CHAPTER VI
On December 22, 1819, the House of Representatives passed a resolution directing the Secretary of War, J. C. Calhoun, to prepare a system of martial law and field service. His report was communicated to the House on December 26, 1820, and was entitled Systems of Martial Law, and Field Service, and Police. It is composed of two parts, namely, General Regulations for the Army, and A System of Martial Law. It is from these regulations that the following sketch of the routine life at a military post is built up. The report is published in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 201–274.
226Ingersoll's A History of the War Department of the United States, pp. 205, 206.
227Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 119.
228American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 210.
229Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 95.
230American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 210.
231American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 217, 218.
232These account books are in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society.
233Bishop's Floral Home; or, First Years of Minnesota, p. 161.
234Taliaferro's Diary, March 22, 1831; Post Returns, March, 1840, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
235Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 97.
236Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 345.
237Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 336, 344.
238American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342; Post Returns, September, 1828, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
239Taliaferro's Diary, February 3, 1831.
240This report is published in the American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 273–277.
241American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, pp. 558, 706, Vol. III, p. 115.
242Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 345.
243Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 476.
244American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, pp. 341, 342.
245American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. III, p. 277.
246American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 205; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 101.
247Eastman's Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling, pp. 144, 145.
248American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. II, p. 265.
249Detroit Gazette, February 18, 1820.
250Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 305.
251The Minnesota Pioneer, July 15, 1852.
252Executive Documents, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Document No. 9, p. 26; Post Returns, July, 1827, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
253Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 340.
254Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VIII, p. 432.
255Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 115.
256Joseph M. Street to Postmaster General Barry, April 27, 1831.--Street Papers, No. 15, Historical Department, Des Moines, Iowa.
257Williams's A History of the City of Saint Paul, p. 44.
258Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1913, pp. 116, 117.
259Taliaferro's Diary, April 2, 5, 10, February 27, 1831.
260Street to Clark, March 10, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 132; Post Returns, March, 1830. See also Post Returns, December, 1829, December, 1830, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
261Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 342.
262Reports of Committees, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Report No. 351, p. 131.
263Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 342.
264Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 130. “Monsieur Tonson” was a very popular farce written by W. T. Moncrief in 1821. The French barber, Morbleu, is greatly troubled by a steady stream of visitors who come to make inquiries regarding a certain fictitious Mr. Thompson, hoping thereby to gain information regarding Adolphine de Courcy who has been traced to his door.--Walsh's Heroes and Heroines of Fiction, p. 360.
265Taliaferro's Diary, January 20, February 22, 1831.
266Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, July 25, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, Nos. 50, 56.
267The Minnesota Pioneer, November 28, 1849.
268Taliaferro's Diary, February 10, 11, 24, 1831.
269George F. Turner to H. H. Sibley, February 11, 1842.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850.
270Taliaferro to Street, March 30, 1831.--Street Papers, No. 12.
271Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 100.
272Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 112.
273Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), p. 920. General Edmund P. Gaines inspected the post shortly afterwards and reported: “From a conversation with the colonel, I can have no doubt that he has erred in the course pursued by him in reference to some of those controversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his officers his willingness to sanction, in certain cases, and even to participate in personal conflicts, contrary to the twenty-fifth article of war.”--American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. IV, p. 123.
274Taliaferro's Diary, March 27, 1831.
275CHAPTER VII
Morse's A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, pp. 78, 79.
276Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 321, 322.
277Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 203.
278Taliaferro to Clark, August 5, 1830.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 2.
279This description of Indian life is based on Pond's The Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as they were in 1834 in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 319–501.
280The quotations are taken from Beltrami's description of an Indian council which he attended at Fort Snelling in 1823.--Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 217–219.
281These are taken from a list which is typical of the character of the presents, among the papers of Thomas Forsyth.--Draper Manuscripts, 2T2.
282Annals of Congress, 1st session, 17th Congress, Vol. I, pp. 319, 320.
