Lay the paper on this, and then hang it up to dry, and excite with ammonio-nitrate containing seventy grains of nitrate of silver to one ounce of water. Should the above solution not give the requisite tints soon after being made, add more chloride of silver; but bear in mind that the solution will then soon become saturated when setting positives, and when this occurs it must be rectified by the addition of a small portion of fresh hypo. alone.

F. Maxwell Lyte.

P.S.—I may add that I have only lately tried the addition of the iodide of potassium to my setting liquid, and so must qualify my recommendation of it by saying so.

Florian, Torquay.

Stereoscopic Angles.—I am obliged to Messrs. Shadbolt and Wilkinson for the information given in reply to my Queries (Vol. vii., p. 505.) My mode of operation is precisely that of Mr. Wilkinson: "I obtain all the information I can from every source; then try, and judge for myself." Hence the present letter.

I regret to be obliged to differ from Mr. Shadbolt, but there is a point in his communication which appears to me to arise from a misconception of the stereoscopic problem. He says (p. 557.), "for distant views there is in nature scarcely any stereoscopic effect." Now, surely visual distance is merely visual stereosity; for, to see an object solid is merely to see its parts in relief, some of them appearing to project or recede from the others. It is the difficulty of producing this effect in landscapes, by the ordinary camera process, that renders views taken by such means so deficient in air, or, as the artists term it, aerial perspective, most distant objects seeming almost as near as those in the foreground. This indeed is the main defect of all photographs: they are true representations of nature to one eye—cyclopean pictures, as it were—appearing perfectly stereoscopic with one eye closed, but seeming absolutely flattened when viewed by the two eyes. I remember being shown a huge photograph of the city of Berlin, taken from an eminence; and a more violent caricature of nature I never set eyes upon. It was almost Chinese in its perspective: the house-tops appeared to have been mangled. It was a wonderful work of art, photographically considered; but artistically it was positively hideous. But the same defect exists in all monophotographic representations, though in a less degree, and consequently less apparent than in views to which a sense of distance is essential. In portraits, the features appear slightly flattened; and until photographers are able to overcome this, the chief of all obstacles to perfection, it is idle to talk of the art giving a correct rendering of nature. This is what is wanted, more than colour, diactinic lenses, multiplication of impressions, or anything else. And when it is remembered that the law of an ordinary convex lens is, the farther the object from the lens the nearer the focus, and, vice versâ, the nearer the object the farther the focus, it becomes evident that by such an instrument distant objects must be made to appear near, and near objects distant, and nature consequently mangled.

The stereoscope gives us the only demonstrably correct representation of nature; and when that instrument is rendered more simple, and the peep-show character of the apparatus disconnected from it, the art of photography will transcend the productions of the painter—but not till then.

I am anxious to obtain all the information I can from such of your photographic readers as are practically acquainted with the stereoscopic portion of the art relative to the angles under which they find it best to take their pictures for given distances.

Mr. Fenton, the secretary of the Photographic Society, takes his stereoscopic pictures, when the objects are 50 feet and upwards from the camera, at 1 in 25. This is, as Mr. Shadbolt states, Professor Wheatstone's rule for distances.

Mr. Wilkinson, on the other hand, asserts that 3 feet in 300 yards is sufficient separation for the cameras: this is only 1 in 300,—a vast difference truly.

"For views across the Thames," says the editor of the Photographic Journal, "the cameras should be placed 12 feet apart, and with this separation the effect is declared to be astonishing."

Mr. Wilkinson, however, asserts that from 4 to 6 feet in a mile will do well enough!

Farther, Mr. Latimer Clark (the inventor of an ingenious stereoscopic camera) states that with regard to the distance between the two positions of the cameras, he knows no good reason why the natural distance of the eyes, viz. 2½ inches, should be much exceeded. "A little extra relief is obtained," he adds, "without visible distortion, by increasing the separation to about 4 or 5 inches; but if this distance be greatly exceeded, especially for near objects (I give the gentleman's own words), they become apparently diminished in size, and have the appearance of models and dolls rather than natural objects."

The reason for making the separation between the cameras greater than that between the two eyes, is exceedingly simple. The stereograph is to be looked at much nearer than the object itself, and consequently is to be seen under a much larger angle than it is viewed by the two eyes in nature. Hence the two pictures should be taken at the angle under which they are to be observed in the stereoscope. Suppose the object to be 50 feet distant, then of course it is seen by the two eyes under an angle of 2½ inches in 50 feet, or 1 in 240. But it is intended that the stereograph should be seen by the two eyes when but a few inches removed from them, or generally under an angle of 2½ in 12 inches, or nearly 1 in 5. Hence it is self-evident that the stereoscopic angle should be considerably larger than that formed by the optic axes of the two eyes when directed to the object itself.

