M.

Magistrates, their Duty with regard to Public Houses (See Alehouses.)

—— Their great utility when their Power and Influence are prudently and judiciously employed, 383, 422, 423

—— The number Of Magistrates in the Metropolis, 270

—— The number who sit daily in rotation, 417, 418

—— The number of persons committed annually for Trial 2500 to 3000, 432, 433

—— The mortification experienced by the Magistrates in seeing their labour lost in consequence of the chief of these Prisoners thrown back on Society without punishment, 432, 433

—— A List of the City Magistrates, 504

—— —— the Police Magistrates, 505

—— Their Duty explained, 506

—— Their Labours cramped for want of pecuniary Funds, 509, 510

—— Magistrates with salaries necessary in every part of the Metropolis, and benefits arising from them, 517

—— Avocations of the City Magistrates explained, 522

Manslaughter defined, how punished, 44.

Marine Police Institution, Origin and Progress of, 239, 248

—— Annual Advantages resulting therefrom to the West India Planters and the Revenue estimated at 160,000l. and upwards, 240, 241, n., 242, n.

—— The effect in restraining River Plunderers, 242, 244

—— Necessity of its being sanctioned by Legislative Regulations, 245, &c.

—— Testimonies to the utility of the System, and the benefits it has already produced, 242, n., 247, 248, n., 558, n.

—— The number employed in this Establishment, 399, n., 418

Marriage, The evil consequence of the prevailing practice of Cohabitation without it, 340

Martin, Matthew, Esq. his benevolent exertions for relieving the Poor, 360, 361, n.

Mayhem, Laws relative to it, 49

Menial Servants, Their Morals corrupted, how, 154, 155

Metals, Dealers in proposed to be regulated, 108, 540, 549

Metropolis, vide London.

Milk, curious particulars as to the Adulteration of, 89, 90, &c.

Misadventure, Homicide by, defined, 45

—— how punished, 45, 46

Misdemeanors, A list of them punishable by Law, 442

Money counterfeit, vide Coin.

Montesquieu, Baron, his opinion relative to Thefts, &c., 30, 53

Morals, The moral Principles destroyed among the Lower Ranks, 11, 310, &c.

—— Can only be preserved by preventing Crimes, 14

—— Bad education and bad habits destroy Morals, and are the chief causes of atrocious Crimes, 34, 35, 94, 95, 310, &c.

—— The deficiency of the System for guarding the Morals of the Lower Orders one great cause of the Corruption of Manners, 36

—— Other Causes, The temptations of a great Capital, 35

—— The habit of living improvidently and luxuriously, 312

—— The temptation of fraudulent Lotteries, 151, 152, 159

—— The Facilities held our by Pawnbrokers, Old Iron Shops, and other Receivers of Stolen Goods, enabling persons to raise Money on pilfered articles in an easy way, 288, 323

—— The bad examples in ill-regulated Public Houses one great cause of the Corruption of Morals, 310-324

—— The habit recently practised of Men, Women and Children spending their time in the Tap-rooms of Alehouses, where all sorts of Profligacy prevails, exhibited in language and conduct, 310, 314, 324

—— The profligate Characters intrusted with Licences to keep Alehouses (See Alehouses), 325, 326

—— The immoral or careless Education of Apprentices, 314

—— The failure in Business by Mismanagement, Idleness, &c., 317

—— Servants out of Place, 318

—— The mode of Education and Superstition of the Jews, which prevent them from being apprenticed to Mechanical Employments, 319

—— The vast temptations to plunder, which are held out to Lumpers, Scuffle-hunters, Mudlarks, Scullers, Lightermen, &c. on the Thames, from the want of proper Guards, and a proper System for protecting Property (See River Plunder—Dock-yards), 322

—— The temptations held out to fraud from the shocking state of the Silver and Copper Coinage, and the imperfection of the Mint Laws, 171, 172

—— The temptations held out in a great Metropolis from the resource which the influx of Wealth affords to commit acts of Criminality, giving so many opportunities to live in Idleness, 111, 112

—— The deficiency of the Laws in not taking cognizance of Moral Crimes, 35, 36

—— Morals of Public Depredators, 251

Morality—Men of pure Morals make the best Subjects, 36

—— Against its principle to punish small offences with Death, 59

—— Societies for promoting it, 570

Mudlarks, See River Plunder, 230

Murder, Laws relative to it, in this and other Countries, 43, 45

N.

