New Company. F Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of Canada in 1645, 36.

New France. Name given to the French possessions in North America, otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. Index: E Government of, 171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. Ch Population of colony in 1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. See also Canada; Acadia; Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle. Bib.: Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Cartier, Voyages; Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Works.

Newfoundland. Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of A Discourse and Discoverie of Newfoundland. French influence on the island dated from the founding of Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in 1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. Index: B Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. F English settlements in, attacked, 46. L French successful in, 232. Md Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Prowse, History of Newfoundland; Reeves, Governors of Newfoundland; Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Hatton and Harvey, Newfoundland; Willson, The Tenth Island.

New Langley. D Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

New Ontario. Includes that part of the province known as northern and north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the Albany River and James Bay on the north. Bib.: North-Western Ontario, its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications.

New Orleans. Hd Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73; dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops to, 80, 81.

New Westminster. A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C. Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 the seat of government was removed to Victoria. Index: D Chosen as capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, 247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Begg, History of British Columbia.

New York City. Hd Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, 107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British in, 252.

New York State. Hd Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. F British colony, plan for conquest of, 231.

Newark. See Niagara.

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864). Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in 1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. Index: E Secretary of state for colonies, 167. Md Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. T And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

News. Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. Index: Mc Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.

Newspapers. Mc Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, 509-523. See also under names of individual newspapers.

Niagara (Newark). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first public library in the province established in 1800. Index: Bk First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. S First seat of government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. L Fort built at, 216. Bib.: Kirby, Annals of Niagara; Reminiscences of Niagara (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820.

Niagara Falls. First described from actual observation by Father Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in Ragueneau's Relation des Hurons, 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin. Bib.: Hulbert, Niagara River; Spencer, Falls of Niagara.

Niagara, Fort. S Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, 129; handed over to United States, 142. Hd Surrendered to British, 26; number of refugees at, 152. Bk Its history, 54-56; its transfer to United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by Fort George, 309.

Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.

Nicholson, Sir Francis (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, 1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, 1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a lieutenant-general. Index: F Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.

Nicolet, Jean (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the Jesuit Relations. Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. Index: Ch Arrives in Canada, 144. Bib.: Butterfield, Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Ninety-Two Resolutions. P Drafted by Morin—embodied the grievances of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, 106. BL Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nipigon Lake. Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Vérendrye had charge of these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 Édouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.

Nipisiguit. Ch Jesuit mission at, 235.

Nipissing Indians. A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls them the Nebecerini. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman mentions that they were also known as Sorciers, from their ill repute as magicians. Index: Ch Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Nipissing Lake. Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name. Discovered by the Récollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year. Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. Index: Ch Visited by Champlain, 88.

Nipissirini. See Nipissing.

Noble, Colonel Arthur. A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pré without opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers surprised the British garrison at Grand Pré, and in the fight Noble and his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest forced to capitulate. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Hannay, History of Acadia.

Nomenclature. D Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; Spanish, 36. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Non-importation Act. Bk Passed by Congress, 84.

Nootka Affair. D Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes Iphigênie and North-West America, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of restitution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. Dr Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. Bib.: Bancroft, History of North-West Coast.

Nootka Sound. On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. Index: D Supposed to have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, 26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds North-West America there, 28; natives destroy American ship Boston and murder crew, 1803, 37. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of (1797-1863). Entered Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, 1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, 1854-1858. Index: Sy Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Normandy. L Many of colonists natives of, 116.

Norquay, John (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba, and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, 1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, when he resigned. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

North, Lord Frederick. See Guilford.

North American. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index.: B The organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the Globe, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. BL Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.

North American Colonial Association. Sy On appointment of Poulett Thomson (Sydenham), 132.

North American Fur Company. D Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor at head of, 134. See also Astor; Pacific Fur Company.

North-West America. D Built by Meares at Nootka—first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to China, 29.

North-West Coast. D Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Pérouse explores in 1788, 25; Étienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

North West Company. Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or bourgeois, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: MS Early beginnings—Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, 4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, 16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, 161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the colony, 174-176. D Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. Hd Establishment of, 261-263. Bk Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. See also Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages; Henry, Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson, Journals, ed. by Coues; Harmon, Journal; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Country; Sketch of the British Fur Trade; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Begg, History of the North-West; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

North-West Passage. D Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.

North-West Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion.