But there is great diversity of opinion as to the extent of the angles requisite for producing the precise stereoscopic or distantial effect of nature. For myself I prefer Professor Wheatstone's rule, 1 in 25 for objects beyond 50 feet distant. For portraits I find the best angle 1 in 10 when the sitter is 10 feet off, and for busts about 1 in 5 when placed about 5 or 6 feet from the cameras. But I should be happy to receive information from any of your readers concerning this important branch of the photographic art. For months past I have been engaged in a series of experiments in connexion with the subject, and wish for larger experience than it is possible for any single operator to acquire for himself.

Mr. Fenton, I may observe, does not keep the cameras parallel in taking landscapes, but inclines them so that the same object may occupy as nearly as possible the centre of the ground glass plate.

Nor is it essential that perfect horizontality or parallelism of the cameras should be maintained in copying trees. For buildings, however, it is absolutely necessary that the cameras be kept straight.

I am sorry thus to trespass on your space, but being anxious, as Mr. Wilkinson says, to collect information from every source, and your periodical being a happy medium for conveying and receiving instruction, I am glad to avail myself of such a channel.

Φ. (2)

P.S.—Mr. Claudet has, I perceive, been awarded the prize given by the Society of Arts for the best essay on the stereoscope. Can you, or any of your readers, inform me whether this is likely to be published, and when and at what price?

Query respecting Mr. Pollock's Process.—In Mr. Pollock's directions for obtaining positives which appeared in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii, p. 581.), iodide of silver is to be dissolved in a saturated solution of hypo. Can you give me the quantity of iodide of silver to be dissolved, and the quantity of the saturated solution of hypo. in which it is to be dissolved?

N. T. B.

Gallo-nitrate of Silver.—Can you inform me what the true nature of the decomposition is which takes place after a short time in the gallo-nitrate solution of silver? and if there be any ready means of rendering the silver it contains again available for photographic use?

Sir W. Newton, in the description of his calotype process, says: "Bring out with the saturated solution of gallic acid, and when the subject begins to appear, add the aceto-nitrate of silver solution." Which way of doing this is the best,—mixing the two solutions together and applying them to the paper; or applying the paper, when wetted with the gallic acid, to the silver solution?

T. L.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Verney Note decyphered (Vol. vii., p. 568.).—I am extremely obliged to Mr. Thompson Cooper for his decyphered rendering of Sir Ralph Verney's note of a speech or proceeding in parliament. The note itself is not now in my possession, but I have requested the owner to be good enough to re-collate it with the original, and if any mistakes should appear in the copy, or the printing (which is very likely), I will give you notice of the fact, that the doubtful words in Mr. Cooper's version may, if possible, be set right.

Students in the art of decyphering may be pleased to have the key to the cypher recorded in your pages. I therefore give it you as discovered by Mr. Cooper, and beg, in the strongest way, to reiterate my thanks to that gentleman.

The cyphers (if any) for j, q, y, z have not been discovered, and the numbers 1, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26 remain unappropriated.

John Bruce.

Emblems by John Bunyan (Vol. vii., p. 470.).—This work which Mr. Corser has not met with, is in the folio edition of his works, forming pp. 849. to 868. of vol. ii. (1768). The plates are small woodcuts of very indifferent execution.

E. D.

Mr. Cobb's Diary (Vol. vii., p. 477.).—This volume was printed solely for private distribution by the family, who also presented their relatives and friends (amongst whom the writer was reckoned) with another volume compiled on the decease of Francis Cobb, Esq., the husband of Mrs. Cobb, and entitled, Memoir of the late Francis Cobb, Esq., of Margate, compiled from his Journals and Letters: Maidstone, printed by J. V. Hall and Son, Journal Office, 1835. Both of these are at the service for perusal of your inquiring correspondent, John Martin.

E. D.

"Sat cito si sat bene" (Vol. vii., p. 594.).—I have not Twiss at hand; but I think F. W. J. is mistaken in calling it a "favourite maxim" of Lord Eldon. I remember to have heard Lord Eldon tell the story, which was, that the Newcastle Fly, in which he came up to town, in I forget how many days, had on its panel the motto, "Sat cito si sat bene:" he applied it jocularly in defence of his own habits in Chancery.

C.

Mythe versus Myth (Vol. vii., pp. 326. 575.).—It gives me much pleasure to have afforded Mr. Thiriold an opportunity for displaying so much learning and sagacity; but I hope he does not imagine that he has confuted me. As I only spoke of words which, like μῦθος, had a single consonant between two vowels, such words as plinth, labyrinth, &c. have nothing to do with the question. If mythe, differing from the other examples which are to be found, happens to have the for its termination, and thus resembles words of Anglo-Saxon origin, I cannot help it, but it was formed secundum artem. As to Mr. Theriold's mȳth, unless so written and printed, it will always be pronounced mўth, like the French mythe.