283Taliaferro's Diary, February 19, 1831. The speech of the chief closes thus: “We know you have nothing on hand for your children, but we hope you will give us some Pork & Bread & a little Tobacco--as our pipes are out & have been for some time our old men will be pleased.” The village of the Red Head was St. Louis, the Red Head being General William Clark, the superintendent of Indian affairs.
284“The Crane and the Hole in the Day--and other Chippeways at the Agency this day--Several Sissiton Sioux also at the Agency. Issued 24 Rats Bread 20 pounds of Pork--15 lbs. of tobacco.”--Taliaferro's Diary, January 23, 1831. See also the diary under the dates of December 24, 1830, January 13, 17, 1831.
285Cass to Taliaferro, July 28, 1825.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 57.
286Taliaferro's Diary, July 19, 1834.
287United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 738.
288Taliaferro's Diary, March 4, 1831.
289Taliaferro to Harris, February 21, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 631.
290For the suffering during the winter of 1842–1843 and the steps taken to relieve it see the letter from Dr. Williamson in the Missionary Herald, Vol. 39, p. 355, September, 1843; and Bruce to Chambers, April 3, 1843, in Indian Office Files, 1843, No. 222.
291Taliaferro to Dodge, June 30, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 690.
292Taliaferro to Clark, March 3, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 129.
293Taliaferro to Clark, September 14, 1834.--Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 206.
294Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834.
295Taliaferro's Diary, December 25, 1830.
296Taliaferro's Diary, June 28, 30, 1834. On January 17, 1831, he gave a blanket in which to bury a woman.
297Indian Office Files, 1832, Nos. 287, 294, 295, 296.
298Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236.
299Snelling to Taliaferro, November 13, 1820.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 21.
300Found among the Sibley Papers, 1830–1840.
301Taliaferro to Cass, March 3, 1832.--Indian Office Files, 1832, No. 289.
302Taliaferro to Clark, July 15, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 235.
303Post Returns, April, May, 1834, July, 1835, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
304“These warriors of Mr. Rainville's were constantly with me, for they knew that I was an English warrior, as they called me, and they are very partial to the English.”--Marryat's A Diary in America, Vol. II, p. 91. Captain Marryat, the English novelist, visited the upper Mississippi region in 1837.
“Many and strong are the recollections of the Sioux and other tribes, of their alliance with the British in the last and revolutionary wars, of which I have met many curious instances”.--Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 657, footnote.
305Niles' Register, Vol. XXVI, p. 363, July 31, 1824; Vol. LIII, p. 33, September 16, 1837.
306Marryat'a A Diary in America, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222.
307Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, p. 320.
308Niles' Register, Vol. LIII, p. 82, October 7, 1837.
309Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 50.
310Taliaferro's Diary, March 18, 1831.
311Taliaferro's Diary, March 11, 1831.
312Taliaferro to Clark, April 3, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 161.
313Renville to Sibley, August 21, 1840.--Sibley Papers, 1830–1840.
314Quoted in Neill's The History of Minnesota, pp. 338, 339. The two men murdered on the Missouri River in 1820 were Isadore Poupon, a French half-breed, and Joseph F. Andrews, a Canadian.
315Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, p. 283.
316Snelling to Taliaferro, March 19, 1822.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 32. The quotation is taken from this letter. See also Calhoun to Snelling, September 18, 1822.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 40.
317Letter of George Johnson, November 2, 1825.--Indian Office Files, 1825–1826, No. 4.
318Taliaferro to Harris, September 10, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 663.
319CHAPTER VIII
Morse's A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, p. 28.
320Kellogg's Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634–1699, p. 50.
321Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 209.
322Baker to Taliaferro, May 19, 1829.--Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 64.
323Speech of Flat Mouth, May 27, 1827.--Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 14.
324Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 9.
325From Mrs. Van Cleve's reminiscences in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 80.
326The information upon which the entire incident is built is contained in the letter of Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10; the letter of Taliaferro to Clark, May 31, 1827, in Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 12; Neill's The History of Minnesota, pp. 391–394; Reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 107–110; A Reminiscence of Ft. Snelling, by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve, in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 76–81; Running the Gantlet by William J. Snelling (the son of Colonel Snelling) in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 439–456.
