The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History, Edited by Lawrence Johnstone Burpee and Arthur G. Doughty.

The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson

Salaberry, Colonel de. BL Comes to Kingston to solicit office of provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment, 173.

Salaries, Civil. S In Upper Canada, 177.

Salmon Falls. L Hamlet, destruction of, 229. F Massacre of, 251.

Salmon River. L La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184.

Salt. S Production of, in Upper Canada, 115.

Samos. WM Battery at, captured, 182.

Sandwich. A town in Essex County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by the soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named after the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. Index: Bk Military fort, 59; occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated by Americans, 248. BL Early municipal government of, 298. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Sangster, Charles (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in public service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston; for many years prior to his death employed in the civil service at Ottawa. Bib.: Works: The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other Poems; Hesperus and other Poems and Lyrics. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Sangster, J. H. R On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174.

San Juan Boundary. Dispute arose between the United States and Great Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase "middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled. A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who decided in favour of the United States. Index: Md Brought up under Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty, 178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on, 179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Sanstein. Ch Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de Caën Companies, 138.

Saskatchewan. Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then extended from long. 111° 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of Assiniboia, to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan, created in 1905, extends from long. 110° on the west to the Manitoba boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60°, which forms the northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. See also North-West Territories. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Saskatchewan Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion, 1885.

Saskatchewan River. Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow River, about lat. 51° 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is 865 miles; and of the North Saskatchewan, which rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760 miles. La Vérendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the shores of Cedar Lake. He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquière. Anthony Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Bib.: White, Atlas of Canada; Tyrrell, Report on Northern Alberta (Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.

Saskatchewan, University of. Act passed establishing the university, 1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at Saskatoon, 1909.

Sault-au-Matelot. Dr Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129.

Sault St. Louis. Ch Called after young man named Louis drowned there, 69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. L Converted Iroquois settled at, 9, 74.

Sault Ste. Marie. The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario. Index: L Mission established at, 11.

Saumarez, Sir Thomas. Bk His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223.

Saunders, Sir Charles (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy in 1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord Anson. Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part in Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760 commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank of admiral. Index: WM Appointed to naval command of expedition against Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75; his fleet detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse Channel, 90; joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders burning of two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport, 164, 174; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower Town, 231. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Saunders, John (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834 chief-justice of the province. Index: W Chief justice, 74; dies, 1834, 74. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Saunders, John Simcoe (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Index: W Advocate-general, New Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. Bib.: The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions. For biog., see Morgan, Annual Register, 1878; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Sauvage. WM Frigate in which Lévis embarked at Brest, 12.

Savage, Thomas (1608-1682). Went to Massachusetts in 1635 with Sir Harry Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638 helped to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian wars, 1675. Index: F Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Savignon. Ch Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for Nicolas Marsolet, 63.

Scalping. WM Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or Canadians dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be necessary, 102, 108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's rangers, 150.

Schank, John (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758. Commanded the Canso in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in the construction of floating bridges. Index: Hd Superintends building of gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of, 236-237; his evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England with Haldimand, 209, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Schenderatchta. Hd Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.

Schenectady. The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled in 1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of the Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city in 1798. Index: L Attack on, 229. F Massacre of, 245-248. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Schultz, Sir John Christian (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario. Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in the fur trade. Owner and editor of the Nor'Wester, the pioneer newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape, and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Begg, History of the North-West. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Schurz, Carl (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the collapse of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852. Minister to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the South; engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the United States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877. Index: B Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. Bib.: Works: Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.

Schuyler, Major John. L Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. F His raid on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.

Schuyler, Peter (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in the militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709 second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720. Index: F Commands expedition from Albany, 311. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the French and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George. Resigned from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the breaking out of the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 appointed major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in 1775, and was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1777, but acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards in the Senate. Index: Hd Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, 205, 206; Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind treatment of Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; François Cazeau's correspondence with, 279. Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96. Bib.: Lossing, Life and Times of Philip Schuyler; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Scott. Hd Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical functions, 256.

