Navarrete, battle of, 255.
Navy, Ælfred's, 60.
Neolithic man, 3.
Nevill, influence of the family of, 324.
Nevill, George, Archbishop of York, deprived of the Chancellorship, 332.
Nevill's Cross, battle of, 242.
Newark, death of John at, 185.
Newcastle-on-Tyne, foundation of, 120.
New Forest, the, making of, 110;
death of William II. in, 122.
Nigel, Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of Henry I., Stephen's attack on, 134;
is reappointed Treasurer, 140.
Norfolk, origin of the name of, 28.
Norfolk, Duke of, banished by Richard II., 283.
Norfolk, Earl of, see Bigod, Roger.
Norham, award of the crown of Scotland at, 216.
Norman Conquest, the, 96-103.
Normandy, early dukes of, 80;
institutions of, 81;
its condition under Robert, 118;
pledged to William II., 121;
recovered by Robert, 124;
conquered by Henry I., 125;
conquered by Geoffrey, 136;
Henry, Duke of, 137;
conquered by Philip II., 174, 176;
invaded by Edward III., 240;
conquered by Henry V., 303;
reconquered by the French, 320.
Normans favoured by Eadward, 87;
their style of architecture, 89.
Northampton, Archbishop Thomas called to account at, 145;
battle of, 326.
North-humberland, component parts of, 36;
united by Æthelric, 41;
divided by Penda, and re-united under Oswald, 47;
is again divided, but re-united under Oswiu, 48;
its relations with Ecgberht, 55;
overrun by the Danes, 58;
Danish kingdom in, 62, 63;
is amalgamated with England, 64;
its condition under Cnut, 84;
under Siward, 84, 87.
Northmen, their attacks on England, 56;
religion of, 57;
see Danes.
Northumberland invaded by Malcolm Canmore, 119;
given to Henry, son of David I. 133;
recovered by Henry II., 140.
Northumberland, the Earl of, assists Henry IV., 284;
quarrels with Henry IV., 293;
imprisoned and pardoned, 294;
defeated and slain, 296.
Norwich, establishment of the see of, 107.
Nottingham, Anglian settlement at, 56;
seizure of Mortimer at, 232.
Nottingham, Earl of, opposes Richard II., 279;
is made Duke of Norfolk and banished, 283.

Oda, Archbishop, advocates the celibacy of the clergy, 65;
separates Eadwig and Ælfgifu, 67.
Odo oppresses the English, 102;
is banished by William II., 115.
Offa, king of the Mercians, defeats the West Saxons at Bensington, 53;
his dyke, 54.
Olaf Trygvasson, 79, 80.
Oldcastle, Sir John, burnt as a Lollard, 300.
Old Sarum, earthworks of Sorbiodunum at, 34.
Ordainers, the Lords, 226.
Ordeal, system of, 32;
continued by Henry II., 146.
Ordovices, the, resist the Romans, 14.
Orleans, siege of, 309.
Orleans, Duke of, Charles, captured at Agincourt, 303;
ransomed, 315.
Orleans, Duke of, Louis, makes an alliance with Glendower, 295;
murdered, 296.
Ormond, Earl of, supports the Lancastrians, 346.
Osric governs Deira, 48.
Ostorius Scapula arrives in Britain, 13;
conquests of, 14.
Oswald, bishop of Worcester, 68.
Oswald, King of North-humberland, his greatness and piety, 47;
is slain at Maserfield, 48.
Oswini, his relations with Aidan, 48;
is murdered, ib.
Oswiu unites North-humberland, 48;
defeats Penda, ib.;
decides for Wilfrid against Colman, 50.
Otho, Cardinal, legate of Gregory IX., 194.
Otto I., Emperor, 63.
Otto IV., Emperor, supports John, 179;
defeated at Bouvines, 181.
Over-lordship, character of, 38.
Oxford, growth of the University of, 167;
the so-called Mad Parliament meets at, 198;
thronged with scholars, 207.
Oxford, Earl of (Robert de Vere), made Duke of Ireland, 298;
see Ireland, Duke of.

Palæolithic man, 1.
Pandulf receives John's submission, 180.
Papacy, influence of, in the time of Gregory I., 39;
strength of, in the eleventh century, 88;
its position in the time of Gregory VII., 107;
in the time of Innocent III., 178;
Babylonian captivity of, 257;
England relieved of tribute to, 258;
great schism of, 266.
Paris, the capital of Hugh Capet's duchy, 80;
rising against the Armagnacs in, 304;
Henry VI. crowned at, 312;
lost to the English, 313.
