Rooseboom, Johannes. F Of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians, 201.

Roquemaure. WM Montcalm's early childhood spent at, 3.

Roquemont, Claude de, Sieur de Brison. Ch Assists in forming Company of New France, 168; comes out in command of ships, 172; encounters English vessels under David Kirke in the St. Lawrence, 173; his conduct criticized, 175.

Rose, Sir John (1820-1888). Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Educated there. In 1836 emigrated to Canada, and served during the Rebellion of 1837. Studied law; called to the bar, 1842, and practised in Montreal for several years. A member of the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1861; solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1857-1858; and commissioner of public works, 1859-1861. Appointed a commissioner for the settlement of claims under the Oregon Treaty, 1864. Minister of finance in first Dominion government. In 1870 sent by the British government on a mission to the United States, which led to the treaty of Washington. Made K.C.M.G., 1870; created a baronet, 1872; privy councillor, 1886; G.C.M.G., 1878. Index: C Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, in connection with Confederation, 57; Montreal banquet to, 92. H Sir John Macdonald asks Joseph Howe to discuss financial terms of Nova Scotia with, 215; confers with Howe and A. W. McLellan at Portland, 223. E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Md Succeeds Galt as finance minister, 136; resigns a year later, 136; letter to, from Macdonald, on Riel, 160-161; also on Washington Treaty, 184-185. T Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, 63; succeeds Galt as minister of finance, 130. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of (1847- ). Born in London. Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1881-1883 under-secretary for the home office; in 1885 lord privy seal; and later chief commissioner of works; secretary for foreign affairs in Gladstone's administration, 1886 and 1892-1894. Became prime minister, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone. Index: Md Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 332; his speech at unveiling of bust of Macdonald in St. Paul's Cathedral, 332-333. Bib.: Who's Who.

Rosée, Jean. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170; agent of Company of New France, 244.

Ross, Major. Hd Of the 34th Regiment, devastates large section of country, 157; retakes Oswego, 157. S Leads Queen's Rangers in battle of Monmouth, 29.

Ross, Alexander. Joined Astor's Pacific Fur Company in 1810, having probably been previously engaged as a clerk in the service of the North West Company. Sailed in the Tonquin to the mouth of the Columbia, where Astoria was built in 1811. Left Pacific Fur Company and joined North West Company, 1814; stationed at Fort George (Astoria) and Fort Okanagan, 1811-1816; transferred to Kamloops, 1816. Wrote two valuable narratives of the fur trade on the Columbia. Joined Hudson's Bay Company, on the union of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies in 1821. Returned east, and settled in Red River Colony; sheriff and member of the Council of Assiniboia, 1835. Index: MS On the sequel to Seven Oaks affair, 185. Bib.: Red River Settlement; Adventures on the Columbia; Fur Hunters of the Far West.

Ross, Charles. D In charge of Fort Camosun (Victoria), 1843, 180; his death, 1844, 181.

Ross, Dunbar. E Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government, 126; holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in Cabinet, 141.

Ross, James (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the Presbyterian Banner, 1842. Principal Dalhousie College, 1863.

Ross, John. MS Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14; relations with Pond, 15; his death, 16.

Ross, John (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years. Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. Index: E Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in Cabinet, 113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes president of Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Ross. D Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45.

Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of (1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the American colonies. Index: Dr Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims in matters of law, 62, 66. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rothery, Henry Cadogan (1817-1888). B Registrar of the High Court of Admiralty in England,—prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration, 225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries, 226. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rottenburg, Baron de. Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in 1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813 commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832. Index: Bk Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134. Bib.: Morgan. Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Rottenburg, Baroness de. Bk Her great charm, 134, 137.

Roubaud, Pierre. Hd Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend of Du Calvet, 290.

Rouer de Villeray, Louis (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council in 1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council in 1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed to be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. Index: F First councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of "esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256. L Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78; appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Rous, John. In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to French commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north coast of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg, 1745; sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in the navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of the squadron sent against Beauséjour, 1755; took part in the expedition against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the Sutherland at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Rouvier. Ch Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135.

Rowan, Sir William. Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign, 1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain, France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada, 1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Roy, Louis. S First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.