As to the hybrid adjectives, I only wished to avoid increasing the number of them. The French, I believe, have only one, musical; for though, like ourselves, they have made substantives of the Greek μουσική (sc. τέχνη), φυσική, &c., in all other cases they retain the Greek form of the adjective, as in physique, substantive and adjective, while we generally have pairs of adjectives, as philosophic, philosophical; extatic, extatical; &c. Some may think this an advantage; I do not.

Thos. Keightley.

The Gilbert Family (Vol. vii., p. 259).—If your correspondent seeking genealogical information in reference to my ancestors, calls on me, I will show him a presentation copy of A Genealogical Memoir of the Gilbert Family in Old and New England, by J. W. Thornton, LL.B., Boston, U. S., 1850, 8vo. pp. 24, only fifty printed.

James Gilbert.

Alexander Clark (Vol. vii., p. 580.).—I should feel obliged if J. O. could find leisure to communicate to "N. & Q." some particulars relative to Clark. He is supposed to have been the author of a curious poem: The Institution and Progress of the Buttery College of Slains, in the Parish of Cruden, Aberdeenshire; with a Catalogue of the Books and MSS. in the Library of that University: Aberdeen, 1700. Mr. Peter Buchan thus mentions him in his Gleanings of Scarce Old Ballads:

"Clark, a drunken dominie at Slains, author of a poetical dialogue between the gardeners and tailors on the origin of their crafts, and a most curious Latin and English poem called the 'Buttery College of Slains,' which resembled much in language and style Drummond of Hawthornden's 'Polemo Middino.'"

This poem is printed in Watson's Collection of Scottish Poems, Edin. 1711; and also noticed in the Edinburgh Topographical and Antiquarian Magazine, 1848, last page. I am anxious to ascertain if the emblem writer, and the burlesque poet, be one and the same person. The dates, I confess, are somewhat against this conclusion; but there may have been a previous edition of the Emblematical Representation (1779). The University Clark is supposed to have been an Aberdeenshire man. Possibly J. O. may be able to throw some light on the subject.

Perthensis.

Christ's Cross (Vol. iii., pp. 330. 465.).—In Morley's Introduction to Practical Music, originally printed in 1597, and which I quote from a reprint by William Randall, in 4to., in 1771, eighteen mortal pages (42-59), which, in my musical ignorance, I humbly confess to be wholly out of my line, are occupied with the "Cantus," "Tenor," and "Bassus," to the following words:

"Christes Crosse be my speed in all vertue to proceede, A, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, & t, double w, v, x, with y, ezod, & per se, con per se, tittle tittle est Amen, When you haue done begin again, begin again."

J. F. M.

The Rebellious Prayer (Vol. vii., p. 286.).—J. A. may find the poem, of which he quotes the opening lines, in the Churchman's Monthly Penny Magazine, October, 1851, with the signature L. E. P. The magazine is published by Wertheim & Macintosh, 24. Paternoster Row.

M. E.

"To the Lords of Convention" (Vol. vii., p. 596.).—L. Evans will find the whole of the ballad of "Bonnie Dundee," the first line of which he quotes, in Sir Walter Scott's Doom of Devorgoil, where it is introduced as a song. Singularly enough, his best ballad is thus found in his worst play.

Ficulnus.

Wooden Tombs and Effigies (Vol. vii., pp. 528. 607.).—In a chapel adjoining the church of Heveningham in Suffolk, are (or rather were in 1832) the remains of a good altar tomb, with recumbent effigies carved in chesnut, of a knight and his lady: it appeared to be, from the armour and architecture, of the early part of the fifteenth century; and from the arms, Quarterly or and gules within a border engrailed sable, charged with escallops argent, no doubt belonged to the ancient family of Heveningham of that place; probably Sir John Heveningham, knight of the shire for the county of Suffolk in the 1st of Henry IV.

When I visited this tomb in 1832, it was in a most dilapidated condition: the slab on which the effigy of the knight once rested was broken in; within the head of the lady, which was separated from the body, a thrush had built its nest: notwithstanding, however, the neglect and damp to which the chapel was exposed, these chesnut effigies remained wonderfully sound and perfect.

Spes.

The monument to Sir Walter Traylli and his lady, in Woodford Church in Northamptonshire, is of wood.

There is a wooden effigy in Gayton Church, Northamptonshire, of a knight templar, recumbent, in a cross-legged position, his feet resting on an animal: over the armour is a surcoat; the helmet is close fitted to the head, his right hand is on the hilt of his sword, a shield is on the left arm.

There is also a fine wooden effigy of Sir Hugh Bardolph in Burnham Church in Norfolk.