The last mentioned account was originally published as a magazine article, and much of it is undoubtedly the product of the author's imagination. It is from this that the writer drew the story of Toopunkah Zeze. The article by Mrs. Van Cleve is full of errors and there are some mistakes in Mrs. Adams's reminiscences. For the facts of the attack the writer depended upon the two reports in the Indian Office Files. In a letter written from Prairie du Chien the next winter Joseph Street says that a hostage, an innocent man, was among the Sioux who were executed.--Street to Dr. Alexander Posey, December 11, 1827, in the Street Papers, No. 7.
Of those who were shot, says Sibley in his reminiscences, all recovered.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 475. On the other hand Flat Mouth complained to Schoolcraft in 1832 that four of the number died.--Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 85.
327Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 63.
328Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 135. As here given the mother's speech is partly direct, and partly indirect discourse. The writer has changed it all to the direct discourse.
329The attack on Hole-in-the-Day's band is narrated in the letter of Plympton to General Jones, August 13, 1838.--Indian Office Files, 1838, No. 618. See also Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 134–136; Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 136, 137.
330The particulars of the encounter in 1839 are given in a letter written by the Right Reverend Mathias Loras in July 1839, and published in Acta et Dicta: A Collection of historical data regarding the origin and growth of the Catholic Church in the Northwest, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 18–21; and Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 139–147.
331“Instead of lessening the disasters of Indian warfare, the building of Fort Snelling in the heart of the Indian country and upon the line dividing the ranges of the Dakotas and the Chippewas, had the direct effect of vastly increasing the horrors of that warfare. Depending upon the protection of the military, both tribes brought their women and children into the disputed territory, where before the coming of the soldiers they would never have dared to expose them, and it soon developed that the fort afforded no protection to the children of the forest against the savagery of their hereditary enemies, who made treaties of peace only to thereby gain better opportunity for butchery.”--Robinson's A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians, p. 154. This is Part II of the South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II.
332At the forks of the Chippewa River in 1838, eleven Sioux were killed while asleep, by Chippewas whom they were entertaining. The mission at Lake Pokegama was attacked in 1840. In 1842, a battle was fought at Pine Coulie near the Indian village of Kaposia. In 1850, on Apple River in Wisconsin, fourteen Chippewas were scalped. See the article by Rev. S. W. Pond on Indian Warfare in Minnesota in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 129–138. As late as 1854, D. B. Herriman, the Chippewa agent, reported that during the preceding year nearly one hundred Chippewas had been killed and scalped by the Sioux. But none of these massacres took place at the fort.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, Vol. I, Pt. 1, Document No. 1, p. 260.
333Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. VIII, Document No. 51, p. 31.
334Taliaferro's Diary, January 23, 1831.
335Taliaferro's Diary, June 4, 1831. For other occasions during the winter and spring of 1831 when the agent records the presence of both Sioux and Chippewas see the diary under date of January 31, March 5, May 2, June 15.
336Taliaferro to Clark, July 6, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 231.
337Speech of Taliaferro to the Sioux.--Taliaferro's Diary, February 19, 1831.
338Report of J. N. Nicollet in Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 66.
339Taliaferro's Diary, January 10, 18, 26, 1831.
340Taliaferro to Clark, February 8, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 121.
341The text of the treaty is printed in Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250–255. The treaty was signed on August 19, 1825.
342Missionary Herald, Vol. XXX, p. 223, June, 1834. Reverend W. T. Boutwell accompanied Mr. Schoolcraft on this journey, and his account of it is published in the religious paper.
343Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 265.
344United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 684.
345Taliaferro to William Clark, May 31, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, No. 234.
346Taliaferro to Herring, July 16, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, No. 238.
347Taliaferro to William Clark, September 2, 1835; Taliaferro to E. Herring, September 20, 1835.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. III, Nos. 251, 252.
348Taliaferro to William Clark, May 26, 1831.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 195.
349Taliaferro's Diary, January 25, 1831.