Naval Embezzlements and Plunder, &c.
Reasons why not heretofore corrected, 252
Gratuities given, a great evil, 251
The Depredations enormous (See River Plunder—Dock-yards), 253

New South Wales, Transportation there when first legalized (See Convicts), 460, 462

Night Coaches, a great means of promoting Burglaries, 105

—— Propositions for regulating them, 106, 305, 547, 556, 557

O.

Offences, 160 punishable with Death, 58
Some not punishable by the Laws, 8, 30, 35
A general List of the various classes of Offences, 437, &c.
See further Punishments.

Officers of Justice—Their Zeal always proportioned to that shewn by the Magistrates under whom they act, 384
The importance of choosing men of Respectability, ibid.
The absurd prejudices against Officers of Justice, 385
The Antiquity and Power of the Officers of Justice, 386
Number of them in the Metropolis, 397, 411, n.
Officers subjected to considerable risks, 400
Ought to be rewarded—vide Rewards.

Old Bailey—Its registers shew the necessity of a Prosecutor for the Crown, 21
Trials anno 1790 and 1791, eight Sessions, 394, 395, 396
Idem and Convicts 1793 and 1794, 448

Old Iron Shops, Owners for the most part, generally Receivers—(See Receivers), 10

Origin of Crimes, Traced to Alehouses—Bad education of Apprentices—Servants out of Place—Jews—Receivers—Pawnbrokers—Low Gaming-Houses—Smuggling—Prisons, Chap. XI. 310-332

—— Female Prostitution (See Prostitutes), Ch. XII. 333-345

—— Tea Gardens, 346, 347

—— Ballad Singers, 348, 349

—— State of the Poor (See Poor), Chap. XIII. 351-380

P.

Pagoda, of Arcot, counterfeited in London, 17, 184, 190

Pardons—The devices used to obtain them, 22
Granted to four-fifths of those found guilty of death, 449
Marquis Beccaria's Opinion of Pardons, 450, n.
Impositions practised to obtain them, ibid.
Conditions under which they ought to be granted, 451
The evil consequences of free Pardons, 451, 452
A tacit disapprobation of the Law, (Beccaria), 59

Parents, their Profligacy and inattention to the Education of their Children, 311, &c.

Parochial Officers in the Metropolis, 397, 398, 416

—— of little use to the Police in the Metropolis, why, 400

Parricides, their punishment by the Roman Law, 41
By the Chinese and Egyptian Laws, ibid.

Patroles and Watchmen, their number, 399

—— frequently conspire with Thieves, 106, 108

Pawnbrokers hold out many temptations to the Poor, 115

—— A proposition for regulating them, 116, 550

—— To give security for good behaviour, 116

—— The number in London and the Country, 115, n.

—— The immense amount of the Goods of the Poor at all times in their hands, 116, n.

Peace, an epoch when much danger is to be apprehended in the return of Criminals, 100, 529, 530

Peace-Officers—Safeguards of the Community, 384, 385

—— The ill effects of the absurd prejudice against them, 385

—— The number in the Metropolis, 408, 413, 414

Penitentiary Houses. Two national ones authorised, but never erected, 456, 457, 459
An Inspector of Penitentiary Houses should be appointed, (See Convicts), 460

Penny-Pieces, 40 Millions of them coined by Mr. Bolton of Birmingham, 186, n.

—— why not likely to be much counterfeited, 183, n.

Petty Larceny, how punished, 50, 51

Pewter Pots and Pewter, purchased by Dealers in Old Iron—Protected by Act 21 Geo. 3d. c. 69, 299

Piracy a capital offence, 55

Pirates on the River, their audacious conduct, (See River Plunder).
Plunder on the River, and Dock-yards (See those titles).