Royal, Joseph (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St. Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde, and assisted in founding La Revue Canadien. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba, 1870; founded there Le Métis. Elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888; lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of La Minerve, Montreal, 1894. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Morgan, Can. Men.

Royal American Regiment. Hd Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th battalion of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. WM On British left, 189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189.

Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has also received some assistance from the Dominion government, though its support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions in the different Canadian cities; and supports classes for drawing from the living model. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Royal Highland Emigrants. Hd Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112, 306; disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. Dr Composition of corps, 93; arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112.

Royal Military College, Kingston. Established by Act of Parliament in 1874; opened 1875. Bib.: Mayne, The Royal Military College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Royal North-West Mounted Police. Organized in 1873 by the Dominion government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men, subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier, and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the shores of Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Herschell Island, off the mouth of the Mackenzie. Bib.: Haydon, The Riders of the Plains.

Royal Regiment of New York. Dr Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173.

Royal Roussillon Regiment. WM One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12; deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257; 262. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Royal Society of Canada. Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward Duke of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first meeting was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into four sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature, history, etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and geological and biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty members. The original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne. Subsequent vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three members. The first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the vice-president Pierre J. O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was (Sir) James M. Le Moine; of section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3 T. Sterry Hunt; and of section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot was the first secretary of the society. An account of its organization, with the list of original members, will be found in the first volume of Transactions, 1882-1883. Bib.: Proceedings and Transactions, 1st series, 1882-1894, 12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd series, 1907, to date.

Royal William. Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the spring of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London, stopping at Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five days from Pictou—the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under steam. She had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general, after William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament, bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise, courage and skill the Royal William, the first vessel to cross the Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers by which passengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over every sea throughout the world." Bib.: Fleming, Notes on Ocean Steam Navigation (Can. Inst. Trans., 1891-1892); Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Royal William, H. M. S. WM Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238.

Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph. L Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily banished from Quebec, 168. F Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138.

Ruette d'Auteuil, François-Madeleine-Fortuné. F Son of Denis, succeeds him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on Frontenac, 255.

Rumigny. WM At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite shore, 161.

Rupert's Land. The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's title was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred to Canada, for the sum of £300,000, the company retaining certain blocks of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land of the country. See also Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories.

Rupert, Prince (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine, Frederick V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in the army during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in the Civil War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Erskine, A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine.

Russell, Alexander J. Ch His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76.

Russell, John, first Earl (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839 colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855 secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as leader of the Commons. Index: Sy The leading member of the Melbourne government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada, 117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying Sydenham's instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office, 180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to, 343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. B Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. P Secures authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower Canada Assembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by Bouchette, 151. E His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe, 37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the colonies, 229, 231. BL Denies representative government to Lower Canada, 46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137; on constitutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; attitude towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they please, 325. C Effect of his resolutions, 2. Mc Opposes elective Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible government, 325; on Union Act, 405. W Suggests new charter for King's College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61; Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Russell, Peter (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied Simcoe to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a member of the Assembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the government of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. Index: S Recommended by Simcoe as collector of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member of Legislative Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as administrator, 217. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Russian-American Fur Company. Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of the fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. Index: D Claim north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. Bib.: Dall, Alaska; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Russian Convention, 1825. D Its provisions, 118-119.

Russian Explorations. D Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached by way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast, 44-45; Baranof, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. Bib.: Muller, Voyages from Asia to America; Coxe, Discoveries of the Russians between Asia and America; Lauridsen, Vitus Bering, trans. by Olson; Kotzebue, Voyages, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, Voyage; Lutke, Voyage; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Ryerson, Egerton (1803-1882). R Born March 24, 1803, near village of Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3; school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist ministry, 5, 15; moral development, 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial writings, 26-27; becomes editor of Christian Guardian, 27; his political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education, 45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church, 1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor of Christian Guardian, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College, 84-86; his attitude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists, 94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the Colonial Advocate, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in political life, 107-110; his letters to the London Times on "The Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship of Guardian, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118; his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers, 130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143; receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146; defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms, 168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles, 172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality and efficiency, 192-195; municipal relations, 196-199; his personal influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245; the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his writings—Story of My Life, Canadian Methodism, Loyalists of America, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. BL Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education, 240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his rejoinder, 245-246. E Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause of popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy Reserves, 157. B Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23; accepts Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. T Member of King's College Commission, 48. Mc His mission to England, 237; introduced to colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238. Bib.: Works: Report on Popular Education; Affairs of the Canadas; Story of My Life; Canadian Methodism; Loyalists of America. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Ryerson, George. R Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136. Bk Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259.