Parliament (see Great Council, the), germ of representation in, 180;
first use of the name of, 195;
scheme of administrative reform proposed in, ib.;
knights of the shire elected to, 196;
relations between the clergy and the barons, 197;
insists on the Provisions of Oxford, 197;
representatives of towns admitted by Earl Simon to, 201;
growth of, under Edward I., 210, 218;
Scottish representatives in, 222;
acknowledgment of the legislative power of the Commons in, 228;
finally separated into two Houses, 244;
opposition to the clergy in, 259;
Richard II. invites complaints in, 280.
Paston, John, attacked by Lord Molynes, 321;
domestic life of, 330.
Patay, battle of, 311.
Patrick, St., introduces Christianity into Ireland, 47.
Paulinus effects conversions in Deira, 46.
Peasants' Revolt, the, 268.
Pedro the Cruel, 255.
Pembroke, Earl of, see William the Marshal.
Penda defeats Eadwine at Heathfield, 46;
splits up North-humberland, 47;
is defeated and slain, 48.
Penitential system, the, introduced by Theodore, 50.
Percies, the, territorial influence of, 293.
Percy, Henry (Hotspur), 293, 294.
Perpendicular style, the, 247.
Perrers, Alice, 260, 262.
Peter des Roches influences Henry III., 188;
is dismissed, 189.
Peter the Hermit, 120.
Pevensey, landing of William at, 96.
Philip I., king of France, makes war with William I., 114.
Philip II., king of France, stirs up enmity between Henry II. and his sons, 156;
quarrels with Richard I., 161;
stirs up John against Richard, 162;
supports Arthur against John, 174;
wins Normandy and Anjou from John, 175;
prepares an invasion of England, 179;
wins a victory at Bouvines, 181.
Philip IV., king of France, his relations with Edward I. and with Scotland, 218.
Philip V., king of France, succeeds in virtue of the so-called Salic law, 232.
Philip VI., king of France, succeeds in virtue of the so-called Salic law, and receives the homage of Edward III., 232;
protects David Bruce, 234;
defeats the Flemings at Cassel, 235;
avoids fighting the English, 239;
is defeated at Creçy, 242;
death of, 251.
Philip, the Archduke, birth of, 337;
marries Juana, 352;
dies, 358.
Philippa of Hainault marries Edward III., 231;
begs the lives of the burgesses of Calais, 243.
Phœnicians, the, supposed visits to Britain of, 7.
Picts, the, ravages of, 23, 26;
unite with the Scots, 63.
Piers the Plowman, 259.
Pippin becomes king of the Franks, 54.
Plautius, Aulus, subdues south east Britain, 13.
Poitevins, favour of Henry III. to, 187, 194.
Poitiers, battle of, 251.
Poitou, John's attack on the barons of, 174;
submission to Philip II. of part of, 176;
John attempts to recover, 180;
Henry III. surrenders, 194.
Poll-taxes, 267, 268.
Poor priests sent out by Wycliffe, 268.
Posidonius visits Britain, 8.
Poynings' Acts, 350.
Præmunire, Statute of, 258;
re-enacted, 282.
Printing press, the, 358.
Prisons, condition of, 275.
Provençals favoured by Henry III., 192.
Provisions of Oxford, the, 198.
Provisors, Statute of, 258;
re-enacted, 282.
Puiset, Hugh de, appointed a justiciar in the absence of Richard I., 159.
Punishments, early English, 32;
mediæval, 275.
Purveyors, 274.
Pytheas opens a trade-route to Britain, 8.

Quia emptores, Statute of, 212.

Radcot Bridge, the Duke of Ireland defeated at, 280.
Rædwald, king of East Anglia, 41;
Eadwine takes refuge with, 43.
Ralph de Diceto, 167.
Ralph of Wader takes part in the Rising of the Earls, 110.
Ranulph Flambard, see Flambard.
Recognitions, 147.
Reginald elected Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks, 177.
Regni, the, join Aulus Plautius, 13.
Regular clergy, the, 65.
Rent, land let for, 321.
Representative institutions, see Parliament.
Retainers substituted for vassals, 281;
increase of the number of, 321.
Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, 189.
Richard I., as Duke of Aquitaine, 155;
takes the cross, 157;
becomes King of England, 159;
sells the homage of Scotland, ib.;
his Crusade and imprisonment, 161;
is liberated, 162;
his short visit to England, ib.;
death of, 165.