North-West Territories. Comprised all the western portions of Canada, except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were formed—Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Index: B Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, 213; Globe article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in the Globe on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and settlement of, 216; Globe carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by Niagara Mail, 217-218; and Montreal Transcript, 218; matter taken up by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate schools opposed by George Brown, 249. Md Terms upon which Hudson's Bay Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. See also Assiniboia; Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. Bib.: Adam, Canadian North-West; Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Dugas, Légendes du Nord-Ouest; Begg, History of the North-West; Hind, North-West Territory; MacBeth, Making of the Canadian West.

Northern Railway. Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk. Index: E Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.

Norton, John. Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went to Georgia. Died in Scotland. Index: Bk In battle of Queenston Heights, 310. Bib.: Richardson, War of 1812, ed. by Casselman.

Norway House. Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in McLeod's Peace River, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed in building the old fort. Index: MS Selkirk colonists at Jack River, 163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Notre Dame de la Recouvrance. First parish church of Quebec; built by Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, 1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the Basilica of Quebec. Index: Ch First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception, 240; burnt, 241. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Notre Dame de Montréal. L Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175, 176.

Notre Dame des Anges. Ch Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Récollet convent dedicated to, 148.

Notre Dame des Victoires. Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in 1817. Index: L Church of, 185. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Noüe, Anne de (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. Index: Ch Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. L Death of, 5. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Nouveau Monde. C Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier, 81-82.

Nova Scotia. Acadia of the French régime. The present name dates from 1621, when Sir William Alexander (q.v.) obtained from King James I a grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony. Index: Ch Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. Dr Carleton arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and Quebec, 236. B Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. Md Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives "better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. See also Acadia; New Brunswick; Halifax. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Haliburton, Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Moorson, Letters from Nova Scotia; Cozzens, Acadia.

Nova Scotian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Joseph Howe becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.

Observer. Mc Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.

O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the Vindicator, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed in editing the records of the state at Albany. Index: P Edits the Vindicator, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec Mercury, 122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, 145-149. BL Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847). Irish statesman. Index: Mc Befriends Mackenzie, 221. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and lives mentioned in article.

O'Connor, John (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, 1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1884. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Ochateguin. Ch Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; wounded in battle, 103.

Ochterlony, Captain. WM Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.

Odell. W Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57.

Odell, William Franklin. W Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.

Odell, William Hunter (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, 1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. Index: T Son of W. F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

O'Donoghue, William B. A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.

Ogden. S Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen of the United States, 190.

Ogden, Charles Richard (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815; attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, 1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as well as district registrar at Liverpool. Index: Sy Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 283. BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Ogden, Isaac. Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England. Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.

Ogden, Peter Skene (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (q.v.). Entered the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. Index: D Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Ogdensburg. See Oswegatchie.

O'Grady, Doctor. Mc Publishes Correspondent and Advocate, 259; visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Ohio River. One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. Index: WM First named La Belle Rivière, 19. S Demanded as boundary of Indian territory, 120, 122. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.

Ohio Valley. WM French retreat from, 62.

Olbeau, Jean d'. Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in 1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou until 1643. Index: Ch Récollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone of Récollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Old Company. F Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. See also Company of New France.

Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645. Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the future city. Index: L His designs for establishing a religious centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. F Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Oneidas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west. In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara peninsula. Index: F Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, 308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. Ch Iroquois tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. Hd Their wavering fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Onneyouts. See Oneidas.

Onondaga. S Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks on, at Kingston, 183.

Onondagas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. Index: F Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. Ch Indian tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. See also Iroquois. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Onontagues. See Onondagas.

Onontio (Big Mountain). F Name applied by Indians to French governors, 35.

Ontario. Hd Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.

Ontario. Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province was explored by Champlain, Étienne Brûlé, and Brébeuf, Chaumonot, and other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century. Index: W Abolishes second chamber, 71. See also Upper Canada; New Ontario. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Smith, Geographical View of Upper Canada; Gourlay, Statistical Account of Upper Canada; Haight, Country Life in Canada; Canniff, History of the Settlement of Upper Canada; Moodie, Roughing it in the Bush; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada; Strickland, Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West; Clarke, Sixty Years in Upper Canada; Conant, Upper Canada Sketches.

Oregon. D Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of ships Convoy and Owyhee, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, 183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and the United States, 62-64. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Foster, Bibliography of Oregon in Mag. of Amer. Hist., vol. xxv.

Oregon Boundary Question. D Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, 157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. BL Treaty removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. E Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. Md Settled by treaty of June 15, 1846, 178. Bib.: Lit. Amer. Hist.; Kingsford, History of Canada; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Gray, History of Oregon; Hodgins, British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; Begg, History of British Columbia; Schafer, History of the Pacific North-West; History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States has been a Party; Egerton, Canada.