J. B.

In Fersfield Church, in Norfolk, there is a wooden figure to the memory of Sir Robert Du Bois, Kt., ob. 1311. See Bloomfield's Norfolk, vol. i. p. 68.

J. B.

Lord Clarendon and the Tubwoman (Vol. vii., pp. 133. 211. 634.).—Upon reference to the story of the "tubwoman" in p. 133., it will be seen that Mr. Hyde is distinctly stated to have himself married the brewer's widow, and to have married her for her money. It is farther said that Ann Hyde, the mother of Queen Mary and Queen Ann, was the only issue of this marriage; whereas Ann Hyde had four brothers and a sister. No allusion is made in this account to Sir Thomas Ailesbury. Your correspondent Mr. Warden says, that "the story has usually been told of the wife of Sir Thomas Ailesbury," and that it may be true of her. Will he have the kindness to furnish a reference to the version of the story in which Sir Thomas Ailesbury is said to have married the tubwoman?

L.

House-marks (Vol. vii., p. 594.).—I do not know whether α. recollects the frequent occurrence of marks upon sheep in this country. Although I have often seen them, I cannot just now describe one accurately. Some sheep passed my house yesterday which were marked with a cross within a circle.

Riding with a friend, a miller, in Essex, about thirteen years ago, he jumped out of the gig and over a gate, to seize a sack which was lying in a field. Seeing no initials upon it, I asked how he knew that it was his; when he pointed out to me a fish marked upon it, which he told me had been his own and his father's mark for many years. He also said that most of the millers in the neighbourhood had a peculiar mark (not their names or initials), each a different one for his own sacks.

A. J. N.

Birmingham.

"Amentium haud amantium" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).—Your correspondent's Query sent me at once to a queer old Terence in English, together with the text, "operâ ac industriâ R. B., in Axholmensi insulâ, Lincolnsherii Epwortheatis. [London, Printed by John Legatt, and are to be sold by Andrew Crooke, at the sign of the Green-Dragon, in Paul's Church Yard. 1641.] 6th Edition."

Here, as I expected, I found an alliterative translation of the phase in question "For they are fare as they were lunaticke, and not love-sicke."

The translation, I may add, is in prose.

Oxoniensis.

Walthamstow.

The Megatherium in the British Museum (Vol. vii., p. 590.).—It is much to be regretted that A Foreign Surgeon should not have examined the contents of the room which contains the cast of the skeleton of this animal with a little more attention, before he penned the above article. Had he done so, he would have found many of the original bones, from casts of which the restored skeleton has been constructed, in Wall Cases 9 and 10, and would not have fallen into the error of supposing that it is a fac-simile of the original skeleton at Madrid. That specimen was exhumed near Buenos Ayres in 1789; whilst our restoration has been made from bones of another individual, many of which are, as I have stated, to be found in the British Museum itself, and others in that of the Royal College of Surgeons. I are not about to defend the propriety of putting the trunk of a palm-tree into the claws of the Megatherium, though I do not suppose that the restorer ever expected, when he did so, that any one would entertain the idea that this gigantic beast was in the habit of climbing trees; but I would fain ask your correspondent on what grounds he makes the dogmatic assertion that "Palms there were none, at that period of telluric formation." I will simply remind him of the vast numbers of fossil fruits, and other remains of palms, in the London clay of the Isle of Sheppey.

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Temple.

Pictorial Proverbs (Vol. v., p. 559.).—Perhaps the book here mentioned is one of the old German Narrenbuchs, or Book of Fools, which were generally illustrated with pictures, of which I have a curious set in my possession.

Can any of your correspondents give some account of the nature and merits of these books? Are any of them worth translating at the present day? The one from which my pictures were taken has the title Mala Gallina, malum Ovum, and was published at Vienna and Nuremburg. It seems to have been a satire on the female sex; but the text, I am sorry to say, is not in my possession.

H. T. Riley.

"Hurrah," and other War-cries (Vol. vii., p. 596.).—The following passage (which I find in my notes with the reference Ménagiana, vol. ii. p. 328.) may partially assist your correspondent Cape:

"Le cri des anciens Comtes d'Anjou étoit Rallie. En voici l'origine. Eude II., Comte de Blois, marchant avec une armée considérable contre Foulke Nerra, Comte d'Anjou, ces deux princes se rencontrèrent à Pontlevoi sur le Cher, où ils se livrèrent bataille le 6 Juillet, 1016. Foulke eut d'abord quelque désavantage; mais Herbert, Comte du Maine (dit Eveillechien), étant venu à son secours, il rallia ses troupes, and défit absolument, &c. Depuis ce temps-là le cri des anciens Comtes d'Anjou étoit Rallie. Et à ce propos je vous rapporterai ce qu'en dit Maître Vace, surnommé le Clerc de Caen, dans son Roman de Normandie:

'François crie Montjoye, et Normans Dex-aye:

Flamands crie Aras, et Angevin Rallie:

Et li cuens Thiebaut Chartre et Passavant crie.'"

