Métiomègne. L Algonquian chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.

Métis. Md Or Half-breeds, view with alarm the prospect of annexation of territories to Canada, 157; their complaints as to division of lands, 240; their sympathy with Riel, 243.

Meulles, Chevalier Jacques de. Intendant of New France, 1682-1686. The son of François Meulles, seignior of the forest of Montpensier, in Poitou; held the office of grand bailiff, or magistrate, of Orleans, before coming to Canada. Married a sister of Michel Bégon, intendant of Rochefort, and father of Michel Bégon, afterwards intendant of New France. Index: F Intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69; arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia, and makes census, 271. L Succeeds Duchesneau as intendant, 68; incapable and conceited, 186; the king's instructions to, 186, Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Frontenac.

Mexico. Ch Visited and described by Champlain, 4.

Mézy, Augustin de Saffray, Chevalier de. Governor of New France from 1663 until his death in 1665. Index: F Appointed governor on Laval's recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50. L Governor, sides with traders on the liquor question, 10; succeeds D'Avaugour, 41; supports the bishop at first, and then quarrels with him, 51; death of, 51. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Miami Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, belonging chiefly to what is now Wisconsin, where the French first came in contact with them in 1690. After 1700 many removed to Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and adjoining territory. In the colonial wars they fought indifferently on both sides. In 1812 they served under Tecumseh with the British against the Americans. Index: Dr Dorchester's speech to, 282. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Miami River. Rises in Hardin County, Ohio, and flowing south and south-west for about 150 miles, enters the Ohio River, twenty miles west of Cincinnati. Index: S General Wayne defeats Indians on, 139.

Michel, Jacques. Ch Huguenot, violent conduct of, towards Father Jean de Brébeuf, 201; his fate, 202.

Michigan Territory. Bk Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, 255, 260.

Michilimackinac. A missionary station and fur-trading post, which stood on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was derived from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki, and in its original form meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened to Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French rule in Canada; and was the scene of the famous massacre of 1763, described by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his Conspiracy of Pontiac. Index: Bk Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, captured by Captain Roberts, 211. S Handed over to United States, 142. MS Migration of French to, from Detroit, 12. Hd Situation of, 145, 153; Sinclair in charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, 163; plan for settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. Bib.: Kelton, Annals of Fort Mackinac; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Micmac Indians. An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois. Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000. Index: WM Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; H Howe interests himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, 246. Bib.: Biard, Relation, 1616; Rand, Micmac Dictionary; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland. Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884 general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed, 1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. See Riel Rebellion, 1885. Index: Md Commands troops sent to quell Riel Rebellion, 242. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Denison, Soldiering in Canada.

Milan Decree. Bk Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects of, 110-111; 171, 172. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.

Milbank Sound. West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen Charlotte Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by Captain Charles Duncan, of the Princess Royal, after Vice-admiral Mark Milbanke. Index: D Natives of, attack the Atahualpa, 1805, and kill the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Militia and Defence. WM Militia in Canada raised by conscription and receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions, 119. Dr French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by habitants, 186. Bk Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military posts in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower Canada, 190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. S Passage of Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. C Militia reorganized after Trent affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's interest in, 87-88, 110. E Under French régime, 177-178; Elgin's views on colonial defence, 209-210. B Government defeated on Militia Bill of 1862, 142; its terms, 142; disappointment in England over, 142; question of defence one of forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, 182; debate in House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme of defence, 184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada First Association, 236. Md Bill defeated for better organization of, 88; militia organized, 151.

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873). English philosopher. Index: Sy Sydenham's acquaintance with, 13. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Miller, James Andrew (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882; attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of titles of Manitoba, 1885.

Miller, William. H Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and moves resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame Confederation scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for libel, 188.

Millet, Pierre (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada, 1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686, and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois, unjustly suspected by the Oneidas of being implicated. Captured by a war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694, when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. Index: F Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. L On the Christian character of Garakontié, 73. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.

Mills, David (1831-1903). Born in the township of Orford, Kent County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until 1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration, 1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. Index: Md On national policy, 224. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Milnes, Sir Robert Shore (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the army. In 1795 governor of the island of Martinique; in 1799 appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada; and during the absence of Gen. Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. Index: P His governorship marked by bitter relations between French and English in Lower Canada, 27. Bk Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45; distrusted French-Canadians, 47. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Minchin, George. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.

Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl (1847- ). Educated at Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the Turkish army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord Roberts at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882. Military secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of Canada, 1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as chief of staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, 1898-1904; viceroy of India, 1905-1910. Index: Md On Louis Riel, 240. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Miristou. Ch Montagnais chief, 159.

Miscou. An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534, when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap d'Espérance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623; and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. Index: Ch French habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235. Bib.: Ganong, Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1896); Denys, Acadia, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, St. Lawrence Basin.

Mississagua Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on Galinée's map of 1670 as occupying the north shore of Lake Huron, about the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste. Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in Ontario. Index: Hd Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased from, 265. Bib.: Chamberlain, Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of the Mississaguas; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.

Mississagua Point. Bk At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse, dockyard, and a fort at, 58.

Mississippi River. Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550 miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673 reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. Index: WM Exploration of, 19. L Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken possession of, in name of king of France, 151. Hd Proposed canal route to, 77. Bib.: Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World; Parkman, La Salle; Chambers, The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley.

Mitchell, Peter (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick. Educated at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848. Engaged in the lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the Assembly, 1856; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a member of the government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation. Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences. Premier of New Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, 1867. Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of Commons. Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general election of 1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor and editor of the Montreal Herald. Index: B Forms government in New Brunswick favourable to Confederation, 188. H Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. Md Minister of marine and fisheries in first Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St. Lawrence for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. T Delegate to Quebec in Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77; forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England re Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. Bib.: Works: Notes of a Holiday Trip; Review of President Grant's Message Relative to Canadian Fisheries. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Moberley, Walter. D Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road from Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.

Moffatt, George (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831 appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. Index: Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of provinces in Upper Canada, 112. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Mohawk Indians. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. See also Iroquois. Index: L Tracy marches against, 53. Ch (Agniers), Iroquois tribe or nation, 50. Dr Join British forces, 88; easily depressed by reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. Hd Loath at first to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands allotted to, on Grand River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; education of, 265. F Attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 331. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Diefendorf, The Historic Mohawk.

Mohier, Gervais. Ch Récollet, returns to France, 208.

Molson, John (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount (1819-1894). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In 1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in 1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Index: B Attempts to secure a ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest in the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown urging him to join Cabinet, 157-158. C Enlists Taché in task of forming a Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to Cartier's refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. Md Governor-general of Canada, 90; induces Brown to enter coalition ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald to form a ministry, 122; impatient at delay in Confederation, 123, 124; charges Macdonald with formation of a government, 131; letter to, from Macdonald, in reference to election of 1872, 197. T Renders valuable assistance in Confederation scheme, 123; entrusts Macdonald with formation of ministry, 128. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Monckton, Robert (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, 1742; sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759 brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Index: WM Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village of Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St. Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Campbell, History of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828 and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842 district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844 circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849; appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. Index: E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Mondelet, Dominique. P Called to the Council, 72; expelled from Lower Canada Assembly, 72.

Monk, James. Dr Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling among French Canadians, 278.

Monmouth. S Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.

Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel. WM In command of Fort William Henry, 45; despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. Bib.: Bradley, The Fight with France.

Monroe, James (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States. Index: Bk United States representative in England, presents claims on account of Chesapeake matter, 84; United States secretary of state, purchases the John Henry letters, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Monsabré, Father. L On Laval University, 99.

Monseignat. F Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.

Montagnais Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador. Index: Ch Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young girls to be educated, 165. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France and Jesuits in North America; Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Comeau, Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St. Lawrence and Gulf; Low, Report on Labrador (Geol. Survey, 1895).

Montagne, Perche, France. Ch Colonists from, 252.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762). WM On death of Wolfe, 239. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Montbeillard. WM Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to Bougainville, 178.

Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de (1712-1759). WM Seigneur de Saint Véran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his friendship with Chevalier de Lévis, 3; birth and descent of, 3; education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5; his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7; character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to Montreal to meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Lévis, 32; goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61; erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79; summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults Lévis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150; despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159; thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Lévis expressing desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out, 173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190; disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196; mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France, remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. P Causes of his defeat at Quebec, 143. Hd At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal, 123. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France; Bonnechose, Montcalm et le Canada Français; Casgrain, Montcalm et Lévis; Martin, Le Marquis de Montcalm; Guérin, Montcalm; Manuscrits de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7.

Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron (1790-1866). British statesman. Index: Sy Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the peerage as Lord Monteagle, 57. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Montgomery, John. W Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72. T Surveyor-general, 41.

Montgomery, John (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto. Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. Index: Mc Banished, 437; escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian Refugees, 448. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Montgomery, Richard (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. Index: Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. Hd Captures Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Jones, The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776.

Montigny, Abbé de. L Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19.

Montigny-sur-Avre. L Birthplace of Laval, 17.

Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de. Came to Canada as governor, 1636. Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died there shortly afterwards. Index: Ch Restored Fort St. Louis, and named it Château St. Louis, 158. F Second governor of Canada, 27; retirement of, 35. L His pious administration, 8. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Charlevoix, History of New France.

Montmorency. Seven miles below Quebec. Index: WM British establish themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss, 143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate their position, 158.

Montmorency Family. L Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. See also Laval.

Montmorency, Henri, Duc de (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624 conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour; served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured the islands of Ré and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed. Index: Ch Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration causes dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns position of viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. F Becomes lieutenant for Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. L Executed, 18. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Montmorency, Mathieu. L Ancestor of Laval, 17.

Montmorency House. Below Quebec. Index: Hd Residence of Haldimand, 301; occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345.

Montpensier, Mlle. de. F Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63.

Montreal. Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Champlain had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec, Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys, joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later history has been largely one of material progress. Index: Hd Lévis at, 34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at, 91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of, 233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old burying-ground in, 345. T Transaction connected with its bonds causes defeat of Taché government, 69. L Church erected at, 84; foundation stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description of, 89. F Hôtel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of, 33; settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56; Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77; expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of trading canoes from the lakes, 324. E Public reception to Elgin, 41; riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79; ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his farewell address, 204. B Election methods in 1844, 25. Dr British residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at, disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. BL Sir Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander, 146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital, 181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Taché on, 181; opposition in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition, 183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275; returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. Sy Charter of, reëstablished, 255; change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. Bk Description and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100. Md Ceases to be seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues Annexation Manifesto in 1849, 39, 40. S The entrepôt between Britain and Upper Canada, 109. C Cartier warns people of the importance to city's welfare of means of transportation, 47; urged as terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway, 52. See also Ville Marie; Mount Royal. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire du Montreal, 1640-1672; Morin, Le vieux Montreal; McLennan, Anciens Montrealais ("Canada Français," vol. 3); Bosworth, Hochelaga Depicta; Sandham, Ville-Marie; Warburton, Hochelaga; Leblond de Brumath, Histoire Populaire de Montreal; Lighthall, Montreal after Two Hundred and Fifty Years; McLennan, Montreal, 1642-1842, and Dawson, Montreal, 1842-1892 in the Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal Board of Trade. See also under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier; Marguerite Bourgeoys; Mademoiselle Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame d'Youville; and in publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec Literary and Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada. Contemporary descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and Landmann.

Montreal, Island of. Dr Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship of, abolished, 21. L Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to the Sulpicians, 108.

Montreal Company. Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the North West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander Norman McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman, western fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of its success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin, Roderick Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted between the two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the Athabaska department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company, quarrelled with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally shot. This serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand Portage, a conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies in 1788. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, The Great Company. See also North West Company; X Y Company.

Montresor. Dr His survey of route through Maine, 106.

Montreuil, Chevalier de. Served during the French campaigns in America from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in 1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy, with the rank of major-general. Index: WM Advances Guienne regiment to meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of the Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Gravé in 1603, and had conceived no very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia. In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy, and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Gravé on an expedition to the St. Lawrence. Index: F Ten years trading patent, with position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition to Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. Ch Commissioned as lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years' privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France. See also Champlain.

Moodie, Colonel. Mc Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837.

Moodie, Susanna (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In 1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie, and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839 her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous works of fiction and poetry. Bib.: Works: Roughing it in the Bush; Life in the Clearings. For full list of her writings, see Morgan, Bib. Can. For biog., see McMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Moody, Richard Clement (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies. Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster, the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works. In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. Index: D In charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237; arrives, 246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as capital of British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of capital, 247; returns to England, 1863, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Moravian Indians. Hd Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of peace, 171.