Orehaoué. F Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; services rendered by, 315, 339.

Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, 1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he printed his various works. Index: WM His statement regarding Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Oriskany. Dr Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.

Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of (1608-1660). Ch Conspires against his brother Louis XIII, 215.

Orleans, Isle of. In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. Index: WM Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. L Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jésus, 138. Ch Granted to Guillaume de Caën, 140. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Ormiston, William. Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union schools, 254-255, 257.

Ormsby, Major. Bk Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.

Osgoode, William (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. Index: S Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, 178. Dr Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Osler, William (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford, 1904. Bib.: Who's Who.

Oswald, Richard (1705-1784). Dr Sent to discuss matters with Franklin, 192, 213. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Oswegatchie. Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. Index: Dr Captain Foster stationed at, 142. Hd Starting-point of many scouting parties, 150.

Oswego. Hd British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260. WM Capture of, 34.

Otis, Charles Pomeroy. Ch Translator of Champlain's Voyages, 277.

Otoucha. Ch Huron village, 88.

Ottawa. Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion. Index: E Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the Dominion, 79. B Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100. See also Bytown. Bib.: Edgar, Canada and its Capital; Gourlay, History of the Ottawa Valley; Gard, The Hub and the Spokes; Scott, The Choice of the Capital. See also papers by Mrs. H. J. Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa Trans., vol. 1; B. Sulte, The Name of Ottawa in Ottawa Lit. & Sc. Soc. Trans., 1898-1899.

Ottawa Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians on French River. They were called the Cheveux Relevés, because of their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered on reservations in Ontario. Index: F Keen for trade and cheap goods, 259; entertained at Quebec, 310. Hd Sioux offer to attack, 148. Bib.: Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites. See also Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada Trans., 1903 and 1904.

Ottawa River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Canal. Index: P Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Sulte, The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650 (R. S. C., 1898-1899); Parkman, Pioneers of France; Keefer, Montreal and the Ottawa; Stewart, Georgian Bay Canal.

Ottawa, University of. Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.

Otway's Regiment. WM On British right, 189.

Ouendats. Ch General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.

Ouentaron. S Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. See also Lake Simcoe.

Ourouehate. See Big Mouth.

Overman. Ch Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76.

Owen, Admiral. W Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.

Pabos. Hd Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there, 73; not profitable, 111.

Pacific Coast. See North-West Coast.

Pacific Fur Company. Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. Index: D Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions sent out, 71. See also Astoria. Bib.: Cox, Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross, Fur Hunters of the Far West; Franchère, Voyage to North-West Coast of America; Irving, Astoria.

Pacific Scandal. D Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. C Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. Md History of, 199-211; grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the elections, 211. T Tilley not involved in, 131. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.

Pagan, William. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.

Pakington, Sir John. See Hampton.

Palliser, Hugh. Captain of the Shrewsbury in 1759. Index: WM British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.

Pallu. L Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

Palmer, Edward (1809-1889). T Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77.

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount (1784-1865). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, 1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, 1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque Ports, 1861. Index: E Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. Sy Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. T On Intercolonial Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue. Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in charge of Fort Halkett. Index: D At Stuart Lake, 99. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Morice, History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia.

Panama Canal. Ch Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.

Panet, Jean Antoine (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. Index: Bk Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. Dr Speaker of first Lower Canada Assembly, 276; appointed to judgeship, 277. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. P Establishes Le Canadien, 28; name struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. Bib.: Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Panet, Jean Claude. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Pangman, Peter. Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N. McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of Mascouche in Lower Canada. Index: MS Associated with Pond and others in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Paper Currency. Bk Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. Hd Redemption of, 58, Dr French, in circulation in Canada, 23; habitants object to American, 116, 135, 150. Bib.: Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Papin. C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier administration, 106-107.

Papineau, Denis B. E Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66. BL Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, 246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, 259, 260. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Papineau, Joseph. P Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.

Papineau, Louis Joseph (1786-1870). P Tribune of the people, 1; a melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on, 56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, 56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, 72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in Durham's Report, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, 1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, 119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, 127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, 137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, 165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there, 164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, 1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, 172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, Le parti démocratique, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, 144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, 185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, 186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept. 23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. BL Born in Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leadership, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. E Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms Parti Rouge, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. Bk Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. C His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. Md Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of priesthood, 45. Mc Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. See also Rebellion of 1837. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Pardoe, Avern (1845- ). B Librarian of Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.