Police—The advantages resulting from it when well regulated, 1, 2
The insecurity from a deficient Police no where so great as in England, 3, 4
One cause for the increase of Criminals is the insufficiency of the Police, 4, 310
The specific causes of the deficiency explained, and the means of improvement, 24, 25, 26
The disjointed State of the Police one of the causes of the increase of Stolen Goods, 289
The Establishment of an active Principle strongly enforced, 307
The expences of the Police might be defrayed by itself, under an improved System, 410
No place of Industry provided by the Police for discharged Prisoners, (See Convicts), 99
Police of the Metropolis explained, 503
City and Police Magistrates now acting, their Names, 504, 505
Their Duty explained, 506, 507
Inconveniences arising from want of Funds, Robberies and Burglaries not prevented, from this among other Causes, 509, 510
Police Magistrates should have power to give small Rewards for useful Services, 510, 511
Police Magistrates necessary in all large Societies, 514
Police Magistrates have nothing to do with Politics, 517, n.
Police System approved by the Manufacturers of Spital Fields, 519, 520, n.
The great deficiency of the System for want of a Centre Point, 520
Constitutional superintendence of Police rests with the Secretary of State for the Home Department, 521, 522
The increase of State Business, and the increase of Crimes, renders a delegation of subordinate management necessary, 520
The utility and absolute necessity of such a System explained, 521, 522
The opinion of Foreigners of the Police of London, ibid.
The Police of France under the old Government, observations upon it illustrated by two Anecdotes of M. de Sartine, 524, 525, &c.
The situation of this as well as every Country in Europe makes a correct System of Police necessary, on account of the profligate Characters who will infest the Metropolis on the return of Peace, 529, 530
A Board of Police proposed as the only means of binding together a disjointed System, and of giving it that energy which the interest of the Country requires, 531
The new System of Central Police recommended by the Finance-Committee fully detailed and explained, Chap. XVIII., 535
Reasons suggested by the Committee, 535-539
The leading object the prevention of Crimes, and the raising a Revenue by Licence Duties, 540, 541
Trades proposed to be Licensed, 540, n., 549, 550
Expence of the Police of the Kingdom near £216,000, 542, 543
A Central Board of Police Revenue to be formed by the consolidation of the two Boards of Hackney Coaches, & Hawkers, &c., 542-545
The Licensing System to be extended over the Kingdom under the Controul of this Board, 545-547
Functions of the Commissioners of this Central Board of Police amply detailed under 20 heads, 547-558
Outline of the Bill proposed to be brought into Parliament for establishing this Central Board of Police, 559, &c.

Polygamy, an improved mode of punishment for, 49

Poor, their Distresses, 312, 313, n.

—— Particularly from the Lottery delusion, 151, 152

—— State of, Cap. XIII., 352-380

—— Casual, the erroneous System respecting them one great cause of the increase of Crimes, 351
Estimate of Voluntary Contributions for their Relief, £850,000 per Ann., 358
Present expence of the Casual Poor not less than £10,000 per Ann., 362, 363
This Relief ill applied, ibid.
Propriety of consolidating and superintending this Relief, 364
Poverty not an Evil if it does not degenerate into Indigence, 365, 366
The Poor divided into five Classes:
The useful and industrious, 366
Vagrant, 367
Indigent, 368
Aged and Infirm, 369
Infants, ibid.
The Statute 43 Elizabeth unexceptionable in its principle, but its execution deficient, 370, 373, 575
Proposals for a Pauper Police, to regulate Street Beggars and Casual Poor, 373-376
Expence thereof £5,230 to be defrayed by contributions from the Parishes proportioned to the sums now paid by them for Casual Relief, ibid.
Benefit of consolidating the Funds of all the Parishes in the Metropolis, 377, 378
The System should be perfected by the joint efforts of well-informed individuals, ibid.