Ryerson, John (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many years in the establishment of missionary and other institutions of the Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the transfer of the missions to Canadian control. Index: R President of Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the Methodists, 273; closely associated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist Conference, etc., 281. Bib.: Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour.

Ryerson, Colonel Joseph. R Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United Empire Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists, 11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275.

Ryerson, William. R His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school, 24-25; closely associated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc., 281.

Ryland, Herman W. Bk Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Milnes, 47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86; his violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his recommendations not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's letters to, 186. P Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons his mind against French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Rymal, Jacob. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390.

Rynd. S Simcoe's account of death of, 34.

Ryswick, Treaty of. Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized William III as sovereign of Great Britain. Index: F Restores to England her Hudson Bay posts, 349. L Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of, 234. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions; Dict. Eng. Hist.

Sable Island. Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about the beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot mappemonde of 1544. First appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546. Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors, eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's Novus Orbis, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century, it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size. Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the Atlantic." Bib.: Patterson, Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena (R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena (N. S. Inst. of Science Trans., vi.); Taché, Les Sablons; Paul de Gazes, Ile de Sable (R. S. C., 1892).

Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount (1716-1785). Served with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755; lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. Index: Dr Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164; generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as Viscount Sackville, 192. Hd Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by, 112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to, 132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to, 164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Saco River. F Fort built at falls of, 329.

Sagard-Théodat, Gabriel. F Récollet, on bad examples shown by colonists to Indians, 14. L Missionary labours of, 3. Ch Récollet friar, 139; sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caën, 182; his remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. Bib.: Works: Histoire du Canada; Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons.

Saguenay River. One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence. Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52° N. and long. 71° 10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. Index: Ch Explored by Champlain, 12. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. Andre. L Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.

St. Andrews. Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port. Index: W Grammar school at, 85. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. Augustine. WM Retreating army halts at, 218; Lévis hears news of surrender of Quebec at, 234. Hd Haldimand's headquarters for a time, 78-80.

St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de (1650-1712). Native of Béarn; came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salières Regiment, as an ensign in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles, and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia, established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which, however, was never acted on. Index: F His life in New France, 329; leads Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Charlevoix, History of New France.

St.-Cirque. WM Killed at Laprairie, 232.

St. Clair, Arthur (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1757, and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758, and Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out of the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a Pennsylvania regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. Index: Dr Sent as governor to the Indian territory, 233. S Expedition under, crushingly defeated by Indians, 121. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

St. Domingo. Island in the West Indies. Bk Revolution in, 39-41.

St. Étienne. Ch Vessel in which Récollet missionaries came to Canada, 85.

St. Francis Xavier College. Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Diocesan institution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853. Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College, 1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova Scotia, 1866.

St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809, as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813. Knighted, 1835. Index: Bk In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236; reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of. Signed between France and Great Britain on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton to France. Index: Ch Treaty signed, 222. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

St. Hubert, Father. Hd Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182.

St. Ignace, Mother. WM Describes scene at General Hospital, 223.

St. Ignace. Ch Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92.

St. Jean. Ch One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.

St. Joachim. L Boarding school for children established at, 100; Laval's gift to school at, 199.

St. John. City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785, during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia. Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604. Index: W Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar schools in, 85. T Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to measures, 25. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. John Island. See Prince Edward Island.

St. John's. Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the island, in 1763. Index: Hd Taken by the French, 44. F Captured by Iberville, 347. Bib.: Ency. Brit.

St. John's. A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was a military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in 1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison held out gallantly for twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh ammunition and supplies. Index: Dr Fort at, abandoned by Americans, 146; reoccupied by British, 161. Hd Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133; people of, pay schoolmaster, 235. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. John's River. L Récollet mission on, 111.

St. Joseph de Lévis. WM Skirmish at, 102, 103.

St. Julien. Ch Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3.

St. Laurent. Ch French vessel seized by the English, 222.

