INDEX

• Abazi, Dede (religious leader): 98
• administrative divisions: vii, 33, 34 (fig. 3), 35
• adult education: 87, 88, 90-91
• agas: 95
• agrarian reform: 15, 16, 75;
  • law, 21, 96
• agreements. See treaties and agreements
• agriculture (see also collective farms, crops, state farms):
  • deterrents to goal attainment, 145;
  • exports, 151, 174;
  • five-year plans, 145, 152, 155-59 passim;
  • imports, 173;
  • investment, 167;
  • land use, acreage, 152;
  • mechanization, 146, 152;
  • new methods, 145, 152;
  • pattern of organization, 146, 151, 153;
  • production, 145, 151-52, 155-56 (tables 10, 11), 157-59;
  • productivity, 149;
  • share of labor force, 147;
  • summary, viii
• aid, foreign (see also under specific country and under Communist countries): 3, 4;
  • economic, 146, 169-71;
  • military, 175-79 passim, 190;
  • summary, ix
• air force: 180, 184-85; chief, 184
• air transport: ix, 46-47
• airbases: 184-85
• Albanian (language): 55-56, 137
• Albanian Party Political Bureau. See Politburo
• Albanian Telegraphic Agency (news agency): 131-32
• Albanian Workers' Party (see also Central Committee, Central Commission on Education, Directorate of, Politburo, Secretariat): v, 1;
  • activists and agitators, 107, 125, 128, 129;
  • book publishing, 134;
  • communication channels, 125;
  • Conference, 114;
  • Congress, 113;
  • control over people and institutions, 2, 93-94, 111, 135, 137, 140, 142, 146, 147, 176, 185-86, 192-93, 194;
  • and the courts, 107;
  • discipline, 114;
  • economic goal, 145;
  • founded, 17;
  • institutes, 117;
  • mass organizations as levers of, 117-18;
  • members in security forces, 193;
  • membership, 115;
  • national and regional organization, 111-15;
  • operations, 115-16;
  • organization within armed forces, 175;
  • political power, 103-04, 106;
  • religious policy, 100;
  • schools, 116-17;
  • slogan, 181;
  • Stalinist methods, 121;
  • statutes, 113-14, 115, 116, 118, 128
• Albanian Writers' Union: 56
• Ali, Hafez Musa Haxhi (religious leader): 98
• Alia, Ramiz (Politburo secretary): 111, 112
• alphabet, Albanian: 49, 56, 83
• American Agricultural School (Kavaje): 84
• American Junior Red Cross: 84
• American Technical School (Tirana): 84
• anti-Communists:
  • organizations, 18;
  • records on, 195
• Antoniu, Kristaq (singer): 142
• Apponyi, Geraldine (wife of Zog I): 16
• area: vii, 1, 25
• armed forces (see also People's Army): chief of staff, 180;
  • civilian activities, 152, 181;
  • decorations, 187-88;
  • defense budget, 191;
  • equipment, 175, 179, 181-82, 183, 184;
  • foreign aid, 175-79 passim, 190;
  • historical background, 177-79;
  • medical services, 187;
  • military courts, 108;
  • military schools, 186-87;
  • mission, 181;
  • mobilization potential, 185;
  • Party control of, 111, 185-86;
  • Party organization within, 115, 175;
  • political indoctrination of, 185-86, 190;
  • rank designations, 175, 180;
  • resistance to Italian occupation, 178-79;
  • strength, 175, 181, 183, 184;
  • summary, ix
• Army of National Liberation: 18, 64, 111
• arts, fine: 142-43
• Asdreni, —— (poet): 139
• Austria-Hungary: 14
• authority:
  • under communism, 68;
  • traditional attitude toward, 67, 71
• automobiles: 65
  