Scott, Sir Richard William (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario. Educated privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and practised with success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) in 1852. Sat in the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the first Legislature of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in 1872 appointed commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in 1874. Secretary of state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie ministry, 1874-1878. In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more commonly known as the Scott Act, which constitutes his principal title to a place among Canadian legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in Laurier government, which position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909. Index: R His Separate School Bills, 235-238. B Introduces separate school legislation, 144. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Scott, Thomas (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788 employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice, 1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the trial of cases of treason during the war. Bib.: Dent, Lives of the Judges.

Scott, Thomas. Md Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, 194, 242. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Scott, Winfield (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and served in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare. In 1839 instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the dispute as to the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving the way for its settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 commander-in-chief of the United States army. Index: Bk At battle of Queenston Heights, 311. W Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Scott, Walter (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in 1895, became proprietor and editor of the Leader, Regina. Sat in the House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Scott Act. The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by (Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the close of the then current license year. Index: B A measure for introducing prohibition by local option, 249. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Scovil, W. H. T Confederation candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 85.

Scrope, A. Poulett. BL Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71. Bib.: Memoir of Life of Sydenham.

Scurvy. Ch Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain mal de terre, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from, 209.

Sea-otter. D Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.

Seat of Government. Sy Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of Kingston, 281. Md Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry of Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto divide honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, 39; dissatisfaction over choice, 85. See also Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto; Montreal.

Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron (1778-1863). Served in Holland, Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo. Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to field-marshal, 1860. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 157; Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation, 248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive Council, 279. P Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134; marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138; crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old Firebrand," 140-141. Sy A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111; increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council, 38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada, 46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. E Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. B Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. Md Creates and endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, 59. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Secret Societies Bill. BL Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. R Reservation of, brings on a crisis in Upper Canada, 126-127.

Sedgewick, Major Robert. F Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.

Seely, Alexander McLaughlan (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held his seat until his death.

Seignelay, Marquis de. F Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. L Minister of marine and colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to Canada, 211.

Seigniorial Tenure. The history of this feudal system of land tenure, transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of seigniorial grants were made—no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663, when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854. Index: F In New France, 56. L Beginning of, 119. Dr Described, 11; an obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, 257. E Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, 101-102; measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative Council, 119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in 1853, 126; Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at failure to settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to settlement, 140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question, 171-188; originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into Canada by Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for its abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187; terms of settlement, 187-188. S Not satisfactory to English settlers, 1, 6. BL Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of abolishing it, 99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in Lower Canada, 349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, presided over by La Fontaine, 358. C John A. Macdonald votes against settlement of, 32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, 35-37. Md A problem in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, 62; dealt with by MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, 66-68. Bib.: Munro, Seigniorial System in Canada and Documents Relating to Seigniorial Tenure; Munro, Droit de Banalité; Pièces et Documents Relatifs à la Tenure Seigneuriale; Lower Canada Reports; Seigniorial Questions; Dent, Last Forty Years. On the history of individual seigniories, see Lalande, Une Vielle Seignieurie: Boucherville; Mingan Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council; Roy, Seigneurie de Lauzon; Sellar, History of Huntingdon; Jodoin et Vincent, Histoire de Longueuil.

Seigniors, Canadian. Bk Remained faithful to British rule, 47. Dr Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46, 48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new régime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their loss of influence, 255. WM Their relation to the censitaires, 23. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Select Committee on Grievances. Mc Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report, 270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects dealt with, 281-286. BL On political situation in Upper Canada, 11; report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. See also William Lyon Mackenzie.

Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of (1771-1820). MS Influenced by Mackenzie's Voyages, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116; educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799, 118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy, 119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal Society, 122; his Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806, 122; earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122; his pamphlet on Parliamentary Reform, 123, 124; character sketch, 125; his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128; his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade, 140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company, 146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150; sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150; sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199; brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201; letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death, April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in Gentleman's Magazine, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie, 209. See also Red River Colony. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806; Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary; Parliamentary Reform; Civilization of the Indian in North America; On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence; Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce, Manitoba, Hudson's Bay Company, and Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West. See also Red River Colony; Baldoon.

Selkirk Settlement. See Red River Colony.

Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in 1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological Survey, 1869-1895. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Seminarists. L Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.

Semple, Robert (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in mercantile pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape Colony, and from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the West Indies, and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the allied armies from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as an American spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of inspection, reached his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), early in 1816. For some time there had been an active feud between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, and in an attack at Seven Oaks by a party of "Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple was killed. Index: MS Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, 1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell as governor of Red River settlement, 164. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce, Manitoba. See also Red River Colony; Seven Oaks.

Senate. B Elective versus nominative system discussed at Quebec Conference—latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236.

Seneca Indians. One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand River Reservation, Ontario. Index: F Show quarrelsome temper, 143; attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. Ch One of the five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations, 164. See also Iroquois. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Senezergues, De. WM Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre Regiment, 12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199; carried on board British vessel, 222.

Separate Schools, Manitoba. C The question used as a test of provincial power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871, 71; overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts reversed by Supreme Court, 72. Bib.: Ewart, Manitoba School Question; Wade, Manitoba School Question; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. For further references, see Lit. Am. Hist., pp. 438-439.

Separate Schools, New Brunswick. C Public opinion aroused in Quebec, 73; Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76; opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. Md Bill passed in 1871, 194; takes away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman Catholics petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected, 194-195.

Separate Schools, North-West Territories. B Provision for, opposed by George Brown—he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them on the West forever, 249.

Separate Schools, Nova Scotia. Md Refused to Roman Catholics, 116.

Separate Schools, Upper Canada. B Opposed by George Brown, 121; a compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144; Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law, 144-145; attacked by Globe, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145. Md Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy, 82. Bib.: Hodgins, History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada.

Servants. S Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182.

Seven Nations. Hd Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126.

Seven Oaks. MS Conflict between Hudson's Bay Company men and North West Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181; Alexander Ross on, 184; Joseph Tassé on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183; printed evidence, 199. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel (1627-1696). F Her son-in-law a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised on peasants in revolt in France, 150.

Seward, William Henry (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838; appointed secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. Index: N Suggests Canadian agent at Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells Galt that treaty could not be renewed, 193. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sewell, Jonathan (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795. In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838; also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario, was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced, in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. Index: P Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. B Chief-justice, his part in movement for Confederation, 129. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Seymour, Frederick. Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill, and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, death of, 149. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia.

Shaw, Major-General Æneas. Bk Stationed on frontier between Kingston and Cornwall, 195. S Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98.

Shaw, Helen. Md Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2.

Shea, Sir Ambrose (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Entered Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of government, 1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. Index: T Represents Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada, 1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. Index: Bk Present at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63; profits by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada, 223; commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock, 309-312; his conduct at taking of York, 312. S Sent to protest against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Shelburne. A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted to other parts of the province. Index: Hd Town of, founded by Loyalists, 263. Bib.: Haliburton, History of Nova Scotia; Sabine, American Loyalists; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Sheppard, George. B Editorial writer on Colonist, joins staff of Globe, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's reply, 137.

Sherbrooke. A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St. Francis River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David Moe and other pioneers, about the year 1800.

Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire, England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam, 1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada, 1816-1818. Index: B Quiet rule of, 39. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Sherwood, Henry (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general, 1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848. Index: BL Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's acceptance of office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247; elected in 1844, 252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 276; elected in 1848, 279. E Becomes head of ministry under Elgin, 43; defeat of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 68; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. Md Succeeds Draper in leadership of party, 28. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Sherwood, Captain Justus. Hd Commissioner for exchange of prisoners with Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in Eastern Townships, 267.

Sherwood, Levins Peters (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada. Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803. Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822; Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court of King's Bench, 1825. Index: Sy Retires with pension, 252. Mc Quarrels with Judge Willis, 131-133. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Shirley, William (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession. Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750. Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759; afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts, 1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Shore. W Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116.

Short, Judge. E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

Short Administration. Md Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less than forty-eight hours, 85.

Short Hills Affair. Mc Mackenzie's connection with, 440.