350Senate Documents, 1st Session, 28th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 269.
351Senate Documents, 1st Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 490.
352The Minnesota Pioneer, January 2, 1851.
353Snelling to Atkinson, May 31, 1827.--Indian Office Files, 1827, No. 10.
354The Minnesota Pioneer, May 16, 1850. Other occasions when Indians were imprisoned for similar causes are mentioned in The Minnesota Pioneer, September 23, 1852, April 20, 1854.
355The Minnesota Pioneer, October 14, 1852.
356Report of Agent A. J. Bruce, September 1, 1846.--Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 246.
357Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, pp. 233, 234.
358Taliaferro's Diary, January 31, 1831; Taliaferro to Captain W. R. Lovett, June 30, 1831, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 150.
359Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 138.
360Taliaferro to Clark, October 4, 1830.--William Clark Papers, Correspondence, 1830–1832, p. 68.
361Taliaferro's Diary, June 29, 1834.
362CHAPTER IX
For an account of the attack on the trading house system see Quaife's Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835, pp. 301–309; also Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. xiii-xviii.
363This account of the fur trade is based upon the reminiscences of Mr. H. H. Sibley in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 245–247; and Turner's The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. IX, pp. 601–607.
364If an Indian failed continually in paying up his credits, the trader would refuse him any more goods. This would bring on the enmity of the hunter and his whole family. Such was the case of Joseph R. Brown mentioned in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 247.
365United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 139–146, Vol. III, pp. 332, 333, Vol. IV, pp. 729–735.
366A copy of an American trading license is published in the Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 282.
367Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 70.
368Indian Office Files, 1831, No. 82.
369Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 200.
370Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 43
371Sibley to Featherstonhaugh.--Sibley Papers. This letter is printed in Holcombe's Minnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, p. 57.
372Chittenden's The History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. I, p. 323.
373A list of the posts in the agency in 1826 is given in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 113, 114.
“The Secretary of War directs that the traders in the St Peters Agency, who have been directed by you to build their houses in a particular form, as designated by you, be informed that they are at liberty to adapt the shape of their building to their own convenience. He moreover directs that the term of Forts, by which they are designated, be changed into Posts.”--William Clark to Taliaferro, March 26, 1827, in Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 72.
374Taliaferro to Herring, September 15, 1834, in Indian Office Files, 1834, No. 210; Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74.
375See Sibley's story of a tea party given to a number of traders at Fort Snelling.--Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 248, 249.
376Coues's The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike, Vol. I, p. 230.
377Taliaferro's Diary, February 22, 1831.
378Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, p. 44.
379Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, pp. 306, 307.
380United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 564.
381Norman W. Kittson to Sibley, March 2, 1846.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850. Mr. Kittson was the manager of the American Fur Company's business along the international boundary, with his headquarters at Pembina. He, with the late James J. Hill, was one of the promoters of the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railroad Company.
382Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, p. 370.
383Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383.
384Taliaferro's Diary, January 30, 1831.
385Kittson to Sibley, August 7, 1846.--Sibley Papers, 1840–1850.
Mr. Kittson was the organizer of the picturesque caravans of Red River carts (at one time called “Kittson's carts”) which carried on the extensive commerce between the Canadian and American settlements. At an early date this trade assumed large proportions. “The van of the Red River train numbering from an hundred to two hundred carts made entirely of wood and green hides and drawn by oxen and ponies in harness, reached St. Paul on Sunday with furs, hides, buffalo robes, dried buffalo tongues, pemmican, etc. They have been forty days on the route.”--The Minnesota Pioneer, July 26, 1849.
386Missionary Herald, Vol. 38, p. 58, February, 1842.
387Indian Office Files, 1839, No. 62.
388Missionary Herald, Vol. 40, p. 281, August, 1844.
389Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 563.
390Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XX, p. 383.
391Taliaferro's Diary, July 23, 1834.
392Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 74.
393Marsh to Street, April 28, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 20.
394Indian Office Files, 1835, No. 326.
395Bailly to Street, August 3, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 28.