  
• Bajraktari, Muharem (chieftain): 72
• bajraktars (tribal chieftains): 67, 71, 74
• balance of trade, 171
• Balli Kombetar (National Front): 18, 74, 139;
  • supporters, 72
• Balluku, Beqir (min. of defense): 111, 180
• banking: 168-69
• Bashkimi (newspaper): 129, 130 (table 7)
• Bektashi (religious group): 97, 98
• Belishova, Liri (former Politburo member): 23
• besa (pledge): 53
• beys: 2, 5, 10, 13, 17, 72, 73, 74;
  • creation of the class, 95;
  • during civil war, 74;
  • seizure of their land, 21;
  • social position, 67, 70, 73
• bibliography: 197-207
• bicycles: 65
• birth rate: 51
• books: publishing and distribution, 133-34
• boundaries: 25, 26, 31-33;
  • border security (see Frontier Guards);
  • potential for dispute, 4, 9, 31;
  • settlement (1913), 14, 25
• Broz, Josip (Tito): 19, 21, 22, 122
• budget (see also expenditures, revenue, taxes): 164-67;
  • defense, 191;
  • responsibility for preparing, 106;
  • social and cultural sectors, 58
• Buene River: 39, 47, 183
• Bulgaria: aid and trade, 170, 172
• Byron, Lord: 96
  
  
• Cako, Hito (chief, Army Political Directorate): 186
• capital goods: output, 160-61
• Carcani, Adil (Politburo member): 112, 120
• Central Commission on Education: 92, 94, 112
• Central Committee: 92, 94, 105, 113, 116, 117, 127;
  • composition, 77, 112;
  • functions, 114;
  • and labor situation, 147, 148, 149;
  • members in Council of Ministers, 106;
  • publications, 129, 131
• Charles I of Anjou: 11
• children: welfare provisions, 64
• China, Communist: aid, economic, 122-23, 160, 170, 171, 172;
  • aid, military, 175, 176-77, 179, 184, 190;
  • debt to, 171;
  • economic effect of alignment with, 146;
  • education and training in, 92;
  • influence, 23;
  • jointly owned shipping line, 47;
  • relations with, v, 3, 104, 121-23;
  • trade, 172, 174
• Christianity: introduction, 11, 95
• chrome: 44
• Churchill, Winston: 19
• Ciano, Count (Italian Foreign Min.): 16
• Cikuli, Ziza (poet): 140
• cities: growth, 75;
  • population, 49, 50, 51, 56
• civil war (1943-44): 18-19;
  • fate of anti-Communists, 74
• clans. See tribes and clans
• clergymen: 73;
  • Communist actions against, 96, 97-98, 99-101
• climate: vii, 4, 26, 35, 36 (table 1), 37
• collective farms: 145, 146, 151;
  • basic features, 153-54;
  • labor force, size, 147, 148;
  • number and size, 154-55;
  • patriarchalism, 80;
  • personal income, 153-54;
  • private plots, 154, 157, 159, 166;
  • work performance, 151-52
• Cominform. See Communist Information Bureau
• communications (see also press, radio, television): 125-35;
  • ownership, 110;
  • summary, ix
• Communist Information Bureau (Cominform): 21, 179
• Communist countries:
  • aid, 21, 169, 170;
  • education and training in, 91;
  • trade, 172
• Communist Party. See Albanian Workers' Party
• Communist regime:
  • attitudes toward population growth, ethnic differences, and blood feuds, 51, 53;
  • consolidation of power, 20-23;
  • efforts to alter social structure, 67-69, 73-83;
  • gains claimed, 6, 45, 50, 53, 58, 59, 75, 91, 94, 145, 149, 151, 155, 159, 165-66;
  • goals, 2;
  • installation date, 9;
  • policy toward religious groups, 96, 97, 100
• Communists: seizure of power, 17-20
  • concentration camps. See labor camps
• cooperatives: agricultural, 136
• copper ore: export, 44
• Conference of Peze (1942): 17
• Constituent Assembly: People's Republic proclaimed by, 20
• constitution:
  • first Communist, 20, 74, 86, 96, 113;
  • independence, 14;
  • provisions, 101, 104-08 passim
• consumer goods: output, 161
• cotton: 151, 155, 156 (table 10)
• Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA): 21;
  • member, 121
• Council of Ministers: 132, 134, 150, 164, 179;
  • description, 106;
  • and religious control, 97
• courts: 107-08;
  • military, 108, 190;
  • summary, viii
• crime: 79, 128, 176;
  • military, 190
• crops (see also specific crop):
  • industrial, 151;
  • production, 155, 156 (table 10);
  • yields, 41
• culture:
  • achievements, 137-38;
  • development, 135-43;
  • dominant themes under communism, 136;
  • indoctrination through institutions, 135;
  • Party control of activities, 135, 137, 140, 142
• currency: viii, 167-68
• Czechoslovakia: 123;
  • aid, 170;
  • trade, 172
  