Prisoners. An Asylum proposed for those that are discharged, to prevent their returning to evil practices for want of Work, (See Convicts), 97, 98, n., 486

—— Abstracts of the number committed and discharged in the Metropolis in the course of a year, ending Oct. 1795 (Table), 430

—— Number discharged from the eight Gaols in the Metropolis in a period of four years:

—— Discharged from 1792 to 1799:

—— Tried at the Old Bailey from Sept. 1790 to 1791, 394

—— Tried at the Old Bailey from April 1793 to 1794, 448

—— Tried in the year 1795, their Crimes and Sentences, 446, 447

—— Committed annually for trial in the Metropolis from 2,500, to 3,000, 96

Prisons in the Metropolis, 331, 582

Prosecutor for the Crown—The Utility of such an Establishment, 21, 26
The injury occasioned by the want of it in defeating Justice, 426, 427
A severe Burden on the subject to prosecute, 426
Further Reasons in favour of the Proposition, 430, 432, 539

Prostitutes—Their unhappy Situation, and the dreadful consequences of it, Cap. XII., 333
The evil cannot be prevented, but may be alleviated, 337
Number of Prostitutes of various classes estimated at 50,000, 340
Proposals for regulating them not inconsistent either with Religion or Morality, 343
The Example of Holland and India quoted, 345

Public Houses, vide Alehouses.

Punishments—defeat their ends by too much Severity, 6
Death should be inflicted as seldom as possible, ibid.
Disproportionate to the Offences, 6, n., 8
A Definition of Punishments, 29
Should be proportioned to the Offence, &c., 29, 30
The objects of inflicting Punishments, ibid.
General Rules relative to Punishments, 32, 33
The Severity of Punishments exposed, 34, 35, 36, 94
Punishments examined as they apply to the various Offences known in the English Law, 38, 39, &c.
Punishments by the new Code of the Emperor Joseph, 60, 63
Marquis Beccaria's Opinion and Maxims, 53, n.
The System of Punishments fully considered, Cap. XVI., 434-500
Punishments inflicted on various Offences by the English Law, 437, 438, 439, &c. &c.
Punishments as now regulated tend to increase Crimes, (See Convicts), 449-452

Q.

Quarter Sessions of the Peace:

—— and General Sessions of Middlesex, in certain Cases, act under a Commission of Oyer and Terminer, 445

—— Held in London, eight times a year, 428

—— in Westminster, four times a year, ibid.

—— in Middlesex, eight times a year, ibid.

—— in Tower Liberty, eight times a year, ibid.

—— in Surry, four times a year, ibid.

Quays—Plunder committed upon—See River Plunder.

R.

Rape, Laws Relative, to it in England, Death by 18 Eliz. c. 7, 47
The Egyptian Law relative to this Crime, ib.
The Athenian ditto, ib.
The Roman ditto, ib.
The Jewish ditto, ib.

Receivers of Stolen Property:
Receivers of Cash, or Bank Notes, not punishable, 8
nor of Horses and Cattle, 9, n.
3000 estimated to be in the Metropolis, 10
The greatest encouragers of Thieves, 9
Their wonderful increase in the last 20 years, 12
Restraints upon them a public benefit, 13, 14, 104
Make previous contracts with Thieves, 103, 291
Hostlers at Watering Houses often Receivers of Corn, &c., 88
Journeymen Butchers receive Cattle, 104
Receivers considered separately, Cap. VIII., 288, 308, &c.
The chief cause of Public Depredation, 289
The different Classes detailed, 292, 293
By 3 and 4 William and Mary, c. 9. made Accessaries after the fact, 294
By 4 Geo. I. c. 11. punishable by Transportation for fourteen Years, 295, 301
The Laws enumerated relative to Receivers, and their defects pointed out, 293, 301
A proposition to make the Receiving Stolen Goods an original Offence, 302
Remedies proposed under eight different heads by regulating certain Classes of Dealers, 303, 307
A System of inspection recommended, 308
Applied to for their assistance in recovering valuable Property which is stolen, 384