Moreau, M. Ch On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. Bib.: Histoire de l'Acadie Française, 1598-1755.

Morel. Ch Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in 1617, 112.

Morel, Thomas. Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first curé of Château Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes. Index: L Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupré, 101; arrested, 163; released, 164; death of, 219.

Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de Gaure, in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a lieutenancy in the regiment of Chambellé, afterwards being promoted to the rank of captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665, and was with La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for France, and returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and that of La Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec; and took part in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687, and again in 1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and granted a pension of six hundred francs. Index: F Post commander, ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the way, 210; reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced, 241. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Morgan, Daniel (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars. Took the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec; captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. Index: Dr Leader of Virginia Mountaineers in attack on Quebec, 128. Bib.: Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Morgan, Maurice. Dr Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51; returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203.

Morin. L Describes church at Montreal, 89.

Morin, Augustin Norbert (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration, Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853; commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada, 1859. Index: BL On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his letters to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; commissioner of crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, 252; Draper attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, 283; occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint premiership with Hincks, 359. B Brown acknowledges his services in cause of responsible government, 67. C Sides against the government, 7; his standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99-100. E Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in 1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113; commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127; defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court, 187; his services as a statesman, 236. Sy His letter to Hincks, 294. P Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85; supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109; his articles in La Minerve, 101. Md Forms administration with Hincks, 47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; accepts, in 1855, a seat on the bench, 74. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years; Hincks, Reminiscences.

Mornay, Louis-François Duplessis de. Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733. Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but never came to America. Index: L Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.

Morris, Colonel. Dr Presided over department of Loyalist claims, 202.

Morris, Alexander (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated at the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public life in 1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, 1869-1872; appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1872; and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the Ontario Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. Index: B Member for South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, Nova Britannia, 129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. Bib.: Works: Nova Britannia; Canada and Her Resources; Treaties of Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Morris, Charles. Born in England. Under the direction of Governor Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In command of a company during the action at Grand Pré. Assisted in laying out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775; surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Morris, James (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St. Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In 1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. Index: E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Morris, William (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general; and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. Index: Sy Claims share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. BL Member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Morrison, Joseph Curran (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847 deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the same year receiver-general in the Taché-Macdonald administration. Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1877, which position he filled until his death. Index: E Solicitor-general, West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. B His connection with the contempt of court case against George Brown, 249-254; solicitor-general under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. Macdonald, 250. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Morrison, Thomas David. Mc Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids Mackenzie's petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign "Declaration of Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct explained, 350; joins Rebellion movement, 357. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Morse, Colonel. S Recommends union of British North American provinces, 4.

Moss, Sir Charles (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897; chief justice of Ontario, 1902. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Moss, Thomas (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875. Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877. Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice, France. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Motin. Ch Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.

Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de (1729-1800). WM With band of Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. Bib.: Morice, Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest.

Mounier. Dr One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

Mount Allison College. Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to University of Mount Allison College, 1886.

Mount Royal. L Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.

Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron (1829- ). Born in Dufftown, Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal, and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating $1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In 1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. Index: Md Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.

Mountain, George Jehoshaphat (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821 archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal, 1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850 bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. Index: R Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am. and Last Three Bishops; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Mountain, Jacob (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings, appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices. Index: Dr First bishop of Quebec, 271. S Appointed bishop of Quebec, 158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive councillor, 160. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Mounted Police. See Royal North-West Mounted Police.

Moustier, Count. Dr French minister to United States, proposes to visit Canada, 247-248.

Mowat, Sir Oliver (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864, and in the Taché coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to 1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897 lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death. Index: B Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership, 141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government, to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government, 158; reëlected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight for provincial rights, 207. Md Enters Macdonald's office as a student, 6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario boundary dispute, 252-258. T Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men; Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat; Clarke, Sixty Years in Upper Canada.

Muir, Major. Bk Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown and Maguaga, 237, 238-241.

Mulock, Sir William (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the bar of Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of the Law Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905, postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of Ontario. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Municipal Government. BL Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; Law Journal on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298; terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. Sy Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277; Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill, 324; bill passed, 325. S Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. Bib.: Wickett, City Government in Canada and Municipal Government in North-West Territories; Shortt, Municipal Government in Ontario; Ewart, Municipal History of Manitoba; Weir, Municipal Institutions in Quebec (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).

