INDEX

A

Abercromby (R.), classification of clouds, 42
Academy of Sciences, French, 18, 72-3
Academy of Sciences, Russian, balloon ascent, 72
Accademia del Cimento, 14
Actinometer, Violle's, 115
Adiabatic rate of change of temperature, 29
Aeronautical Conference at Chicago, 125
—— Conference at Strassburg, 97, 110
—— Committee; International, 108
Aérophile balloons, 102, 104
Aerostatic Commission, French, 111
Air, collection and analysis of, 70, 73, 75, 82, 112
—— weight of, 16
Aitken (J.), dust particles, 39
Alhazen (B. A.), height of atmosphere, 12
Altitudes, comparative, 20
Andrée (S. A.), balloon voyage to North Pole, 90
Anti-cyclones, 59, 170
Aratus, Diosemeia, 11
Archibald (D.), kites for meteorological observations, 122
Archytas, supposed inventor of kite, 117
Aristotle, 10, 11, 15
Assmann (R.), 86, 94, 108
Atmosphere, composition of, 24
—— energy of upper portion, 58
—— extent of, 28
—— methods of exploring same, 35 et seq., 145
—— moisture of, 34
—— origin of, 23
—— phenomena showing height of, 26
—— Pliny on, 9
—— temperature of, 28
Atmospheric circulation in cyclones and anti-cyclones, 60
—— electricity, 70, 76, 121, 141

B

Balloon ascents, international, 108 et seq.
—— crossing the Atlantic by, 92
—— invention of hot-air, 19
—— kite, 94
Balloons, 19, 20, 21, 37, 68, et seq.
—— captive, 76, 93, 146
—— changes of temperature observed in, 71, 73, 75, 77, 84, 88, 90
—— changing the direction of, 93
Ballons-sondes, 98 et seq.
Barometer, 15, 16, 85, 113
Baro-thermograph of Richard, 102
Barral, balloon ascent, 73, 84
Batavia, Java, international cloud measurements, 65
Batut (A.), photography from kites, 123
Berson (A.), balloon ascents, 81, 87 et seq.
Bert (P.), respiration of oxygen, 82
Besançon (G.), 98, 99, 101, 104
Bezold (W. von), wave-cloud, 40
Biot (J. B.), balloon ascent, 73
Birt (W. R.), kite at Kew Observatory, 122
Bixio, balloon ascent, 73, 84
Blanc, Mont, 20, 21
Blanchard, balloon ascent with Jeffries, 70, 71
Blue Hill Observatory, 47, 51, 53, 64, 108, 126 et seq.
Bonaparte (Prince Roland), patron of aeronautics, 112
Bonpland (A.), ascent in Andes, 20
Bonvallet (L.), exploring balloons, 99
Bouguer (P.), height of freezing-point, 18
Boyle (R.), 16

C

Cailletet (L.), 112, 113
Cambridge, Mass., clouds measured at, 53
Castelli (B.), invented rain-gauge, 13
Cavallo (T.), showed lightness of hydrogen, 69
Celsius (A.), thermometer, 14
Charles (J. A. C.), ascent in hydrogen balloon, 19, 68
Cimento, Accademia del, 14
Cirrus balloon, 106
Clayton (H. H.), 45, 47, 53, 62, 133, 147, 167
Cloud, amount of, 47 et seq.
—— atlases, 42, 43, 44
—— Committee, International, 44, 65
—— -year, international, 65
Clouds, classification of, 41 et seq.
—— definitions of, 45
—— formation of, 39
—— observations of direction and relative velocity, 51, 65
—— measurements of height and velocity, 52, 53 et seq., 65, 121
—— on Jupiter, 51
—— relation to forecasting, 63-4
Cotte (L.), on clouds, 38
Coxwell (H.), aeronaut for Glaisher, 75 et seq.
Crocé-Spinelli (J.), ascent in Zenith, 82
Cyclones, 59, 170

D

Dalton (J.), water-vapour in the air, 38
Daniell (J. F.), mountains a registering thermometer, 13
Davis (W. M.), cloud measurements, 53
Deluc (J. A.), theory of clouds, 42
De Saussure (H. B.), 20, 42, 73
—— (H. B.), ascent of Mont Blanc, 20
Deutsche-Seewarte, Hamburg, 43
Donaldson (W. H.), proposed crossing Atlantic in a balloon, 92