Richard II., proposal to set aside, 261;
his minority, 266;
meets the insurgents, 268;
offers to head them, 269;
marries Anne of Bohemia, 278;
his favouritism, ib.;
superseded in his authority by a Commission of Regency, 279;
regains power and governs constitutionally, 280;
makes an alliance with France, and marries Isabella, 282;
makes himself absolute, ib.;
banishes Norfolk and Hereford, 283;
goes to Ireland, 284;
forced to abdicate, 285;
murdered, 291;
alleged reappearance of, 293;
buried at Westminster, 299.
Richard III. (see Duke of Gloucester) is created a duke, 329;
character of, 337;
becomes Protector, 338;
has Hastings executed, 340;
is crowned king, 341;
his government, 342;
defeated and slain, 343.
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, leads the barons against Henry III., 192;
deserts the barons, 195;
takes part in summoning knights of the shire to Parliament, 196;
is chosen king of the Romans, 198;
hides himself after the battle of Lewes, 201.
Richard Fitz-Nigel writes the Dialogus de Scaccario, 167.
Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Normans, 80.
Richard the Good, Duke of the Normans, 81.
Richmond, Earl of, see Henry VII.
Riding on horseback, 273.
Ripon, architecture of the choir of, 171.
Rising of the Earls, the, 110.
Rivers, Earl, becomes Lord Constable, 331;
imprisoned, 338;
executed, 340.
Roads, making and repair of, 272, 273.
Robert I. (Bruce), king of Scotland, allied with Edward I., 223;
slays Comyn, and is crowned King of Scotland, 224;
defeats Edward II. at Bannockburn, 226;
leprosy of, 231;
death of, 232.
Robert II., king of Scotland, 295.
Robert III., king of Scotland, 295.
Robert, Earl of Gloucester, his power in the West of England, 133;
declares for Matilda, 134;
taken prisoner, and exchanged for Stephen, 135;
death of, ib.
Robert, Duke of the Normans (father of William the Conqueror), 88.
Robert, Duke of the Normans (son of William the Conqueror), incapacity of, 114;
rebellion in England in favour of, 115;
goes on the first Crusade, 121;
fails to overthrow Henry I., 124;
defeat, imprisonment, and death of, 125.
Robert of Bellême, cruelty of, 119;
becomes Earl of Shrewsbury, 121;
expelled by Henry I., 124;
imprisonment of, 125.
Robert of Jumièges, Archbishop of Canterbury, 87.
Robin Hood, legend of, 275.
Rochester, foundation of the bishopric of, 40;
Odo besieged in, 115.
Rockingham, Council at, 118.
Roger, Archbishop of York, crowns the young Henry, 149.
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, Minister of Henry I., 126;
quarrels with Stephen, 134.
Roger, Earl of Hereford, takes part in the Rising of the Earls, 110.
Roger of Hoveden, 167.
Roger, son of Roger of Salisbury, 134.
Roman Empire, the establishment of, 12;
continuance of, in the East after its destruction in the West, 27.
Romans, the, invasion of Gaul by, 10;
invasion of Britain by, 11;
commencement of the conquest of Britain by, 12;
massacre of, 15;
complete conquest of the greater part of Britain by, 17;
civilisation introduced into Britain by, 21;
end of their rule in Britain, 26;
persistency of their civilisation in Gaul, 37.
Romney Marsh divides Jutes from South Saxons, 27.
Roosebeke, battle of, 278.
Roses, Wars of the, see Wars of the Roses.
Rothesay, Duke of, death of, 295.
Rouen occupied by Hrolf, 80;
surrenders to Henry V., 304;
retaken by the French, 320.
Rutland, Earl of (son of the Duke of York), accompanies his father to Ireland, 326;
murdered, 328.

St. Albans (see Verulam), architecture of the nave of the abbey of, 171;
meeting of a national jury at, 180;
the first battle of, 324;
the second battle of, 328.
St. John, Knights of, 157.
St. Michael's Mount, Henry besieged at, 119.
Saladin takes Jerusalem, 157.
Saladin tithe, the, 157.
Salic law, the so-called, 232.
Salisbury, great Gemot at, 113;
cathedral at, 207.
Salisbury, Richard, Earl of, his connection with the Duke of York, 324;
takes part in the battles of Blore Heath and Northampton, 326;
beheaded, 328.
Sarum, Old, 34.
Savoy, the, burnt, 269.
Saxon shore, the defence of, 25;
over run by the Jutes, 27.
