Aaron, martyrdom of, 23.
Aclea, battle of, 57.
Acre, captured by the Crusaders, 161;
Edward I. at, 204.
Adrian IV. grants Ireland to Henry II., 152.
Adulterine castles, 137.
Aedan, king of the Scots, is defeated at Degsastan, 42.
Ælfgar, earl of the Mercians, 90.
Ælfgifu, wife of Eadwig, 65, 66.
Ælfheah, Archbishop, murdered by the Danes, 82.
Ælfred, his struggle with the Danes, 58;
his position after the Treaty of Wedmore, 59;
gains London, ib.;
character of his work, 60.
Ælfred the Ætheling, murder of, 85, 86.
Ælfthryth, wife of Eadgar, 78.
Ælla, king of Deira, slave-boys from his kingdom found at Rome, 38.
Æscesdun, battle of, 58.
Æthelbald, king of the Mercians, 53.
Æthelbald, king of the West Saxons, 57.
Æthelberht, king of Kent, his supremacy, 38;
becomes a Christian, 39;
helps Augustine to set up bishoprics, 40;
death of, 41.
Æthelberht, king of the West Saxons, 57.
Æthelflæd, the Lady of the Mercians, 62.
Æthelfrith, king of North-humberland, his struggle with the northern Welsh, 41;
defeats the Scots at Degsastan, 42;
and the Kymry near Chester, 43;
is defeated and slain by Eadwine, ib.
Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, 60.
Æthelred, king of the West Saxons, his struggle with the Danes, 58, 62.
Æthelred the Unready, his relations with the Danes, 79;
and with the Normans, 80;
orders a massacre of the Danes, 81;
flies to Normandy, 82;
returns and dies, 83.
Æthelric unites North-humberland, 41.
Æthelstan, reign of, 63.
Æthelstan, the Half-King, 73.
Æthelwold drives secular canons from Winchester, 68.
Æthelwulf defeats the Northmen, 57.
Aëtius refuses help to the Britons, 26.
Agincourt, battle of, 302.
Agricola, campaigns of, 16;
forts built by, 17.
Agriculture in Eadgar's time, 75.
Aidan establishes himself in Holy Island, 47;
his relations with Oswald, ib.;
and with Oswine, ib.
Alban, martyrdom of, 23.
Albany, the Duke of, suspected of the murder of the Duke of Rothesay, 295;
is regent of Scotland, 296.
Albigeois, the, crusade against, 193.
Albin, probable Iberian derivation of the name, 6.
Albion, see Albin.
Alcluyd (Dumbarton), the capital of Strathclyde, 43.
Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 134.
Alexander III., king of Scotland, death of, 214.
Alexander III., Pope, shrinks from supporting Archbishop Thomas, 145.
Alexander IV., Pope, confirms a grant of Sicily to Edmund Crouchback, 197.
Allectus asserts a claim to the Empire, 22.
Alnwick, Malcolm Canmore slain at, 119;
William the Lion captured at, 154;
dismantled, 296.
Ambresbyrig (Amesbury) named from Ambrosius, 34.
Ambrosius fights with the West Saxons, 34.
Ambrosius Aurelianus, fights with the Jutes, 27.
Amiens, the mise of, 200.
Anderida destroyed by the South Saxons, 28.
Andred's Wood covers the Weald, 27.
Angevin kings, Church and State under, 165;
growth of learning under, 167;
growth of commerce under, 168;
architectural changes under, 170.
Angles ravage Roman Britain, 24;
settle in Britain, 28;
advance gradually, 36;
see Bernicia, Deira, East Anglia, Mercia, North-humberland.
Anglesea, see Mona.
Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 131;
united with Normandy, 137;
declares for Arthur, 174;
conquered by Philip II., 176;
English forays in, 317.
Anne of Beaujeu, policy of, 348.
Anne of Bohemia marries Richard II., 278.
Anne of Brittany is married to Maximilian by proxy, 349;
married to Charles VIII., 349.