E

Eddy (W. A.), 123, 124 et seq.
Eiffel Tower, Paris, 23, 152
Ekholm (N.), 53, 92
Electricity, atmospheric, 70, 76, 121, 141
Espy (J. P.), kites to verify calculated height of clouds, 121
Etna, ascended by ancients, 12
Euler (L.), theory of kites, 118
Exploring the atmosphere, methods of, 35 et seq., 145-6

F

Fahrenheit (D. G.), thermometer, 14
Ferdinand II. (Grand Duke), distributed meteorological instruments, 17
Fergusson (S. P.), 35, 53, 126, 128, 131, 136
Ferrel (W.), theory of cyclones, 173
Flammarion (C.), balloon ascents, 81
Flying machines, future, 59, 174
Fonvielle (W. de), 81, 108
Förster (W.), hypothesis of Himmelsluft, 28
Forecasting by kites, 143, 147
Franklin (B.), experiment with kites, 121, 123
Franklin Kite Club, 121

G

Galileo (G.), 14, 15
Gay-Lussac (J. L.), balloon ascent, 20, 73
German Emperor (William II.), patron of aeronautics, 86
—— Society for Promotion of Aërial Navigation, 86, 93, 106
Glaisher (J.), balloon ascents, 75 et seq., 93
Green (C.), aeronaut for Welsh, 74
Grimaldi (F. M.), first measured clouds trigonometrically, 52
Guericke (O. von), experiment of Magdeburg hemispheres, 16

H

Hagström (K.), measured clouds, 53
Halley (E.), measured heights by barometer, 17
Hann (J.), 36, 173
Han Sin, employed kites in warfare, 117
Hargrave (L.), invented cellular kite, 129
Harrington (M. W.), advocated exploring air with kites, 125
Harvard College Observatory, 35, 48
Hazen (H. A.), highest balloon ascent in America, 85
Height of balloon, Cailletet's apparatus for obtaining, 113
Heights of kite-flights at Blue Hill, 21, 140
—— how measured by barometer, 17, 101
Heim (A.), voyage across the Alps, 92
Hellmann (G.), historical researches, 12
Helmholtz (H. von), wave-cloud, 40
Hergesell (H.), President of Aeronautical Committee, 108
Hermite (G.), 98, 99, 101
Hildebrandsson (H. H.), 42, 65
Hodgkins' Fund of Smithsonian Institution, grant from, 131
Howard (L.), cloud nomenclature, 41
Humboldt (A. von), 18, 20, 35
Humidity, changes with altitudes, 34, 71, 73, 77, 151, 169, 171
—— diurnal changes at different altitudes, 153
—— types of change with altitudes, 159 et seq.
Hutton (J.), cause of precipitation, 38
Hygrometer, invention of, 13

J

Jeffries (J.), first scientific balloon ascent, 69
—— first to cross the English Channel, 71
Jourdanet (D.), hypothesis of descent of man, 24
Jovis, balloon ascent, 84
Jupiter, analogy between cloudiness on earth and on, 51

K

Kepler (J.), height of atmosphere, 12
Kew Observatory, 53, 74, 122
Köppen (W.), cloud atlas, 43
Kirwan (R.), temperature at different latitudes, 18
Kite, antiquity of the, 117
—— Eddy or Malay, 124, 129
—— flights at Blue Hill, 21, 137, 140, 142
—— Hargrave, 129, 132
—— Lamson's "aero-curve," 134
—— photography, 123, 126, 173
—— theory of, 118, 124, 130
Kites, first scientific use of, 120
—— first self-recording instruments raised by, 126
—— oriental tailless, 118
—— scientific uses of, 173
Kite-winch at Blue Hill, steam, 131, 136
Krakatoa, eruption of volcano, 27

L

Lamarck (J. B.), first to classify cloud forms, 41
Lamson (C. H.), aero-curve kite, 134
Langley (S. P.), 28, 174
Laplace (P. S. de), 17, 23, 101
Lavoisier (A. L.), 19, 68
Ley (W. C.), classification of clouds, 42
Lunardi (V.), balloon ascent, 69