This last cry is not unlike the Irish "Faugh-a-Ballagh" in signification.

J. H. Leresche.

Manchester.

The following extracts from Sir Francis Palgrave's History of Normandy and England, vol. i. p. 696., explain the origin of the word "Hurrah," respecting which one of your correspondents inquires:

"It was a 'wise custom' in Normandy, established by Rollo's decree, that whoever sustained, or feared to sustain, any damage of goods or chattels, life or limb, was entitled to raise the country by the cry of haro, or haron, upon which cry all the lieges were bound to join in pursuit of the offender,—Haron! Ha Raoul! justice invoked in Duke Rollo's name. Whoever failed to aid, made fine to the sovereign; whilst a heavier mulct was consistently inflicted upon the mocker who raised the clameur de haro without due and sufficient cause, a disturber of the commonwealth's tranquillity.

"The clameur de haro is the English system of 'hue and cry.' The old English exclamation Harrow! our national vernacular Hurrah! being only a variation thereof, is identical with the supposed invocation of the Norman chieftain; and the usage, suggested by common sense, prevailed under various modifications throughout the greater part of the Pays Coutumier of France."

A. M. S.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Among the books which we have for some time intended to bring under the notice of our readers is a new and cheaper edition of The Coin Collector's Manual, or Guide to the Numismatic Student in the Formation of a Cabinet of Coins: comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire; with some Account of the Coinages of Modern Europe, more especially of Great Britain, by H. Noel Humphreys: and we have been the more anxious to do this, because, except among professed collectors, greater ignorance probably exists on the subject of coins, their date, value, &c., than upon any other subject with which educated people are supposed to possess some acquaintance. Yet there are few numismatic questions likely to occur which ordinary readers would not be enabled to solve by a reference to these two little volumes, enriched as it is with numerous illustrations; especially if they would place beside them Akerman's most useful Numismatic Manual.

We are indebted to Mr. Murray for two volumes which will be among the pleasant additions to the cheap books of the month, namely, the new volume, being the fourth of the reprint, of Lord Mahon's History of England to the Peace of Versailles, which comprises the interval between the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle and that of Hubertsburg; and in the Railway Reading, for half-a-crown! the fourth edition of Lockhart's spirited translations of Ancient Spanish Ballads, Historical and Romantic. Thanks, Mr. Murray, thanks!

That Mr. De la Motte, who is so well known as an accomplished draughtsman, should turn his attention to photography, is no slight testimony to the value of the art. That he has become a master in it, may be seen by one glance at his own works on the walls of his Photographic Gallery. The beginner may therefore receive with confidence the results of that gentleman's experience; and The Practice of Photography, a Manual for Students and Amateurs, just published by him, will be found a most useful and instructive companion to every one who is now contemplating an excursion, armed with a camera, for the purpose of securing for the gratification of his friends truthful records of his wanderings. Mr. De la Motte wisely confines his instruction to the paper and glass processes; his details on these are clear and minute, and the book is well worth the money for those pages of it alone which are devoted to the "Chemicals used in Photography."

Books Received.—On the Archaic Mode of expressing Numbers in English, Saxon, Friesic, &c., by E. Thomson, Esq.; a learned and ingenious tract, written originally for insertion in "N. & Q.," but which fact ought not to prevent our speaking of it in the terms which it deserves.—A Few Words in Reply to the Animadversions of the Rev. Mr. Dyce on Mr. Hunter's "Disquisition on the Tempest," 1839, and his "New Illustrations of the Life, Studies, and Writings of Shakspeare," 1845, &c. A short but interesting contribution to Shakspearian criticism, by one who has already done good service in the same cause. If we cannot agree with Mr. Hunter in all that he seeks to establish, we can admire his knowledge of Elizabethan literature, and appreciate the spirit in which he writes.—The Antiquary. This is the first number of a small work consisting of reprints of proclamations, curious advertisements from early newspapers, and such odd matters as paint more forcibly than the gravest historian, the colours of the times.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

The Complaynts of Scotland. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.

Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steeven's edition, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.

Circle of the Seasons. 12mo. London, 1828. (Two Copies.)

Jones' Account of Aberystwith. Trevecka, 8vo. 1779.

M. C. H. Broemel's Fest-Tanzen der Ersten Christen. Jena, 1705.

Cooper's Account of Public Records. 8vo. 1832. Vol. I.

Passionael efte dat Levent der Heiligen. Basil, 1522.

Lord Lansdowne's Works. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736.

James Baker's Picturesque Guide to the Local Beauties of Wales. Vol. I. 4to. 1794.