Religion, Places of Public Worship in the Metropolis, 568

Register of delinquency proposed to be kept by the Central Board of Police, 554

Remedies for Evils mentioned in this Work:
To remove the Imperfections in the Criminal Code, 24
To improve the System of the Hulks, 27
To improve also the Mode of Transportation, and the Employment of Convicts, 481, &c.
To establish National Penitentiary Houses, 457, 460
To improve the System in granting Licences to Public Houses—See Alehouses.
To regulate Dealers in Old Iron, Metals, Stores, Old Wearing Apparel, Founders of Metals, &c. by Licence, 304
To improve the Laws relative to the prevention of Pillage and Plunder in the River Thames—See River Plunder.
To improve the Laws relative to the prevention of Frauds, Embezzlements, Pillage and Plunder in Ships of War, and Transports, and in the Naval and other public Arsenals (See Dock-yards), 26, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258
To prevent Highway Robberies and Burglaries, 103
To prevent the Coinage of base Money, and the Sale and Circulation of the same, 190, 211
To prevent the evil effects of the Devices of Cheats, Swindlers, Gamblers and fraudulent Persons, viz.
Swindlers in general, 113, 150
Fraudulent Pawnbrokers, 109
Hawkers and Pedlars, 116
Puffing diurnal Auctioneers, 117
Puffing Money Lenders, 118
Illegal Lottery Insurers, 151, 162
Itinerant Jews, 147, 148
Various Classes of Cheats and Swindlers, &c. with Cautions to Tradesmen and others to beware of them, 131
A general Remedy proposed, 131, 132
To prevent the evil of receiving Stolen Goods, and through this medium the Commission of Robberies, Burglaries, Thefts, Larcenies, Embezzlements, Frauds and Swindling, &c. under eight different heads, 302, 303, 304, &c.
To prevent Justice from being defeated in the apprehension of Offenders, by Rewards to Officers and others apprehending them (See Rewards), 392, 393
To prevent Frauds in the trial of Offenders by appointing a Prosecutor for the Crown, 21, 26
To proportion all punishments to the nature of the Offence, and to abolish sanguinary and severe Punishments, 28, 29, 59, 60
To improve the System with regard to Pardons—(See Pardons), 27
To improve the System of Police for the Metropolis, by establishing a Fund for Rewards, 509, 512
To establish a concurrent Jurisdiction over the whole of the Metropolis, 419, 420
To establish Police Magistrates in London, 513, n.
To establish a Board of Police as a centre point, where a responsible superintending agency, under the Secretary of State for the Home Department, should be pledged to attend to the great outlines of the Police of the Metropolis—(See Police), 25, 26
A System for the more easy recovery of small Debts, 584, 585, 586, 587
To improve the Municipal Police, by extending the same Laws, Penalties and Punishments to every part of the Metropolis, 599, &c.
General View of all the Remedies proposed in this Work, against the existing Evils which at present infest the Metropolis, Ch. XX. p. 602, &c.

Restraints imposed on Criminal People cannot affect the Liberty of the Subject, 13
Those already established to obtain Revenue, severer, 14

Revenue of the Customs greatly injured by River Plunder, 241, n.

Rewards—To be given by Magistrates in order to enable them to detect offenders—The utility explained, 509-511
Rewards necessary to all classes of Public Officers of Justice, for the purpose of exciting vigilance, 409, 410
Rewards granted at present for ten specific Offences, detailed, 390, 391
Amount paid by Sheriffs from 1786 to 1797, £.94,430, 393, n.
Rewards paid on Prosecutions at the Old Bailey from Sept. 1790 to 1791, 394, 395
Small Rewards recommended for detecting inferior Offences, 393, 394
The quantum of the Reward to be left to the discretion of the Judge, and allowed according to the merit of the parties, whether there is a conviction or not, 393, 396
Rewards proposed for the detection of Coiners and Utterers of Base Money, 207
For the detection of Plunderers in the Dock-yards, 272

River Plunder, its amazing extent, probably not less than Half a Million per annum, Cap. VIII., 215, 237, 238, 239
Yet not exceeding 15s. per Cent. on the value of the Property exposed, 215, 216, & table
13,000 Vessels and more discharge and receive three millions of Packages annually in the River, 217
Various classes of River Plunderers.

River Pirates, (particular instances of their audacious Depredations), 218, 220
Night Plunderers, 220, 223
Light Horsemen, or nightly Plunderers of West India Ships, 223, 226
Heavy Horsemen, or Lumpers, 226, 227
Game Watermen, ibid.
Game Lightermen, 228, 231
Mud-Larks, 230
Revenue Officers, 231, 232
Scuffle-hunters, 233, 234
Copemen, or Receivers, 235, 236
See further Marine Police.

Robberies and Burglaries—not prevented by the Police System of 1792, and the reason why, 509
Chiefly for want of giving small Rewards, 510

Robbery, defined, 54

Roman Laws, relative to Murder, Theft, 41, 51