Anselm acknowledges Ælfheah to be a martyr, 82;
character of, 117;
becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 118;
quarrels with William II., ib.;
his relations with Henry I., 125.
Antoninus Pius, wall of, 17.
Appellant, the Lords, 279.
Aquitaine, Duchy of, passes to Henry II. by his marriage, 137;
is given to Richard, 155;
divided in language and character from the North of France, 176;
intrigues of Philip IV. in, 218;
efforts of Philip VI. to gain, 234;
ceded to Edward III., 253;
the Black Prince made Duke of, 254;
resistance to the Black Prince in, 256;
almost wholly lost, 257;
complete loss of, 320.
Aquæ Sulis (Bath) subdued by the West Saxons, 35.
Archers employed at Senlac, 96;
armed with the long bow at Falkirk, 221;
improperly employed at Bannockburn, 226;
effect of, at Halidon Hill, 234;
drawn from the yeomen, 236;
win the battle of Creçy, 242;
are successful at Poitiers, 251.
Architecture before the Conquest, 51;
Norman, 89;
under the Angevins, 170;
Early English style of, 207;
Decorated and Perpendicular styles of, 247;
later development of, 358.
Arles, Council of, 23.
Armagnac, the Count of, establishes a reign of terror, 303;
murder of, 304.
Armagnacs, party of the, oppose the Burgundians, 296;
relations of Henry IV. with, 299;
make war with the Burgundians, 301;
insurrection of the Parisians against, 304.
Army, the, the folk-moot in arms, 33;
Ælfred's organisation of, 60;
under William I., 104, 106;
reorganised by Henry II., 141;
its condition under Edward III., 236.
Arras, congress at, 313;
Treaty of, 337.
Arteveldt, Jacob van, 235.
Arteveldt, Philip van, 278.
Arthur, legend of, 33.
Arthur, nephew of John, descent of, 173;
murder of, 174.
Arthur, Prince of Wales, marriage and death of, 356.
Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, banished, 282;
his position under Henry IV., 292;
deprived of the Chancellorship, 299;
Oldcastle tried before, 300.
Arundel, the Earl of, opposes Richard II., 279;
executed, 282.
Aryans, the, 5.
Assandun, battle of, 83.
Asser, life of Ælfred by, 61.
Assize of Arms, 154.
Assize of Clarendon, see Clarendon.
Athelney, Ælfred takes refuge in, 58.
Augustine preaches to the men of Kent, 39;
becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and founds other bishoprics, 40;
fails to obtain the co-operation of the Welsh bishops, 41.
Aumale, Earl of, surrenders his castles to Hubert de Burgh, 187.
Austria, imprisonment of Richard I. in, 161.
Avice of Gloucester divorced by John, 174.
Avignon, the Popes at, 257.

Badby burnt as a heretic, 298.
Badon, Mount, see Mount Badon.
Balliol, Edward, wins and loses the crown of Scotland, 232, 233.
Balliol, John, descent of, 215;
declared King of Scotland, 216;
is defeated and surrenders the crown, 219.
Bamborough, Ida's fortress at, 36;
Mowbray besieged in, 120.
Bangor-iscoed, monastery at, 42;
slaughter of the monks of, 43.
Bannockburn, battle of, 226.
Barnet, battle of, 334.
Basques, the, Iberian descent of, 5.
Bath, see Aquæ Sulis.
Battle Abbey, site of, 96.
Baugé, battle of, 306.
Bayeux Tapestry, the, 98.
Bayonne taken by the French, 320.
Bears, performing, 275.
Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, becomes Chancellor, 299;
invites Parliament to support Henry V., 301;
opposes Gloucester, 308;
becomes a cardinal, 309;
continues his opposition to Gloucester, 314;
policy of, 317;
death of, 318.
Bec, Abbey of, 89, 117.
Becket, see Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of, 52.
Bedford, West Saxon victory at, 35;
castle of Faukes de Breauté at, 187.