Webster's Dictionary. Vol. II. 4to. 1832.

Walker's Particles. 8vo. old calf, 1683.

Warner's Sermons. 2 Vols. Longman, about 1818.

Author's Printing and Publishing Assistant. 12mo., cloth, 1842.

Sanders' History of Shenstone in Staffordshire. J. Nichols, London. 1794. Two Copies.

Herbert's Carolina Threnodia. 8vo. 1702.

Theobald's Shakspeare Restored. 4to. 1726.

*** Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Notices to Correspondents.

Our Eighth Volume. We avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded by the commencement of a new Volume, to state that our attention has been called to the sharp and somewhat personal tone of several of the recent contributions to "N. & Q.," and which, we are reminded, is the more striking from the marked absence of anything of that character in our earlier Volumes. We are perhaps ourselves somewhat to blame for this, from our strong indisposition to exercise our editorial privilege of omission. Our notice of the subject will, we are sure, be sufficient to satisfy our contributors of the inconvenience which must result to themselves as well as to us from the indulgence in too great license of the pen. We know that when men write currente calamo, words and phrases are apt to escape, the full application of which is not observed, until, as Charles Lamb said, "print proves it;" but being conscious that, when treating on the subjects with which we deal, no one would willingly write anything with design to give offence, we shall in future "play the tyrant" on all such occasions with more vigilance than we have done.

L. K. The lines—

are from Pope's Essay on Man, Ep. IV. 203. See some curious illustrations of them in our First Volume, pp. 246. 362. &c.

Blackamoor will find the Cyanogen Soap, manufactured by Thomas, excellent for removing Photographic stains. It is, however, to be used with care, being poisonous.

Albert. The history of the phrase—

will be seen in our First Volume, pp. 347. 351. 421. 476.; and Second Volume, p. 317.

I. G. T. Gooseberry Fool is the same as pressed or crushed gooseberries, from the French fouler, to press, tread, &c.

Sir F. Madden's paper, Was Thomas Lord Lyttelton the Author of Junius's Letters? is unavoidably postponed until next week.

Replies to our numerous Photographic Querists in our next.

The Index to our Seventh Volume will be ready on Saturday the 16th.

A few complete sets of "Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vi., price Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable.

"Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

This day is published, price 5s.; or, post free, 5s. 6d.

DICKSON AND MOWBRAY ON POULTRY, edited by MRS. LOUDON, with numerous beautiful illustrations by Harvey (including the Cochin-China Fowl). Post 8vo.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

MILLER'S FLY-LEAVES is the Literary and Supplemental Portion of his LONDON LIBRARIAN. The most extensive Sheet CATALOGUE OF OLD BOOKS published, announcing Monthly for Sale, 1000 CHEAP BOOKS, in all departments of useful and entertaining, as well as scarce and uncommon, Literature. No Book Collector or Librarian should fail to be a Subscriber. It is published about the 21st of each Month, containing 24 pages of letter-press, price 2d., stamped for post, 3d. Annual subscription, 3s.

JOHN MILLER, 43. Chandos Street,
Trafalgar Square.

Bohn's Standard Library for July.

MILTON'S PROSE WORKS, Vol. V., containing the Conclusion of THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE, translated and edited by the BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. With a General Index to the five vols. Post 8vo. cloth. 3s. 6d.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

Bohn's Classical Library for July.

ARISTOTLE'S ORGANON, or, LOGICAL TREATISES, with the INTRODUCTION OF PORPHYRY literally translated, with Notes, Analysis, Introduction, and Index, by the REV. O. F. OWEN, M.A. 2 vols. post 8vo. 3s. 6d. per volume.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

Bohn's Illustrated Library for July.

CHINA, PICTORIAL, DESCRIPTIVE, and HISTORICAL, with some Account of AVA and the BURMESE, SIAM and ANNAM. Illustrated by nearly one hundred fine engravings on wood. Post 8vo. cloth. 5s.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

Bohn's Antiquarian Library for July.

MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER'S FLOWERS OF HISTORY, especially such as relate to the affairs of Britain, from the beginning of the world to A.D. 1307 Translated by C. D. Yonge, B.A. In 2 vols. post 8vo. cloth. 5s. per volume.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

THE NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION OF

BURKE'S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE FOR 1853

IS NOW READY,

In 1 vol. royal 8vo., comprising as much matter as twenty ordinary volumes, with 1,500 accurate Engravings of Arms. Price 38s. bound.

This new and thoroughly revised edition has engaged the author's closest attention for a considerable time. Every line of its voluminous contents has been tested by the most minute research, and every page has been submitted to the members of the various noble and eminent families themselves. Much additional information of the deepest interest has thus been obtained. The collateral branches, too, have been fully investigated and inserted. In addition, great improvements have been made in the Heraldic Illustrations, and arrangement of the printing, &c.