M

M'Adie (A.), 53, 123
Magnetism, variation with height, 73, 77
Mallet (M.), balloon ascent, 84
Manila, Philippine Islands, cloud measurements at, 65-6
Mariotte (E.), law of gases, 16
Melvill (T.), aided in first scientific use of kites, 120
Merle (W.), oldest weather chronicles, 12
Meteorograph for kites, 128, 136
Meteorological conferences, international, 42, 44, 108
Meteorology, first treated by Aristotle, 10
—— origin of, 10
Misti, El, highest station, 35
Montgolfier brothers, invented hot-air balloon, 19
Müntz (A.), analysis of air, 112-13

N

Nares (Sir G.), storm-kite, 122
Nebular hypothesis of Laplace, 23
Neumayer (G.), cloud-atlas, 42
Newton (I.), improved kites, 118

O

Olympus, mountain ascended by ancients, 11
Oxford, oldest weather chronicles, 12

P

Parseval (A. von), kite-balloon, 94
Pascal (B.), experiment with barometer, 15, 16
Perier (F.), idem, 15
Photography from balloons, 81, 113
—— from kites, 123, 126, 173
Pickering (E. C.), pole-star recorder, 48
Pike's Peak, meteorological station, 35
Pilâtre de Rozier (J. F.), first to ascend in balloon, 19
Pliny, the atmosphere, 9
Pocock (G.), great kite, 122
Poëy (A.), classification of clouds, 42
Priestley (J.), oxygen in the air, 18

R

Rain-gauge, invention of, 13
Réaumur (R. A. F. de), thermometer, 14
Rey (J.), first thermometer filled with liquid, 14
Riccioli (G. B.), first to measure clouds trigonometrically, 52
Richard (Abbé), clouds, 38
—— (J.), self-recording instruments, 101, 125, 128, 136
Robertson (E. G.), 72, 73
—— balloon ascent, 72
Rotch (A. L.), balloon ascents, 85, 86

S

Sacharoff, balloon ascent, 72
Siegsfeld (H. B. von), kite-balloon, 94
Sigsbee (C. D.), 44, 131
Sivel (T.), ascent in Zenith, 82
Spelterini (E.), balloon voyage with Heim, 92
Spencer (S.), aeronaut for Berson, 89
Sweetland (A. E.), prognostics from clouds, 63
Symons (G. J.), meteorologist and bibliophile, 12

T

Teisserenc de Bort (L.), 51, 116, 144
Temperature, change with height, 18, 29, 71, 73, 75, 77, 89, 90, 104, 107, 120, 121, 126, 141, 151, 167
—— diurnal changes at different altitudes, 152, 161-2
—— types of change with altitude, 154 et seq.
Theodolite, registering, 106
Theophrastus, weather prognostics, 11
Thermometer, aspiration, 74, 86
—— metallic, 116
—— sling, 85
Thermometers, early, 14
Tissandier (A.), sketches of optical phenomena, 81
—— (G.), ascent in Zenith, 81, 82
Toronto, Canada, international cloud measurements, 65
Torricelli (E.), invented barometer, 15
Tycho Brahe, height of atmosphere, 12

U

United States hydrographic office, 44
—— weather bureau, 44, 65, 143
Upsala, Sweden, clouds measured at, 53, 58, 66

V

Violle (J.), 112, 115

W

Washington (Mount), meteorological station, 35
Weather chronicles, first, 12
—— forecasting by means of clouds, 63
—— prognostics of Aristotle and Theophrastus, 11
—— vane, oldest meteorological instrument, 13
Weber (L.), measured electric potential with kites, 124
Welsh (J.), balloon ascents, 74
Wenz (E.), photography from kites, 123
Wilson (A.), first scientific use of kites, 120
Wind at different heights, 57 et seq., 98, 153, 170, 171
Wire for kite-lines, 123, 131, 134
Wise (J.), 84, 92
Woglom (J. T.), photography from kites, 123

Y

Young (C. A.), limit of atmosphere, 28

Z

Zenith, catastrophe of balloon, 82
Zero, absolute, 33

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