Bedford, John, Duke of, brother of Henry V., sent to secure Harfleur, 303;
Regent of France, 307;
marries the Duke of Burgundy's sister, ib.;
defeats the French at Verneuil, 308;
returns to England, 312;
death of, 313.
Belgians land in Britain, 8.
Bellême, see Robert of Bellême.
Benedict of Nursia establishes the Benedictine rule, 40.
Benedictines, monasteries of the, 128.
Benevolences invented by Edward IV., 335;
abolished by Richard III., 342.
Bensington, Mercian victory at, 53.
Berengaria marries Richard I., 161.
Bernard du Guesclin, see Du Guesclin.
Bernicia, formation of the kingdom of, 36;
is merged for a time in North-humberland, 41;
is untouched by the preaching of Paulinus, 46;
is finally merged in North-humberland, 48;
maintains its independence after the Danish conquest, 59.
Bertha obtains from Æthelberht a disused church, 38.
Bigod, Hugh, appointed justiciar by the barons, 199.
Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., 220.
Black Death, the, 248, 259.
Black Prince, the, fights at Creçy, 242;
ravages the south of France, and defeats the French at Poitiers, 251;
his courtesy to King John, 252;
is sent to Aquitaine, 254;
his expedition into Spain, 255;
taxes Aquitaine, 256;
loses Aquitaine, 257;
leads the Good Parliament, and dies, 262.
Blanche Tache, ford of, 240.
Blore Heath, battle of, 326.
Boadicea, insurrection of, 15.
Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, resists Edward I., 220.
Boniface VIII., 220.
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, 197.
Bordeaux taken by the French, 320.
Boroughbridge, defeat of Thomas of Lancaster at, 228.
Bosworth, battle of, 343.
Bouvines, battle of, 181.
Brabant, the Duke of, captures Jacqueline of Hainault, 308.
Bradford-on-Avon, early stone church at, 51.
Bramham Moor, defeat of Northumberland on, 296.
Brember hanged, 280.
Bretigni, Treaty of, 253.
Bretwalda, title of, 44.
Bridgenorth, Robert of Bellême's castle at, 121;
besieged by Henry I., 124.
Bridges, making and repair of, 272, 273.
Brigantes, the, conquest of, 16.
Brihtnoth slain at Maldon, 79.
Bristol garrisoned by Robert of Gloucester, 134.
Britain, its name derived from the Britons, 6;
tin trade opened to, 8;
Gauls and Belgians in, ib.;
Cæsar's invasion of, 11;
trade of Gaul with, 12;
beginning of the Roman conquest of, 13-17;
condition of the Roman province of, 19-22;
emperors specially connected with, 22;
Christianity in, 23;
ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 23;
and by the Saxons, 24;
military divisions of, ib.;
end of the Roman government of, 25, 26;
is deserted by the Romans, 26;
its organisation after the departure of the Romans, ib.;
the English conquest of, 27-29.
Britons, the, succeed the Goidels, 6;
languages spoken by the descendants of, 7;
habits of, 9;
religion of, 10;
introduction of Roman manners amongst, 13;
increased civilisation of, 21;
non-existence of a national feeling amongst, 22;
ask Honorius in vain for help, 25;
the groans of the, 26;
treatment of, by the English conquerors, 29;
are better treated in the West, 31;
slight modification of English language by them, 31;
see Kymry.
Brittany, its relation with Henry II., 155;
Edward III. sends forces to, 240;
annexed to France, 349.
Bruce, Edward, invades Ireland, 264.
Bruce, Robert, claims the crown of Scotland, 215.
Bruce, Robert, grandson of the preceding, see Robert I.
Brunanburh, battle of, 63.
Brut, Layamon's, 207.
Brythons, see Britons.
Buchan, Countess of, imprisoned, 224.
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, supports Richard III., 338, 341;
executed as a rebel, 342.
Burford, West Saxon victory at, 53.
Burgundians, party of the, opposed to the Armagnacs, 296, 299;
are friendly to Henry V., 301.