  
• Dako, Kristo (school founder): 84
• death rate: 51
• defense: budgetary expenditures, 166
• Deljana, Thoma (Min., Education and Culture): 88
• Democratic Front: 1, 103, 109, 117;
  • described, 118-19;
  • newspaper, 129;
  • NLF renamed, 19
• Dhrami, M. (artist): 143
• diet: 62
• Directorate of:
  • Agitation and Propaganda (Agitprop), 112, 127;
  • Cadres and Organizations, 112;
  • Education and Culture, 92, 94, 112;
  • Mass Organizations, 112;
  • Radiobroadcasting, 132;
  • State Administrative Organs, 112;
  • State Security, 111, 176, 193-94
• disease: 59-60
• divorce: 79-80
• doctors: 61
• drainage. See lakes, rivers
• Drin River: 37, 39, 47, 160, 164
• Dume, Gen. Petrit (army chief of staff): 180, 192
• Durres (port): 11, 183;
  • facilities, 47;
  • population, 51, 57;
  • transportation, 46
  
  
• East-West conflict: position in, 2, 121
• economic planning: Communists view of, 110
• economic plans (see also Five-Year Plans): responsibility for preparation, 106
• economy:
  • major objective, 7;
  • status of, 146;
  • summary, viii
• education (see also schools): 83-94;
  • discrimination, 77;
  • eight-year, obligatory, 88-89;
  • first objective, 69;
  • function of information media, 126-27;
  • indoctrination of youth, 69;
  • medical training, 61;
  • military, 88, 90;
  • Party control, 93-94;
  • pre-Communist period, 83-85;
  • reform, 88;
  • and social mobility, 69;
  • status of, 6;
  • summary, viii;
  • system, 87-89 (fig. 5), 90-94;
  • technical, 86-87
• Educational Reform Law (1946): 86
• Elbasan (city): 46, 49, 57
• elections: 1, 19, 20;
  • Assembly representatives, 105;
  • candidate selection, 103, 104, 107, 109, 116-17;
  • character and procedure, 108-09;
  • mobilization of voters, 128
• electricity. See power, electric
• elite: Party, 64, 69, 77, 78, 106;
  • ruling, 2, 10, 68, 73, 96, 121
• employment: 147
• ethnic groups: 5, 6, 9, 49, 52-55;
  • minor, 54-55
• European nations: relations with, 123; trade, 174
• expenditures: 165, 166-67;
  • defense, 191
• exports: 172, 173-74;
  • agricultural, 151, 174;
  • industrial, 161, 162, 174;
  • principal, 44;
  • summary, viii
  
  
• Faja, Baba. See Martaneshi, Baba Mustafa Faja
• family:
  • under communism, 74;
  • efforts to revolutionize, 68, 81-83;
  • rate of increase in number of, 75;
  • role in politics, 77;
  • as social force, 6;
  • traditional organization, 67, 70-71
• farm credits: 169
• farms. See collective farms, state farms
• Fejzo, Baba (clergyman): 98
• fertilizer: 160
• feuds, blood: 6, 53-54, 71
• Fier (city):
  • oil refinery and power plant, 160;
  • population, 49, 57
• Filce, Gjorgjija (singer): 142
• films: 141
• finance (see also currency, banking, budget): 164-69;
  • summary, viii
• Five-Year Plans:
  • First (1951-55) and Second (1956-60), 159;
  • Third (1961-65), 145, 149, 165, 170;
  • Fourth (1966-70), 145, 152, 155-59 passim, 165, 171, 172;
  • Fifth (1971-75), 164, 171
• Floqi, Kristo (playwright): 140
• food:
  • prices, 64;
  • processing, 162
• foreign aid. See aid, foreign
• foreign relations: 121-23
• forests: 26, 41-42
• France:
  • relations with, 23;
  • trade, 173
• Franciscans: 97, 100, 139
• Frasheri, Midhat (political leader): 18, 139
• Frasheri, Naim (writer): 139
• Frasheri, Sami (playwright): 140
• Frontier Guards: 111, 176, 194
• fruit:
  • citrus, 30;
  • exports, 174;
  • production, 151, 155, 156 (table 10)
• Fuga, Myqerem (Institute head): 117
  
  
• gas: reserves, 44
• Geg (language): 56, 137
• Gega, Lira (former Politburo member): 22
• Gegs (ethnic group): 6;
  • ethnic characteristics, 53;
  • population, 52;
  • social structure, 70-72
• Germany: resistance to occupation by, 179
• Germany, East: aid and trade, 170, 172
• Gjata, Fatmir (writer): 140
• glossary: 209
• government:
  • appointment of officials, 116;
  • character of, 1, 103, 104, 108;
  • local, 106-07;
  • Party control of, 103, 104, 106;
  • structure, 104-07;
  • summary, vii
• grain: bread grain production, 151, 155, 156 (table 10)
• Great Britain: 178
• Greece:
  • Albanians living in, 55;
  • boundary claim, 14, 26;
  • relations with, 9, 123;
  • shared border, 25, 31, 32;
  • trade, 173
• Greeks (ethnic group): 54
• gross industrial product (GIP): minerals share, 44
• gross national product (GNP): per capita, 50
• Gypsies: 54, 55
  
  
• harbors: 183
• Hasbiu, Gen. Kadri: 77, 111, 193
• Hasko, Arif (air force chief): 184
• health and medicine:
  • facilities, 61;
  • military medicine, 187;
  • mobile medical teams and equipment, 61;
  • personnel and training, 61;
  • services, 58;
  • status of, 6, 50, 59-62;
  • summary, viii
• history: 9-23
• Hitler, Adolf: 17
• holidays: 10, 78
• hospitals: 61
• houses: description, 63
• housing:
  • investment, 167;
  • loans, 169;
  • status, 51, 62-63
• Hoxha, Enver (Party first secretary): 1, 3, 11, 17-23 passim, 53, 62, 77, 80, 84, 88, 100-05 passim, 111, 115-27
  • passim, 136, 142;
  • relation to defense establishment, 180;
  • relation to security police, 193;
  • rise to leadership, 179
• Hoxha (Enver) United Army Officers School: 186
• Hoxha, Nexhmije (Party official): 77, 93, 112, 117
• Hoxha-Shehu duumvirate: overthrow attempt, 22
• Hungary: 172
• Hunyadi (Hungarian king): 12
• hydroelectric power:
  • potential, 40, 162, 163;
  • station, 159, 160, 164
  
  
• identification cards: 195
• illiteracy: 7, 86, 94, 126
• imports: viii, 172, 173
• income:
  • collective farm workers, 153-54;
  • national, major source, 7;
  • taxes, 165
• independence: 2, 3, 9, 10, 13-16, 139, 176, 177;
  • proclaimed, 14
• indoctrination: political and social, 69, 126, 135, 140, 147, 185-86, 190
• industry: 146, 159-64;
  • budgetary expenditures, 166, 167;
  • construction projects, 159, 160;
  • deterrents to development, 161;
  • exports, 161, 162, 174;
  • five-year plans, 159, 164,170;
• imports, 173;
  • nationalization, 21, 110;
  • production, 160-63 (table 12);
  • productivity, 149-50, 161;
  • progress toward goal, 145;
  • structure, 160;
  • summary, viii
• infant mortality: 50, 60
• information media (see also press, radio, television): functions, ownership, and control, 2, 125-29
• Institute for Economic Studies: 117
• Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies: 117
• Institute of Party History: 117
• intellectuals: 73, 76-77
• interest rate: 169
• investment: budgetary expenditures, 167
• iron: 44
• irrigation: 40, 152, 153
• Islam. See Muslim religion
• Italy:
  • aid, military, 178, 192;
  • and Albanian independence, 13-14;
  • invasion and annexation by, 3, 9, 16-17;
  • relations with, 9, 16, 23, 121;
  • resistance to occupation by, 178-79;
  • trade, 173
  
  
• Jakova, Tonin (trade union officer): 120
• Jakova, Tuk (former Politburo member): 100
• Jesuits: 83, 97
• judges: election of, 108
• justice (see also courts): summary, viii
  
  
• Kapo, Hysni (Party official): 77, 82, 112, 117, 118
• Kapo, Vito (women's organization head): 77, 119
• Kastrioti, Gjergj. See Skanderbeg
• Kastrioti, John of Kruje (tribal chieftain): 12
• Kellezi, Abdyl (chmn., People's Assembly): 105
• Khrushchev, Nikita: 22, 23, 122
• Kisi, Archbishop Kristofor: 98
• Koliqi, Ernest (playwright): 140
• Kominino, Gjergi (poet): 140
• Kono, Kristro (composer): 142
• Korce (city): 51, 57
• Kosmet: disposition of, 18
• Kosovo area (Yugoslavia): 31, 33
• Kryeziu, Gani bey (chieftain): 73
• Kupi, Abas (founder, political organization): 18
  
  
• labor (see also labor force):
  • summary, vii;
  • voluntary, 150-51, 162
• labor brigades (youth): 118
• labor camps: 20, 74, 77, 98, 193, 194
• Labor Code: 110
• labor force:
  • adequacy, 146-47;
  • attitude toward employment, 148;
  • attitude toward industrial modernization, 161;
  • education and indoctrination, 147, 161-62;
  • effect of socialization of the land, 151;
  • labor norms, 150;
  • nonagricultural workers, 73;
  • Party control over, 146, 147;
  • productivity and discipline, 147-50 passim, 161;
  • size and distribution, 147-48;
  • working conditions, 78
• lakes: 31, 32, 38 (fig. 4), 39, 47
• land:
  • in agricultural use, 152;
  • arable, 26, 41;
  • private plots, 154, 157, 159, 166;
  • reclamation and melioration, 152;
  • seizure and redistribution, 21;
  • socialization, 151
• language: 49, 55-56;
  • foreign broadcasts, 132-33;
  • official, 56;
  • summary, viii
• League for Defense of Rights of the Albanian Nation: 13
• Legality Movement: 18, 74;
  • supporters, 72
• lek (currency): exchange rates, 167
• Lenin (V. I.) Institute: 117
• Leshi, Haxhi (head of state): 72, 105
• libraries: 134-35
• life expectancy: 51
• limestone: 30, 31, 44
• literature: 138-40
• livestock and livestock products: 154;
  • production, 152, 155, 156 (table 11), 157-58
• living conditions: 49-50, 58-65
• loans and credits: 169, 170-71
  
  
• machine tractor stations: 146, 153, 165
• machinery: 161
• malaria: 59
• malnutrition: 60
• Mana, A. (sculptor): 143
• management:
  • attitude toward industrial modernization, 161;
  • and productivity lag, 149-50
• marriage:
  • under communism, 74;
  • customs, 68, 71;
  • laws and rate, 79
• Martaneshi, Baba Mustafa Faja (clergyman): 98
• Marxism-Leninism: 67, 68, 104, 121, 122;
  • teaching of, 86, 87, 88, 94, 117, 119, 126, 128-29, 135
• medical services. See health and medicine
• midwives: 61
• migration: 51, 75, 148
• Mijo, Sokrat (theater entrepreneur): 140
• Mijo, Vangjush (artist): 142
• military training (see also schools, military): in school system, 88, 90
• minerals: 30, 31, 44, 160, 173
• Ministry of:
  • Education and Culture, 87, 93, 134, 137, 141, 142;
  • Foreign Affairs, 134;
  • Health, 59, 60, 61;
  • Interior, 115, 176, 190, 193, 194;
  • National Defense, 134;
  • People's Defense, 115, 175, 176, 179, 186
• Mjeda, Dom Ndre (poet): 139
• Mugosha, Dusan (Party founder): 17
• Mukaj agreement (political parties): 18
• museums: 135
• music: 141-42
• Muslim religion: 7;
  • conversion to under Ottomans, 12, 67, 94-95;
  • number of members, 95
• Mussolini, Benito: 16
  
  
• name of country: vii, 11
• National Liberation Front: 1, 175;
  • seizure of government, 19
• National Liberation Movement: 103, 139, 179;
  • created, 17;
  • supporters, 72, 73
• nationalism: 5, 9, 126, 136, 139, 175, 177
• nationalization:
  • effect on social structure, 75;
  • of industry, 21, 141;
  • information media, 126;
  • of schools, 84
• naval forces: 180, 182-84;
  • commander, 182
• Ndoja, Mark (poet): 140
• Ndreu, Dalli (former Gen.): 22
• Near East Foundation: 84
• Nendori (literary monthly): 100, 101
• news agency: 131-32
• newspapers: 129, 130 (table 7)
• Nigris, Monsignor (apostolic nuncio): 99
• Nikon, Bishop: 99
• Noli, Bishop Fan S.: 15, 16, 73, 139
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 176
• nurseries (day care): 68, 148
• nurses: 61
• Nushi, Gogo (president, trade unions): 120
• nutrition: 62
  
  
• oil:
  • production, 163 (table 12);
  • refinery, 160;
  • reserves, 44
• organizations:
  • anti-communist, 18;
  • mass, 117-21
• Orthodox Church of Albania: 7, 67, 98;
  • members, 95
• Ottoman rule: 3, 12-13
  
  
• Paco, J. (sculptor): 143
• Paisi, Archbishop: 99
• Paluca, Maria (singer): 142
• paramilitary training: 188-90
• Pasha, Mehmet Ali (governor of Egypt): 12
• Pasha, Pasko Vasa (playwright): 140
• pashas: 2, 5, 13;
  • creation of the class, 95;
  • social leadership, 70
• Paskal, Odhise (sculptor): 142
• pastures: 41, 152
• patriarchalism: 67;
  • efforts to eradicate, 68, 80-83
• peasants:
  • attitude toward collectivism and modern methods, 145, 151, 157, 158, 159;
  • conditions under communism, 78-79;
  • religion, 95
• People's army (see also air force, naval forces): ground forces, 181-82;
  • organizational patterns, 180;
  • position in government, 179-80;
  • rank designations, 180-81;
  • strength, ix, 181, 183, 184;
  • training and paramilitary training, 182-90 passim
• People's Assembly: 106, 108, 116, 164, 179-80, 190;
  • aim and sphere of action, 109;
  • description, 104-05;
  • power and influence, 110
• People's councils:
  • description, 106-07;
  • as Party levers, 117-18
• People's Police: 111, 176, 195
• periodicals: 130, 131 (table 8)
• Pioneer organizations: 118
• pipeline: xiv (fig. 1), 44, 46
• Plasari, Ndreci (institute head): 117
• poetry: 139
• Poland: 172
• police. See Directorate of State Security, Frontier Guards, People's Police
• Politburo: 21, 105, 112, 113;
  • communication media policy, 127;
  • composition, 77;
  • and the educational system, 92;
  • and the labor situation, 148, 150;
  • members in Council of Ministers, 106;
  • Secretariat, 111;
  • top executive branches, 111
• politics:
  • and creation of the modern state, 15-17;
  • historical background, 5-6;
  • locus of power, 2, 103, 108-11 passim;
  • role of family connections, 77;
  • the system, 108-21
• Popovic, Miladin (Party founder): 17
• population:
  • control by Party and police, 2, 93-94, 137, 146, 176, 192-93, 194;
  • ethnic composition, 1, 5, 6, 9, 49, 52-55;
  • growth rate, 49, 51;
  • rural character, 50, 56;
  • social composition, 76 (table 4);
  • statistics, 1, 49, 50-52 (table 3);
  • summary, vii;
  • working age, 147
• Poradeci, Lasgush (poet): 139
• ports: ix; facilities, 47
• potatoes: 155, 156 (table 10)
• power, electric (see also hydroelectric power):
  • extent of use, 50, 58, 162, 163 (table 12);
  • insufficiency, 44;
  • production, 163 (table 12), 164;
  • thermal plant, 160, 162
• Prennushi, P. Vincenc (poet): 139
• Presidium: 108;
  • description, 105-06, 111;
  • president, 72, 105
• press: 125-28 passim, 129-32;
  • use for Party purposes, 126-27
• prices: consumer commodities, 64-65
• proletariat: dictatorship of, 108-11
• Puna (newspaper): 129, 130 (table 7)
  
  
• radio:
  • foreign broadcasting, 132-33;
  • receivers and stations, 132, 133 (table 9);
  • use for Party purposes, 126-27
• Radio Tirana: v, 132
• railroads: ix, xiv (fig. 1), 45-46
• rainfall: 4, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36 (table 1), 37
• Rama, K. (artist): 143
• Red Cross: 61
• regions, natural: 26-31
• religion (see also clergymen, Orthodox Church, Muslim religion, Roman Catholic Church): 5;
  • under Communists, 96-102;
  • eradication efforts, 7, 69, 96-102;
  • law to control, 96-97;
  • summary, viii;
  • traditional attitudes toward differences, 67, 96;
  • wealth confiscation, of religious bodies, 96
• resources, natural: 41-44;
  • ownership, 110
• revenue: 164, 165-66
• rice: 155, 156 (table 10)
• rivers: 37, 38 (fig. 4), 39-40 (table 2)
• roads: ix, xiv, (fig. 1), 25, 27, 45
• Rockefeller Foundation: 59
• Roman Catholic Church: 7, 67;
  • actions against, 99-100;
  • membership, 95
• Romania: aid and trade, 170, 172
• Rruga e Partise (Party monthly): 117, 127, 131
• Russia: 13, 14
  
  
• Sako, Zihni (writer): 140
• salt: 44
• sanitation: 58, 62
• Sazan Island:
  • air base, 185;
  • Sea Defense Brigade, 183
• schools:
  • Catholic, 99;
  • enrollment, 91, 92 (table 5), 93 (table 6);
  • higher institutes, 86, 90, 93 (table 6);
  • military, 186-87;
  • nationalization, 84;
  • number of, 92 (table 5);
  • paramilitary training, 188-90;
  • Party, 116-17;
  • pre-Communist period, 83-85;
  • secondary, 90
• security forces (see also Directorate of State Security, Frontier Guards, People's Army, People's Police): 175-95;
  • control of population by, 176, 192-93;
  • Party control of, 111;
  • summary, ix
• Sejko, Teme (former naval commander): 22, 190
• Semen River: 39
• settlement: patterns, 4, 49, 56-58
• Shehu, Fiqrete (Party school head): 77, 117
• Shehu, Mehmet (Prime Minister): 1, 22, 77, 84, 88, 90, 92, 103, 104, 105, 111, 116, 122
• Shehu (Mehmet) Military Academy: 187
• Shijak: airbase, 184
• Shijaku, S. (artist): 143
• shipping: 47
• Shkoder (city):
  • population, 51, 57;
  • theater, 140
• Siliqi, Llazar (poet): 140
• Skanderbeg (national hero): 5, 10, 12, 138, 175, 177
• Skanderbeg military school: 186
• Skenderi, Vehbi (poet): 140
• social insurance, 63-64
• society (see also authority, divorce, elite, family, marriage, peasants, tribes and clans, women, youth):
  • character of, 1-7;
  • under communism, 68, 73-83;
  • structure, 67-102;
  • traditional patterns and values, 67, 69-73;
  • by type of employment, 76 (table 4)
• soils: 26, 41
• Soviet Union:
  • aid, economic, 7, 122, 141, 154, 169, 170;
  • aid, military, 175, 176, 179, 183, 184, 192;
  • break with, 122;
  • debt to, 170;
  • de-Stalinization campaign repercussions, 21;
  • education and training in, 61, 87, 91;
  • farm model, 153;
  • relations with, v, 2, 3, 21, 23, 104, 112, 121, 122, 123;
  • trade, 172
• Spahiu, Xhafer (Politburo secretary): 111
• Stalin, Joseph V.: 19, 22, 121, 122, 140, 142, 192, 193
• Stalin (formerly Kucove): pipeline from, 44, 46
• Stalin-Tito rupture: 21
• standard of living: 7, 49-50, 58
• state farms: 146, 151, 153;
  • labor force size, 147;
  • number and size, 154;
  • private plots, 154, 157, 159, 166
• State Planning Commission: 58, 146, 150
• State University of Tirana:
  • enrollment, 91;
  • established, 137-38;
  • Faculty of Jurisprudence, 74;
  • Faculty of Medicine, 61;
  • Library, 135;
  • Linguistics and History Institute, 56;
  • paramilitary training, 188
• status: social mobility, 69
• steel-rolling mill: 160
• Stratoberdha, Llazi (Directorate head): 112
• sugar beets: 151, 155, 156 (table 10)
• sugar mill: 159
• summary: vii-ix
• Sunni (religious group): 97, 98
  
  
• Tashko, Koco (former Party Leader): 23
• Tashko, Tefta (singer): 142
• taxes: 164, 165-66;
  • and property confiscation, 20;
  • turnover tax, 165, 166
• teachers:
  • number of, 91, 92 (table 5);
  • Party membership, 94;
  • training, 83, 87
• television: 125, 133
• temperature: 36 (table 1)
• Tepelena, Ali Pasha (Lion of Yannina): 13
• textbooks: 86, 87
• textiles:
  • mills, 159, 160;
  • production, 163, (table 12)
• theater: 140-41
• Tirana (capital city):
  • airbase, xiv (fig. 1), 184;
  • description, 57;
  • population, 51, 56, 57;
  • transportation, 46
• Tito. See Broz, Josip
• Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement: 15
• tobacco: 151, 155, 156 (table 10)
• topography: vii, 4, 26-27, 28 (fig. 2), 29
• Tosk: official language, 49, 56, 137
• Tosks (ethnic group): 6, 52;
  • characteristics, 53, 54;
  • social structure, 70-72
• tractors (see also machine tractor stations): spare parts, 160
• trade, foreign: 146, 171-74;
  • agreements, 173
• Trade Union Workers:
  • Agriculture and Procurements, 120;
  • Education and Trade, 120;
  • Industry and Construction, 120
• trade unions (see also United Trade Unions): 120;
  • administration of social insurance activities, 63;
  • and control of labor, 147
• Trako, Konstantine (composer): 142
• transportation:
  • problems, 4-5;
  • status, 44-47;
  • systems, xiv (fig. 1)
• treaties and agreements, international:
  • boundary, 14, 15, 32;
  • defense, 16;
  • summary, ix;
  • trade, 173
• Treaty of San Stefano: 13
• trials: accessibility, 107
• tribes and clans:
  • description, 70;
  • social patterns and values, 69-73
• tuberculosis: 60
• Turkey: Ottoman rule period, 12-13
  
  
• Union of Albanian Women: 117, 119
• Union of Albanian Working Youth: 1, 93, 115, 117, 175;
  • described, 118;
  • newspaper, 129;
  • paramilitary training, 190
• Union of Artists and Writers: 137, 142
• unions. See trade unions, United Trade Unions
• United Nations: Communist China mouthpiece in, v; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA): 59
• United States:
  • Albanians living in, 55;
  • relations with, 23, 122
• United Trade Unions: 1, 117, 129;
  • description, 120
• university. See State University of Tirana
• urbanization: 56, 75;
  • government policy, 50-51, 147-48
  
  
• values: traditional, 69-73 passim
• vegetables:
  • exports, 174;
  • production, 151, 156 (table 10)
• vegetation: 26, 41
• Vijose River: 37, 39
• villages:
  • description, 57-58;
  • electric power, 58;
  • health services, 61-62;
  • population, 49, 56
• Vlachs (ethnic group): 54-55
• Vlora, Ismail Qemal bey (independence leader): 3, 14
• Vlore (port):
  • airbase, 185;
  • facilities, 47;
  • pipeline to, 44, 46;
  • population, 51, 57;
  • Sea Defense Brigade, 183;
  • transportation, 46
• vocational and technical training: 86-87
• Vodica, Pashko (clergyman): 98
• voting: constitutional provision, 108
  
  
• wages: 64
• Warsaw Pact: 121, 123, 176, 192
• West, the:
  • East-West conflict, position, 2, 121;
  • relations with, 23;
  • trade, 172, 173
• Wied, Prince Wilhelm zu: 15
• wildlife: 43
• Wilson, Woodrow: 15
• women and girls:
  • attitudes toward, 81, 82, 148;
  • and blood feuds, 6, 71;
  • mobilization potential, 185;
  • paramilitary training, 189;
  • part in production and government, 119;
  • position in society, 54, 119;
  • rights, 119-20;
  • social changes under communism, 68;
  • union of women, 117, 119;
  • welfare benefits, 64
• workers' compensation: 64
• World War I: 3, 15, 32, 121, 177
• World War II: 45, 50, 62-63, 175, 178-79
  
  
• Xoxe, Jakov (writer): 140
• Xoxe, Koci (government official): 21, 22, 193
  
  
• Ylli (periodical): 131
• youth (see also Pioneer organizations, Union of Albanian Working Youth):
  • antireligious mission, 100, 118;
  • attitudes toward, 82;
  • organizations, 118;
  • paramilitary training, 188-90
• Yugoslav Communist Party: 17, 18, 19
• Yugoslavia:
  • aid, economic, 169;
  • aid, military, 176, 179, 192;
  • Albanians living in, 55;
  • influence, 21;
  • relations with, v, 2, 3, 9, 22, 23, 104, 121, 122, 123;
  • shared border, 25, 32;
  • trade, 173
  
  
• Zengo, Androniqi (artist): 142
• Zeqir, Ymer (commander, naval forces): 182
• Zeri I Popullit (Party's official daily): 80, 81, 91, 121, 129
• Zeri i Rinise (newspaper): 129, 130 (table 7)
• Zicishti, Mihalaq (chief, State Security): 193
• Zogu, Ahmet (King Zog I): 15, 16, 70, 72, 73, 178