Also just published,

BURKE'S LANDED GENTRY, CORRECTED FOR 1853,

In 2 large vols., including the Supplement, printed in double columns (equal in quantity to thirty ordinary volumes). Price 2l. 2s. bound, with a separate Index, gratis, of all the names (upwards of 100,000) mentioned in the Work.

The great expense attending the production of this important and truly national Work will preclude its being again printed in so extended and comprehensive a form, and the present opportunity will consequently be the only one afforded for obtaining it.

EVELYN'S DIARY AND CORRESPONDENCE.

New Edition, with numerous Additions and Original Letters, now first published, and a copious Index. Complete in 4 volumes, 10s. 6d. each.

"This very excellent edition of Evelyn's famous 'Diary' furnishes us with much interesting correspondence never before published. These volumes will be treasures to those who delight in genuine curiosities of literature, while to the student of history they will be invaluable. The work is a necessary companion to the popular histories of our country—to Hume, Hallam, Macaulay, and Lingard."—Sun.

HORACE WALPOLE'S MEMOIRS.

Edited by ELIOT WARBURTON. Cheaper Edition, 2 vols. 8vo. with Portraits, 16s.

"The Memoirs of Horace Walpole nearly complete the chain of personal, political, and literary history, commencing with Evelyn and Pepys, and ending almost in our own day with the histories of Mr. Macaulay and Lord Mahon. The work is a necessary addition to the library of every English gentleman."—Standard.

Published for HENRY COLBURN, by his Successors, HURST & BLACKETT, 13. Great Marlborough Street.

FREEMASON'S QUARTERLY MAGAZINE. Contents of the Number for JULY:—Engraving of the Royal Freemasons' Girls' School; The Increase of Freemasonry; On Benefit Societies, by the Rev. T. A. Buckley; Episodes in the Life of a Freemason; The Countess and the Serf, by Miss Pardoe; The Knights of St. Helen's; On Symbols and Symbolism; A Relic of the Pretender; Eleanora Ulfeld; The Prison Flower, by Miss Pardoe; Olden Holiday Customs; Si j'étais Roi; Correspondence. Masonic Intelligence:—Supreme Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of England; United Grand Lodge; Grand Conclave of Masonic Knights Templar; The Ancient and Accepted Rite; Royal Freemasons' Girls' School; Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution; Metropolitan; Provincial; Scotland; Colonial. Interesting Discovery at Jerusalem. Obituary. Notices to Correspondents.

The Third Number will be published on the 30th of September.

ROUTLEDGE & CO., Farringdon Street.

IRISH EDUCATIONAL BOOKS.—NOTICE is hereby given, That from and after the 4th July next, the SCHOOL BOOKS used by the COMMISSIONERS OF NATIONAL EDUCATION IN IRELAND, may be obtained from the Office, Merrion Street, Dublin, for Ready Money only, by the Trade (and by Private Persons ordering them in quantities of the value of 10l. and upwards), at the under mentioned Prices.

From the above date the Commissioners will supply no books, except to the Irish National Schools.

Stationery Office, 27th May, 1853.

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for JULY, 1853, being the First of a New Volume, contains:—1. Memoirs of Thomas Moore. 2. Wanderings of an Antiquary, from York to Godmanham (with Engravings). 3. Female Novelists. 4. Political Caricature, temp. Charles I. 5. A Midland Town (Leicester) in the Reign of George III., and Mr. Gardiner's Anecdotes of T. Moore. 6. Historical Notes on the Retaining of Counsel. 7. Roman Antiquities found at Kingsholm, near Gloucester. 8. Remains of Norman Cross at Birstall, co. York (with an Engraving). 9. The Bourne Stream near Croydon. 10. Dr. Guest on the Etymology of Stonehenge. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: The Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester.—The Roches and Viscounty of Fermoy.—Recent repairs of Lambeth Church.—Early state of St. James's Park.—Postmen, temp. Charles I., &c. &c. With Notes of the Month, Reviews of New Publications, Historical Chronicle, and Obituary, including Memoirs of the Earl of Ducie, Lord Dacre, Sir John Hope, Bart., Sir Charles A. Elton, Bart., Lt.-Gen. Sir R. Arbuthnot, Vice-Adm. Sir F. Mason, Sir Richard B. Comyn, Culling C. Smith, Esq., J. L. Dampier, Esq., Ludwig Tieck, &c. Price 2s. 6d.

NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.

The Twenty-eighth Edition.

NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from the Author for Five Penny Stamps.

"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the careful perusal of our invalid reader."—John Bull Newspaper, June 5, 1852.

MURRAY'S MODERN COOKERY BOOK.

New and Cheaper Edition.

Now ready, an entirely New, Revised, and Cheaper Edition, with 100 Woodcuts. Post 8vo., 5s., bound.

