The right hand holds an ankh (?) near the thigh; on the left hand sits a goat, before her body. Red paint at the borders of the drapery, and on ankh.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 4¾ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 8.

124.Undraped male figure, standing, holding a lion by the hind legs and tail. The left arm of the figure and the lion's tail are wanting.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 8¾ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 10.

125.Part of a bearded figure, closely draped, holding a goat before his body by the legs. The head and body from the waist of the figure are wanting.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 3½ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 15, fig. 1.

126.Female figure, enthroned. The left arm is wrapped in the mantle.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 3½ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 3.

127.Isis and Osiris (?). Female figure, enthroned, wearing close-fitting dress, necklace, and large mantle passing over the back of her head. She holds a nude figure of a boy at her breast. Red paint on the veil.—Temenos of Aphroditè.

Limestone; height, 4¾ inches. Naukratis, II., pl. 14, fig. 7.