Munro, John. S Member of Legislative Council, 79.

Murders. Ch Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.

Murdoch, Beamish. Historian. Index: H Contributes to The Club edited by Joseph Howe in the Nova Scotian, 10; his independent stand in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. Bib.: History of Nova Scotia.

Murdoch, T. W. C. Sy Appointed civil secretary, 152.

Murray. R Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular education in Upper Canada, 163.

Murray. Dr One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

Murray, Sir George (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, 1794; in the West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic expedition, and in Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the Peninsular War, and for his services promoted major-general, and made K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, 1823; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, 1828-1830. Index: Sy Colonial secretary, 16. Bk Disapproves employment of German troops, 136. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Murray, Mrs. George. Bk Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) Murray 142.

Murray, George Henry (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration, 1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Murray, James (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains, 1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772 lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted general. Index: WM Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of Canada, and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with four battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; takes command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet Lévis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Lévis, 256; orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with British colonies, 269. Dr Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahé to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21; summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship, 57. B Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and schools, 51-52. Bk His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. P His iron rule relaxed, 8. Hd Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, 41; his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary measures, 43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France and The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.

Murray, Colonel John. W Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.

Musgrave, Sir Anthony (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869; governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of Queensland, 1888. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, succeeding Seymour, 149. D His work for Confederation, 312, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk In command at Fort George, 225.

Myrand, Ernest. F Author of Frontenac et Ses Amis, 229; his work, Sir William Phipps devant Québec, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in siege of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's portrait, 361.

Nairne, Captain John. Hd Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.

Napagabiscou. Ch Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's arrival, 176.

Napoleon I (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799. Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped, raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to St. Helena, where he died. Index: Bk Crowned as emperor, 71; threatens Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin Decrees, 81; endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United States, 98, 111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, 106-108; his Milan Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; triumphs over Austria at Wagram, 117. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and lives mentioned in article.

Natel, Antoine. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.

Nation. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: B Radical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.

National Club. Social club at Toronto. Index: B Founded during Canada First movement, 235.

National Policy. B Secret of its success in 1878, 241. Md Description and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of placing its advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its advantages, 221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into effect, 228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, after its operation for three years, 273. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.; Conservative Party.

Navigation, Art of. Ch Highly praised by Champlain, 7.

Navigation Acts. Sy Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. E Their disastrous effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes address praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.

Navy Hall. S Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests entertained at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for accommodation of naval officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. Bk Residence of Governor Simcoe at Niagara, 57.

Naxouat. F Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.

Needham, William H. T Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, 86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.

Negroes. Dr Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. See also Slavery.

Neilson, John (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and in 1797 edited the Quebec Gazette. Member of the provincial Assembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. Index: Sy Proprietor of Quebec Gazette, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. P Proprietor of Quebec Gazette—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent attitude towards government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102; attacked by Papineau, 169. BL Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Nelles, S. S. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

Nelson, Horatio, Viscount (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. Index: Bk His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. Hd Captain of Albemarle, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Southey, Life of Nelson; Mahan, Life of Nelson; Dispatches and Letters, ed. by Nicolas. See also lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton.

Nelson, Robert (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J. Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. Index: P Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nelson, Wolfred (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison Inspectors, 1859. Index: P With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads Patriotes at St. Denis, 128; said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. E His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted to return from exile, 91. BL Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. C Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8. Mc Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nelson River. Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there, 1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631. The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (q.v.). Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West.

Neptune. WM Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.

Nesbitt, William. Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years. Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Nesle, Captain de. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.

Neuchâtel, Canton of. Hd Haldimand born in, 3.

Neutral Nation. An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brébeuf and Chaumonot, in 1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious. Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Lalemant, Relations, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau, Relations, 1648, 1651.

New Brunswick. The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a separate province. Index: Dr Creation of province, 224. Sy Satisfactory political condition of, 265. B Confederation an issue in, and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. Md Its attitude towards Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of 1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity, 298. See also Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain. Bib.: Hannay, History of Acadia and History of New Brunswick.

New Brunswick, College of. W Early history of, 10. See also New Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).

New Brunswick, University of. W Established as provincial university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. T History of, 48-49. See also New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).

New Brunswick Land Company. W Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29, 36.

New Caledonia. D Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other products of the district, 99. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia.