CHAPTER XII
Journals of Congress, Vol. III, p. 589.
474United States Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 138.
475United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 566.
476Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1890, p. xxix.
477These figures are taken from an account of the proceedings of the council published in Niles' Register, Vol. XXIX, pp. 187–192. Taliaferro gives the number of his party as being 385 “Sioux and Chippewas, including the interpreters and attendants.”--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 206.
478The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250–255.
479These are the reasons given by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in his report on December 1, 1837.--Senate Documents, 2nd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, pp. 526, 527.
480Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 129.
481Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 131; Vol. VI, p. 214.
482For an account of the life of Flat Mouth see Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 169, note 10.
483Sketches of the life of Hole-in-the-Day are given in The Spirit of Missions, Vol. VIII, p. 461, December, 1843; North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, August 3, 1839; Prairie du Chien Patriot, June 8, 1847.
484Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 353.
485The names of the witnesses of the treaty are given in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 493.
486A contemporary account of the proceedings of the council published in the Iowa News (Dubuque), Vol. I, Nos. 11 and 14, is reprinted in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 408–433.
487The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, p. 420.
488Dodge to Harris, July 30, 1837.--Indian Office Files, 1837, No. 226.
489Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. 2, Document No. 5, p. 985. The Indians desired whiskey at the councils. In order to prove that it was not refused because of stinginess, two barrels were opened at Prairie du Chien and the whiskey allowed to run on the ground. The old Indian Wakh-pa-koo-tay mourned the loss: “It was a great pity, there was enough wasted to have kept me drunk all the days of my life.”--Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. V, p. 124.
490The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 409, 410.
491The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 424–426.
492The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 416, 417.
Taliaferro was violently opposed to granting any funds to the traders.--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 215, 216.
493The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 431, 432.
494The text of the treaty is to be found in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 491–493.
495Niles' Register, Vol. LIII, pp. 81, 82; Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 493, 494.
496See an account of the payment in 1849 at Fort Snelling in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 27, 1849.
497Post Returns, November, 1852, October, 1853, October, 1854, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
498CHAPTER XIII
Turner's The Significance of the Frontier in American History in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1893, p. 211.
499Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 202.
500Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 453; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 468.
501Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 319.
502Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. II, p. 60.
503Much has been written on the founding of this colony and the romantic events connected with the struggle between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, in which many of the colonists were the innocent victims. Interesting accounts are given in Kingsford's The History of Canada, Vol. IX, pp. 108–150; Bryce's The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company, pp. 202–257; Bryce's Lord Selkirk in The Makers of Canada, Vol. V, pp. 115–206; Laut's The Conquest of the Great Northwest, pp. 113–202; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 75–89.
504There is a summary of the early trading relations of the Red River Colony with the American settlements in the Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol. IV, pp. 251, 252. The arrival of these people at Fort Snelling is noted in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 124, 127; VI, p. 350.
505“Two families of Swiss emigrants who arrived here yesterday were robbed of almost everything they possessed”.--Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50. See also the story of the Tully children in Van Cleve's “Three Score Years and Ten,” Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, pp. 49–61.
506The facts concerning the migrations of these Red River refugees are taken from the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams who was herself one of the travellers.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 75–95. See also Chetlain's The Red River Colony. This is a small pamphlet written by the son of one of the refugees.
507Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XIV, p. 84.
508Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 70, 71.
509Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 16.
510Renville to Sibley, February 22, 1835.--Sibley Papers, 1830–1840. A story is told of a certain “Simple-hearted, honest fellow” named Sinclair. “One time he was sick, at Mendota, and Surgeon Emerson, at the fort, sent by some one, a box of pills, for him to take a dose from. N. W. Kittson called on him a little while after this, and found that Sinclair had not only swallowed all the pills, but was then chewing up the box!”--Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 123.
511Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 127, 129.
512Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50.
513Taliaferro's Diary, July 13, 14, 1834; Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 239.
514Taliaferro's Diary, July 21, 1834.
515Indian Office Files, 1837, Nos. 448, 447, 445.
516The Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 231.
517Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 14, 15.
518Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 16, 17.
519Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 18, 23.
520Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 136; Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 66, 67.
521Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 23, 24.
522Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, pp. 26, 27.
523The Spirit of Missions, Vol. V, p. 335, November, 1840. A recent sketch of Fort Snelling states that there were “no white neighbors except traders, agents of fur companies, refugees from civilization and disreputable hangers-on.”--Hammond's Quaint and Historic Forts of North America, p. 272. Many of the evicted settlers can not be classed among these.
524This order is published in Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 94.
525For the expulsion of the settlers see Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, pp. 99, 100; also, Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 459. Williams (p. 100) says that in 1849 and 1852 memorials were presented to Congress by those who had been expelled, in which they stated that “the soldiery fell upon them without warning, treated them with unjustifiable rudeness, broke and destroyed furniture wantonly, insulted the women, and, in one or two instances, fired at and killed cattle.”
Father Galtier, who was there at the time, wrote: “Consequently a deputy marshall from Prairie du Chien was ordered to remove the houses. He went to work, assisted by some soldiers, and, one after another, unroofed the cottages, extending about five miles along the river. The settlers were forced to seek new homes.” He makes no mention of personal violence.--Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, p. 64.
526Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 111.
527See the description of St. Paul in 1849 in Seymour's Sketches of Minnesota, the New England of the West, pp. 94–100.
528The Minnesota Pioneer, January 30, 1850.
529The Minnesota Pioneer, January 23, February 27, June 27, 1850.
530The Minnesota Pioneer, November 27, 1851.
531The Minnesota Pioneer, April 17, 1851.
532Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XV, p. 534; Post Returns, July, 1855, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
533The Minnesota Pioneer, February 20, 27, 1850.
534The Minnesota Pioneer, February 6, 13, 1850; Minnesota Chronicle and Register, February 10, 1851.
535The Minnesota Pioneer, February 13, 1850.
536Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, pp. 152–163.
537The Minnesota Pioneer, August 23, 1849.
538These two treaties were the treaty with the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Sioux at Traverse des Sioux, July 23, 1851; and with the Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota bands of Sioux at Mendota on August 5, 1851.--Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 588–593.
539