MODERN DOMESTIC COOKERY. Founded upon Principles of Economy and Practical Knowledge, and adapted for the Use of Private Families.

"A collection of plain receipts, adapted to the service of families. in which the table is supplied, with a regard to economy as well as comfort and elegance."—Morning Post.

"Unquestionably the most complete guide to the culinary department of domestic economy that has yet been given to the world."—John Bull.

"A new edition, with a great many new receipts, that have stood the test of family experience, and numerous editorial and typographical improvements throughout."—Spectator.

"Murray's 'Cookery Book' claims to rank as a new work."—Literary Gazette.

"The best work extant on the subject for an ordinary household."—Atlas.

"As a complete collection of useful directions clothed in perspicuous language, this can scarcely be surpassed."—Economist.

"Full of sage instruction and advice, not only on the economical and gastronomic materials, but on subjects of domestic management in general."—Builder.

"We may heartily and safely commend to English housewifery this cookery book. It tells plainly what plain folks wish to know, and points out how an excellent dinner may be best secured."—Express.

NOW READY,

The most extraordinary Work of the Season,

THE ADVENTURES OF A LADY IN TARTARY, THIBET, CHINA, and KASHMIR; through portions of territory never before visited by European. With an Account of the Journey from the Punjab to Bombay Overland, via the famous Caves of Ajunta and Ellora. Also, an Account of the Mahalleshwur and Neilgherry Mountains, the Sanataria of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. With Engravings, Portraits and Maps. In Three thick Vols., post 8vo., price 37s. 6d.

II.

AGNES MAYNARD; or, Dreams and Realities. By the Authoress of "The Garden in the Wilderness," &c. One Vol. post 8vo., price 10s. 6d. Ready on Monday at all the Libraries.

III.

ROSA ST. ORME, and OTHER TALES. By MRS. LOCKE. One Vol., post 8vo., price 10s. 6d. Ready on the 1st at all the Libraries.

IV.

MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING; or, the Religion of England staked on the Opening or Shutting of the Crystal Palace on Sundays. A Farce, in many Acts. By A CLERGYMAN of the CHURCH of ENGLAND. Price 1s.

V.

CONVICTS and COLONIES; Thoughts on Transportation and Colonisation, with reference to the Islands and Mainland of Northern Australia. By G. S. MORRIS, B.A., Vicar of Bretforton, Worcestershire, formerly one of Her Majesty's Chaplains in the island of Van Diemen's Land. Price 2s.

VI.

IMPORTANT to AUTHORS.—New Publishing Arrangements.—HOPE & CO., Publishers, 16. Great Marlborough Street, London, have resolved to charge no commission for publishing Works printed by them, until the Author has been refunded his original outlay. They would also state that they print, in the first style, greatly under the usual charges; while their publishing arrangements enable them to promote the interest of all Works intrusted to their charge. Estimates and every particular furnished gratuitously in course of post.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.—A Selection of the above beautiful Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in all its Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.

*** Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

Just published, price 1s., free by Post 1s. 4d.,

THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. Translated from the French.

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views.

General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers.

Pure Photographic Chemicals.

Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who published the application of this agent (see Athenæum, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months: it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co.'s) begs most respectfully to call the attention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the superiority of his newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing the efficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera, with the portability and convenience of the Folding Ditto.

Every description of Apparatus to order.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

Established 1824.

FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum of 131,125l. was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the different ages from 24½ to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid during the five years, or from 5l. to 12l. 10s. per cent. on the Sum Assured.

The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF PARTNERSHIP.

POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later Assurers.

On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be paid for the first five years.

INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk.

Claims paid thirty days after proof of death, and all Policies are Indisputable except in cases of fraud.

Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the Society's Agents, or of

GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary.

99. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.
Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.
Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

GILBERT J. FRENCH,

BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,

RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN, &c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches, Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c., &c.

Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS delivered Free by Railway.

ESTABLISHED 1841.

MEDICAL, INVALID, AND GENERAL LIFE OFFICE,

25. PALL MALL.

During the last Ten Years, this Society has issued more than Four Thousand One Hundred and Fifty Policies—

Covering Assurances to the extent of One Million Six Hundred and Eighty-seven Thousand Pounds, and upwards—

Yielding Annual Premiums amounting to Seventy-three Thousand Pounds.

This Society is the only one possessing Tables for the Assurance of Diseased Lives.

Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad at lower rates than at most other Offices.

A Bonus of 50 per cent. on the premiums paid was added to the policies at last Division of Profits.

Next Division in 1853—in which all Policies effected before 30th June, 1853, will participate.

Agents wanted for vacant places.

Prospectuses, Forms of Proposal, and every other information, may be obtained of the Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application to any of the Society's Agents in the country.