Burgundy, Charles the Rash, Duke of, marries the sister of Edward IV., 332;
policy of, 336;
is slain at Nancy, ib.
Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of, has the Duke of Orleans murdered, 296;
allies himself with Henry V., 301;
holds aloof in the campaign of Agincourt, 302;
makes war upon the Armagnacs, 303;
murder of, 305.
Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, joins the English against the Dauphin, 306;
allies himself with the Duke of Bedford, 307;
forms a league with Charles VII., 313;
inherits territories in the Netherlands, ib.
Burhs erected by Eadward the Elder, 62.
Burley, Sir Simon, executed, 280.
Bury St. Edmunds, foundation of the monastery at, 58;
death of Svend at, 82;
meeting of barons at, 181.

Cade, Jack, rebellion of, 322.
Cædmon, poetry of, 52.
Cædwalla, allied with Penda, 46;
is defeated by Oswald, 47.
Caen, burial of William I. at, 114;
stormed by Henry V., 303.
Caerleon upon Usk, see Isca Silurum.
Cæsar, Gaius Julius, makes war in Gaul and Germany, 10;
twice invades Britain, 11.
Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, 8.
Calais taken by Edward III., 243;
besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, 313.
Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with, 16.
Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of, 301.
Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters at, 12;
Roman colony of, 13;
captured by Boadicea, 15.
Cannon, first use of, 242.
Canterbury, Æthelberht's residence at, 38;
Augustine preaches at, 39;
foundation of the archbishopric of, 40;
murder of Archbishop Thomas at, 150;
Henry II. does penance at, 153;
architecture of the choir of, 171;
disputed election of the Archbishop of, 177.
Canterbury Tales, the, 270.
Caractacus, defeat and flight of, 13;
capture of, 14.
Carausius claims to be emperor, 22.
Carham, battle of, 84.
Carlisle fortified by William II., 119.
Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at, 210.
Carriages and carts, 273.
Carucage substituted for Danegeld, 162.
Cashel, synod at, 152.
Cassel, battle of, 235.
Cassiterides, the geographical position of, 8.
Cassivelaunus, resistance to Cæsar by, 11.
Castile, intervention of the Black Prince in, 255;
united with Aragon, 349.
Catherine of Aragon married to Prince Arthur, 356;
marriages proposed for, 357.
Catherine of France marries Henry V., 306;
marries Owen Tudor, 335.
Catuvellauni, the, position of, 9;
attacked by Cæsar, 11;
subsequent history of, 12.
Caxton, William, establishes a printing press at Westminster, 358.
Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley, 35;
defeated at Wanborough, 36.
Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in favour of, 65;
inculcated at Cluny, 67.
Celtic Christianity, influence of, 47, 49.
Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in Western Europe, 5;
are divided into two stocks, 7;
know their conquerors as Saxons, 29.
Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, 29;
are the tillers of the soil, 30.
Chancellor, the official position of, 127;
becomes a judge, 260.
Charles Martel defeats the Mohammedans, 54.
Charles the Great, Emperor, 55, 63.
Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, 63;
cedes Normandy to Hrolf, 80.
Charles IV., king of France, death of, 232.
Charles V., king of France, opposes the English in Spain, 255;
summons the Black Prince to Paris, 256;
renews the war against the English, ib.;
avoids a battle, 257.
Charles VI., king of France, defeats the Flemings, 278;
allies himself with Richard II., 282;
loses his senses, 295;
disinherits the Dauphin, 306;
dies, 307.
Charles VII., king of France, as Dauphin, falls into the hands of the Armagnacs, 303;
is present at the murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, 305;
is disinherited, 306;
claims to succeed to the crown at his father's death, 307;
his weakness, 309;
is helped by the Maid of Orleans, 310;
is crowned, 311;
consents to a truce, 317;
renews the war, 320.
Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds to the crown, 348;
invades Italy, 352;
death of, 354.
Château Gaillard built by Richard I., 165;
lost by John, 354.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, his Canterbury Tales, 270.