Saxons, the (see East Saxons, South Saxons, West Saxons), ravage Roman Britain, 24;
settle in Britain, 27;
merge their name in that of English, 28;
are known by the Celts as Saxons, 29.
Sawtre, William, burnt as a heretic, 292.
Say, Lord, beheaded by Jack Cade, 323.
Schwartz, Martin, defeated at Stoke, 347.
Scotland, kingdom of, formed by a union of Scots and Picts, 63;
its relations with England under Eadmund, 64;
its relations with Cnut, 84;
with William I., 104;
with William II., 119;
with Stephen, 133;
with Henry II., 154;
with Richard I., 159;
disputed succession in, 214;
Edward I. acknowledged Lord Paramount of, 216;
its league with France, 218;
twice conquered by Edward I., 219, 221;
incorporated with England, 222;
conquered a third time by Edward I., 224;
independence of, 226;
first war of Edward III. with, 231;
struggle between Edward Balliol and David Bruce in, 232, 234;
accession of the Stuarts to the throne of, 295;
assists France in its wars with England, 307.
Scots, the ravages of, 23;
abode of, in Ireland, 23;
renewed ravages of, 26;
settle in Argyle, and are defeated at Degsastan, 42;
their relations with Eadward the Elder, 63;
see Scotland.
Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed, 296.
Scrope, Lord, execution of, 301.
Scutage, 141.
Secular clergy, the, 67.
Selsey, landing of the South Saxons near, 27.
Senlac, battle of, 96.
Serfs, see Villeins.
Severn, West Saxon conquest of the Valley of, 35.
Severus fails in conquering the Caledonians, 19.
Sheriffs, their position in Eadgar's reign, 73;
weakened by Henry II., 148.
Shires, origin of, 73.
Shire-moot, the, 73;
see County Courts.
Shore, Jane, penance of, 340.
Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Lord.
Shrewsbury, Parliament of, 283;
battle of, 294.
Silchester, Roman church at, 23.
Simnel, Lambert, insurrection in favour of, 347.
Simon de Montfort, early career of, 193;
takes the side of the barons, 195;
employed in Gascony, 196;
executes the Provisions of Oxford, 199;
heads the baronial party, 200;
wins the battle of Lewes, 201;
constitutional scheme of, ib.;
killed at Evesham, 203;
compared with Archbishop Thomas, 204.
Siward, Earl of North-humberland, 84, 87.
Slaves preserved alive at the English conquest, 30.
Sluys, battle of, 239.
Somerset, Welsh driven out of, 53.
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of, commands in Normandy, 320;
supported by Henry VI., 323;
slain at St. Albans, 324.
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, executed, 334.
Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, commands in France, 317;
kept from court by Suffolk, 318;
dies, 320.
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, executed, 331.
Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), the stronghold of Ambrosius, 34.
South Saxons, the, first conquests of, 27;
destroy Anderida, 28.
Spain, union of the kingdoms of, 349;
growth of the monarchy of, 354.
Spencer, Henry, bishop of Norwich, leads an expedition to Flanders, 278.
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 95.
Standard, battle of the, 133.
Stanley, Lord, joins Henry VII., 343.
Stanley, Sir William, deserts Richard III., 343;
execution of, 351.
Star Chamber, Court of, organisation of, 348.
States-General, the French, meet during John's captivity, 252.
Statute of Wales, 210.
Stephen, accession of, 131;
makes peace with the Scots, 133;
quarrels with the barons, ib.;
quarrels with the clergy, 134;
death of, 135.
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 89.
Stirling, Wallace's victory at, 221.
Stoke, battle of, 347.
Stone implements, 1-4.
Strathclyde, formation of the kingdom of, 43;
is not dependent on Ecgberht, 55;
its relations with Eadmund, 64.
Strongbow in Ireland, 152.
Stuart, family of, inherit the throne of Scotland, 295.
Suetonius Paullinus, campaigns of, 14-16.
Suffolk, origin of the name of, 28.
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of, Chancellor of Richard II., 278;
driven from power, 279;
condemned to death, 280.
Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, arranges a truce with France, 317;
presides over the government of England, 318;
impeached and murdered, 322.
Surrey, Earl of, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., 219.
Sussex, conquest of, 27, 28;
weakness of, 41;
accepts Christianity, 49.
Svend attacks London, 79;
returns to Denmark, 80;
invades England, 81;
death of, 83.
Swegen, son of Godwine, misconduct of, 87;
death of, 88.
Swynford, Catherine, marries John of Gaunt, 282.