Shortt, Adam (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service commissioner the same year. Index: BL On Baldwin's Municipal Corporation Act, 1849, 296. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sicotte, Louis Victor (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville, Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838. Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858; attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the Superior Court, retiring 1887. Index: E Declines seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 126-127; elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. C A follower of Cartier, 24; forms Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. Md Leader of moderate Reformers, forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Sifton, Arthur L. (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories; chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Sifton, Clifford (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education, 1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sillery. Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles above Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in 1637 as a settlement for Christian Indians. Index: WM Vaudreuil orders fifty men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Simcoe. A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615, and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. Index: S Formerly Lac aux Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207.

Simcoe, Frank. S Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of Badajoz, 179, 222.

Simcoe, John (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743; served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M. S. Pembroke at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. Index: S Father of John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16; his death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada, 17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Simcoe, John Graves (1752-1806). S Speaks in House of Commons on Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16; educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18; ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22; proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20; promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action, 22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his Military Journal, 23; improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27; goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40; his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43; elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44; appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in Triton, 47; brings out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79; arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82; his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98; goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104; endeavours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States, 117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130, 131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153; believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education, 166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180; entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners to the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195; appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour, 202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204; brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester, 206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene, 207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara, 214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health, 216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York, July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's opinion of his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227; founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. Dr Raises and leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada, 258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. B Favours close relations of church and state, 52. E On the system of colonial government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. R His educational policy, 35; favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. Bk Entertains distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. BL On the new constitution, 7; his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher education, 105-106, 191. Mc Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his views on the Constitutional Act, 54. Bib.: Journal of Operations of the Queen's Rangers. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Life of Simcoe.

Simcoe, Mrs. Wife of preceding. Index: S Centre of society at Niagara, 179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of 1794-1795 at Quebec, 213.

Simonds, Charles. W Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. T Elected for St. John County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Simpson, Sir George (1792-1860). MS His influence, 8; sent to Athabaska, 1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his account of the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218; an autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at Norway House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by way of Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser River, 238; reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters at Lachine, 241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for his services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River, 245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy, 247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253; visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256; crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269; method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's affairs, 280, D Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. Bib.: Narrative of a Journey Round the World. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company; McLeod, Peace River.

Simpson, John (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town of Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant auditor-general, 1864-1878. Index: B Retires from ministry with Foley and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Simpson, Miss Mary. Hd Nelson's admiration for, 244.

Simpson, Thomas (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July, 1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Index: MS His explorations of Arctic coast, 225. Bib.: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829. For biog., see Simpson, Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson.

Simultaneous Polling. E Provided for by law in 1874, existed some years previously in Nova Scotia, 133.

Sinclair, Colonel. Hd Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, 161, 163.

Sioux Indians. A western tribe, occupying the country between the west end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about 1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the Jesuit Relations of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature, they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. Index: Hd Offer to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, Travels through the Interior Part of North America; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States; Catlin, North American Indians; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Sitka. Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. Bib.: McCormick, Geographic Dictionary of Alaska.

Six Friends. F Flagship of Phipps, 281.

Six Nations. Dr Their grievances, 5. S Lands allotted to, on Grand River, 74. Hd Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152; Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258; party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Skelton, Rev. Thomas. Dr Step-father of Carleton, 29.

Skinner, Charles N. T Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, 85, 109.

Slafter, E. F. Ch His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. Bib.: Memoir on Champlain in Voyages of Champlain (Prince Society). Edited Voyages of Northmen to America (Prince Society); Sir William Alexander and American Colonization (Prince Society).

Slavery. Hd Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes advertised in Quebec, 246. B George Brown's lifelong opposition to, xi, 1-2, 111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. S Prohibition of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. See also Negroes. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Withrow, The Underground Railway (R. S. C., 1902); Jack, Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1898); Smith, Slavery in Canada (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); L'Esclavage en Canada (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, History of Canada.

Small, James E. Mc Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.

Small, John E. S Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John White, attorney-general, 181. BL Solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; elected in 1844, 253. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Smallpox. Dr Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. Hd Discussion on, in Quebec Gazette, 228-231. See also Vaccination.

Smith, Colonel. S Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, 179.

Smith, Adam (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published his great work, The Wealth of Nations. Index: Sy His economic views receive attention, 11. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Smith, Sir Albert James (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick. Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856. Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866. Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878. Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G., 1878. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns, 1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. H Leader of Anti-Confederate government in New Brunswick, 179. B His ministry resigns, owing to action of Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on Confederation question, 188. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the Council of Public Instruction. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 3; on the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view of parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. B His connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of National Club, 237; attacked by the Globe, 237-238; his reply, 238-239. Md Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion, 240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. Bib.: Works: Three English Statesmen; Lectures on the Study of History; Canada and the Canadian Question; Cowper; Essays on Questions of the Day; A Trip to England; Life of Jane Austen; The Moral Crusader; Oxford and Her Colleges; Shakespeare the Man; Guesses at the Riddle of Existence; Irish History and the Irish Question; The United Kingdom; The United States; Labour and Capital. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity; and his Reminiscences, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.

Smith, Sir Henry (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted, 1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada. Index: E Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Smith, H. W. Index: H Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,—goes to England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Smith, James (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench, Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. Index: BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Smith, Sydney (1771-1845). Sy On Conservative reaction in England, 11; on Lord John Russell, 55. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Smith, William (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale, 1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763 appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council, 1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office until his death. Index: Hd His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; his ultra-English sentiments, 315. Dr Chief-justice of Canada, 224; his position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all British North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative Council, 269. S His plan for a union of all British possessions in North America, 5. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Smith, William O. T Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.

Smuggling. S Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of New York, 106, 107. Bk Promoted between United States and Canada by United States Embargo Act, 109. Dr From New England into Canada, 57.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. S Assists the church of England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.

Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de (1565-1612). At the urgent solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain, his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. Index: Ch Assumes direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Soleil d'Afrique. L French vessel, 219. F French frigate, brings supplies, 319

Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of (1804-1885). Sat in House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. Index: B On committee on Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Somerville, Alexander (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time editor of the Canadian Illustrated News. Present as a volunteer at the battle of Ridgeway. Bib.: Works: Diligent Life; Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada. For biog., see Rattray, The Scot in British North America.

Sorel. A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778, in view of another possible American invasion. Index: WM Two French frigates load stores at, 243. Dr Name of, changed to William Henry, 240. L Fort erected at, 53. Hd Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, 259, 298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for their courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255; Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Souart, De. F Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents bell to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.

Souel, Father. L Dies a martyr, 62.

Sovereign Council. F Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized, 105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. L Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France, 78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166; deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165; question as to title of president, 166. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Spain. Dr Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. Hd Her rule in Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81; Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. D Lacked genius for colonization, 4.

Special Council of Lower Canada. Sy Summoned to consider question of union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272; passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276; passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works, with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Speedy. Bk Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.

Spence, R. E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.

Spencer, John Charles, third Earl (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, 1804, and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. Index: Sy Chancellor of the exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; declines governorship of Canada, 58. W His death, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Spragge, John Godfrey (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England. Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School, York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body, 1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836; master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844; vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent, Can. Por.

Springer, Judge. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

Stadaconé. An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St. Charles River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a tribe of the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535, when Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St. Charles.

Stairs, W. J. H President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia, 192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197.

Stamford, Katherine. S Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15.

Stamp Act. Dr Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57.

Stanley, Lord. See Derby.

Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron (1829- ). Md Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation, but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. B Son of Earl of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude on instructions from colonial office, 187-188. W Organizes first military camp in New Brunswick, 136. T Hostile to Confederation, 97; son of Lord Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under pressure from England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J. Smith, 103-104. Bib.: Who's Who, 1910.

Star. Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. Index: B Estimate of George Brown, 72-73.

Star. Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. Index: Mc Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer, 522.

State Church. Sy Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. See also Clergy Reserves.

Steadman, James. T Postmaster-general, 51.

Steamship Service. The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the Accommodation, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec in 1809. She was followed by the Swift Sure in 1811. The General Smyth made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the Frontenac was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the Royal William, built at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The Unicorn, built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The Britannia followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in 1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in 1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. Index: H Ocean service advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234. See also Allan; Cunard; Molson; Accommodation; Royal William. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.