Chester (see Deva) submits to William I., 103.
Chinon, Henry II. dies at, 157.
Chivalry, 235.
Christ Church, at Canterbury, privileges of, 177;
expulsion of the monks of, 178.
Christianity introduced into Britain, 23;
into England, 39;
character of early English, see England, the Church of.
Chronicle, the, begun under Ælfred, 61;
continued at Worcester, 68, 129;
completed at Peterborough, 129.
Church of England, see England, the Church of.
Cinque Ports, the, 218.
Cirencester, see Corinium.
Cistercians, the, introduced into England, 129;
decline of asceticism amongst, 167;
are fined by John, 179.
Clare, Gilbert de, see Gloucester, Earl of.
Clare, Richard de, see Strongbow.
Clare, Richard de, see Gloucester, Earl of.
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ireland, 265.
Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV., created a duke, 329;
marries Warwick's daughter, and quarrels with Edward IV., 332;
put to death, 336.
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of Henry IV., killed at Baugé, 306.
Clarendon, the Constitutions of, 144;
the assize of, 146.
Claudius, the Emperor, plans the conquest of Britain, 13.
Clergy, the, see Ecclesiastical Courts, England, Church of.
Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, 220.
Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland, 328.
Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, 67;
reforms originated at, 107.
Cnut, reign of, 83-85.
Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of the Duke of Gloucester, 315;
does penance for witchcraft, 316.
Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford, 207.
Colman disputes with Wilfrid, 50.
Columba founds a monastery at Iona, 47.
Columbus discovers the West Indies, 354.
Commerce between Britain and Gaul, 8, 12;
between England and Gaul, 38;
under the Angevin kings, 168;
under Edward I., 211;
under Edward III., 235, 236;
under Henry VII., 351.
Common Pleas, establishment of a separate Court of, 212.
Commons, the House of (see Parliament), finally separated from the Lords, 243;
struggle of, against unparliamentary taxation, 244;
importance of the constitution of, 245;
supported by the Black Prince, 261;
influence over the elections of, 281;
proposes to confiscate Church property, 294;
addressed by Edward IV., 329.
Compurgation, system of, 32;
set aside by Henry II., 146, 147.
Comyn, John (the Red), slain by Bruce, 224.
Confirmatio Cartarum, 221.
Conrad III., Emperor, takes part in the second Crusade, 157.
Constance of Brittany marries Geoffrey, 155.
Constantine takes an army from Britain, 25.
Constantine, king of the Scots, allies himself with Eadward, 63.
Constantine the Great becomes sole Emperor, 22;
acknowledges Christianity as the religion of the Empire, 23.
Constantius, the Emperor, 22.
Constitutions of Clarendon, 144;
renounced by Henry II., 153.
Convocations of the clergy vote money, 219.
Conway, Edward I. builds a castle at, 210.
Corinium (Cirencester), West Saxon conquest of, 35.
Cornish, the, derivation of the old language of, 7;
submit to Ecgberht, 55.
Cotentin, the, sold to Henry, 119.
County courts derived from the shire-moots, 141.
Courtenay, Bishop of London, supported by the citizens against Lancaster, 263.
Creçy, battle of, 241, 242.
Cressingham, Sir Hugh, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., 219.
Crown, the, see King.
Crusade, the first, 120;
the second, 157;
the third, 161;
against the Albigeois, 193;
the seventh, 204.
Cumberland, origin of the name of, 37;
annexed by William II., 119;
left to David I., 133;
regained by Henry II., 140.
Cunedda, extensive rule of, 37.
Cunobelin, government of, 12.
Curia Regis, the, organised under Henry I., 127;
strengthened by Henry II., 141;
powers assigned by the Constitutions of Clarendon to, 145;
orders the appointment of recognitors, 147;
divided into three courts, 212.
Customs on imports and exports under Edward I., 211, 221.
Cutha, 35.
Cymbeline, original of Shakspere's, 12.
Cynric captures Sorbiodunum, 34.