St. Laurent. Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. Index: WM Letter of curé of, to British officers, 93.

St. Lawrence Channel. C Cartier favours deepening of, 45.

St. Lawrence Gulf. The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that of Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay Baye Sainct Laurens. Since then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and the great river that empties its waters there. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin.

St. Lawrence Island. See Cape Breton.

St. Lawrence Rapids. Hd Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37.

St. Lawrence River. Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west end of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of Lake Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. Index: Ch Early visits of fishing vessels to, 59. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin; Johnson, Picturesque St. Lawrence.

St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway. E Chartered, 1845, to connect with Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. C Built in 1849,—gives Montreal access to the sea through Portland, 45. See also Railways.

St. Leger, Colonel Barry. Hd Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211; unjust complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application on behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief command in Canada, 314. Dr Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173; brave, but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179.

St. Malo. Seaport of France. Index: Ch Merchants of, demand freedom of commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. L Jurisdiction of bishop of, over New France, 6.

St. Martin, Captain. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

St. Maurice Forges. Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that date and until 1883, under different ownership, they were in active operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America. Index: Dr Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast cannon at, 141. Hd Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction of Nordberg, 48; Laterrière's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54; leased by Murray, 62; Laterrière inspector of, 277-278; partners of, 345. L Development of mines by Talon, 82. Bib.: See General Index to Royal Society of Canada Trans.

St. Maurice River. One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises in the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls into the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles. During the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the French were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was first seen by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Rivière du Fouez, or Rivière du Foix. Index: Ch Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and Three Rivers by Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin, 52. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. Maws. S English constituency for which Simcoe sat, 15.

St. Nicholas. WM Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172.

St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de (1753-1834). Entered public life on the establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member of the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785; and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs. Index: P Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

St. Ours, François-Xavier de (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of 1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham, where he was mortally wounded. Index: WM Commands Quebec and Three Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

St. Pater's Port, Guernsey. Bk Home of the Brock family, 3-5.

St. Paul's Bay. On St. Lawrence River. Hd Contagious disease breaks out at, 190.

St. Pierre. Ch One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.

St. Pierre. An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which, with the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, constitute all that remains of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was finally ceded to France. Index: Ch French captured by Kirke, landed on, 174.

St. Regis Indians. A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga, Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line between Canada and the United States. Index: Hd Compensation paid to, for lands required for Loyalists, 258.

St. Rome, Chevalier de. WM Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec, 226; delayed by bad roads, 229.

St. Sacrament Lake. See Lake George.

St. Simon. F His statements regarding Frontenac, 65.

St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrières des (1653-1727). Born at Grenoble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval. Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in 1704, on La Seine, taken prisoner by the English and detained in England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge diocese until his death. Index: L Recommended to succeed Laval, 199, 200; accepts position, 200; appointed provisionally grand-vicar, 201; his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202; makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209; consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English vessel, 243. F Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337; pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition Tartuffe shall not be produced, 337. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; St. Valier et l'Hopital General de Quebec; Parkman, Old Régime.

St. Veran, Marquise de. WM Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fortitude, 8; Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34.

St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of (1735-1823). British admiral. Served at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797; became admiral of the fleet, 1821. Index: Bk Gains victory off Cape St. Vincent, 10. WM Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ste. Anne. Ch French vessel seized by the English, 22.

Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of. L At Quebec, 101.

Ste. Croix Island. Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal. The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the former. Index: Ch Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21; settlement there a failure, 24. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Ste. Croix River. Also known as Schoodiac and Passamaquoddy. Rises in Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows into Passamaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. Index: Ch Name changed to St. Charles, 148.

Ste. Foy. Above Quebec. Index: L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.

Ste. Foy, Battle of. Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec upon the besieging French force under Lévis, and was defeated, being driven back into his intrenchments. Index: WM Description of, 264; horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes, 266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. See also Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Lévis; Murray. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Ste. Suzanne. Ch Name given by Champlain to the Upper Rivière du Loup, 52.

Ste. Thérèse. On the Richelieu River. Index: L Fort erected at, 53.

Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de (1778-1829). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years under General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812, promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces under General Hampton at Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative Assembly. Index: Bk Corps raised and commanded by, 189, 191. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also Chateauquay.