Parent, Étienne (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor of Le Canadien, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called to the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on his appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. In 1831 editor of Le Canadien, and held the position for eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841 elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada. Index: P Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by La Minerve as a traitor, 123. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Paris, Treaty of. Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded Canada to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Index: E Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. P Grants free exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers of, 9. Dr Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. Sy Liberal provisions of, 62. WM Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Parke, Thomas. Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in York (Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two last Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was abolished. Died, 1864. Index: Sy Made surveyor-general, 333. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Parker, Sir Hyde (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757 became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the Baleine. In 1766 transferred to the Hussar, and served under Lord Hood on the North American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted rear-admiral of the Red in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked Copenhagen in 1807. Index: Bk In command of expedition to the Baltic, 24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Parker, Robert. T Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to bench, 19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.

Parkes, Sir Henry (1815-1896). Australian statesman. Index: Md Rhodes suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.

Parkman, Francis (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, where he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the history of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of the New World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out this great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, and on several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his work. Index: F On the Jesuit Relations, 30; on the beginnings of education and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, 57-58; reference to his account of the defence of fort at Verchères, 319-320. L On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and others, 34. WM On French colonization, 19. Bib.: Works: Pioneers of France in the New World; Count Frontenac; The Jesuits in North America; La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime in Canada; A Half Century of Conflict; Montcalm and Wolfe; The Conspiracy of Pontiac; The Oregon Trail. For biog., see Farnham, Life of Francis Parkman.

Parliamentary Government. E Canadian and American systems compared, 239-267. P Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control of budget granted in 1818, 30. H Granted to Canada and the Maritime Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. Bib.: Bourinot, Parliamentary Procedure and Government; Todd, Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies.

Parliaments in France. F Subjection of, to royal power, 152.

Parr, John. Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The last governor of the province previous to the separation of New Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown, afterwards St. John, was named after him. Index: Dr Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving Loyalists, 214. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Partelow, John R. W Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views on initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108; enters government as provincial secretary, 116. T Defeated for St. John County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John, 11; elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John County, 30; defeated, 32. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Parti Catholique. C An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; its policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.

Parti Rouge. B Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance of movement, 235. E Its history and members, 108; help to defeat Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. BL Origin of, 335, 351. Md Formed to fight against domination of priesthood, 45, 46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in 1857, 84; George Brown's rupture with, 102. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Party Government. B Origin of the double ministries, 81. Sy Absence of necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's premature demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without significance, 303. See also Representative government; Responsible government.

Paterson, General. Hd His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.

Patriot. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: Mc Publishes proceedings of House, 174. BL Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election law, 145-146; its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.

Patriotes. P Name assumed by popular party in Lower Canada—particularly the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks the more violent among them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party, 68; their press publish violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy belittles their cause, 103; influenced by American Revolution, 121; advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English goods, 122; the St. Charles meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at St. Eustache, 137; in the Montreal election, 1834, 144. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Patriotic Fund. Bk Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46.

Patterson, James Colebrooke (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly, 1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891. Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron, 1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Patterson, Walter. Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed proprietors in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780 changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. Index: Dr Governor of Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning, 235. Bib.: Davin, The Irishman in Canada.

Paul I (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II. Ascended the throne, 1796. Index: Bk Withdraws from British alliance, 23; murder of, 30.

Paul V, Pope (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605. Index: Ch Grants brief to Récollets for their mission in Canada, 84.

Payne, Captain. Dr His connection with the Walker case, 19.

Peace River. A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is first mentioned in the Voyages of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans whom he met at Île à la Crosse Lake. Index: MS Post built on, by Boyer, 1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on, 34, 62; sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62; Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's description of, 69, 71. D Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson, 58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Peace River Pass. The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and explore the river that bears his name.

Péan, Mdme. Hugues, née Davennes des Meloises. WM Casemate made for, 87.

Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Captured at sea by United States privateer, 224.

Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809; under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. Index: E Supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. B His government misunderstands situation in Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16; disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe, 18; justifies Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government, 23. Sy Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary, 16; assists Duke of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of office, 56; anxious for due representation of commercial interest in Canada, 285; desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce, 286; his moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. Mc His attitude towards great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing rebellion, 355. W Fails to form administration, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Pellegrin. WM Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81.

Pelletier, Captain. WM Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82.

Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaléon (1837- ). Born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.