396Street to Cass, October 3, 1832.--Street Papers, No. 69.
397“Several persons have been arrested near Crow Wing for selling whiskey to the Winnebago Indians; and twelve or fifteen barrels of whiskey have been overtaken and knocked in the head, by Capt. Monroe's troops.”--The Minnesota Pioneer, August 9, 1849.
398Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 922.
399Taliaferro to Clark, August 17, 1830.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 143.
400Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 140.
401Taliaferro to Clark, August 2, 1829.--Indian Office Files, 1829, No. 65.
402Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 444.
403Senate Documents, 1st Session, 30th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 919.
404The Minnesota Pioneer, May 12, 1849.
405CHAPTER X
Taliaferro writes: “It was some length of time before he could induce the Indians to respect the Sabbath-day--all days being alike to them. It so happened that hundreds of important peace conventions were made and confirmed by the hostile tribes on the Lord's day. But time and patience brought them to reason, and for many years they respected the white man's great ‘medicine day.’ The sign given for the day of rest was the agency flag floating from the flagstaff, at the agency council house.”--Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 236.
406Missionary Herald, Vol. 45, p. 429, December, 1849.
407Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 326, 327; Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833.
408Street to Taliaferro, August 12, 1829.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. II, No. 108.
409Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 119–121.
410Taliaferro to Eaton.--Indian Office Files, 1830, No. 151.
411Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, May 1, June 8, 1831.
412Taliaferro's Diary, August 14, 1833.
413Taliaferro's Diary, April 18, 1831.
414Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. iv.
415Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 255.
416Senate Documents, 3rd Session, 25th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 1, p. 523.
417Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 12–30. This volume, written by the son of Samuel Pond, tells of the work of his father and uncle.
418Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 30. Among the Kemper Papers (Vol. XX, No. 34) the writer found the following permit to enter the Indian country:
“The Right Reverend, Jackson Kemper, Missionary Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, having signified to this Department, his desire to visit and remain sometime in the Indian country, and requested the permission required by law to enable him to do so, such permission is hereby granted; and he is commended to the friendly attention of civil and military officers and agents, and of citizens, and if at any time it shall be necessary to their protection.”
“Given under my hand and
the Seal of the War Department
this 1st day of October 1838.”
“S. Cooper.
Acting Secretary of War.”
Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 31, 32; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 324, 325.
420Taliaferro's Diary, July 7, 1834.
421Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 38–42.
422Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 47.
423Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. II, p. 11.
424Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, p. 43.
425Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 127–146.
426Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 127, 133.
427Executive Documents, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt. II, Document No. 5, pp. 1054, 1055.
428Riggs's Mary and I, Forty Years with the Sioux, pp. 41, 42.
429Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 49–59.
430Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 29th Congress, Vol. I, Document No. 4, p. 315.
431Executive Documents, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, Vol II, Pt. III, p. 439.
432Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 343.
433Pond's Two Volunteer Missionaries among the Dakotas, pp. 63, 64.
434Missionary Herald, Vol. 41, p. 281, August, 1845; Vol. 32, pp. 188, 189, May, 1836.
435The Spirit of Missions, Vol. IV, p. 61, February, 1839; Tanner's History of the Diocese of Minnesota, p. 24; Post Returns, April, 1839, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.
436Gear to Kemper, Nov. 29, 1841.--Kemper Letters, Vol. 25, No. 103. See also The Spirit of Missions, Vol. 5, p. 68, March, 1840.
437Acta et Dicta, Vol. I, No. 1, July, 1907, pp. 14–21; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, pp. 222–230.
438CHAPTER XI
Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, Vol. II, p. 592.
439Merrick's Old Times on the Upper Mississippi, p. 187. The following description was given by Philander Prescott, a fur trader:
“The Indians say they had dreamed of seeing some monster of the deep the night before, which frightened them very much. It appears they did not discover the boat until it had got into the mouth of the St. Peter's, below Mr. Sibley's. They stood and gazed with astonishment at what they saw approaching, taking the boat to be some angry god of the water, coughing and spouting water upwards, sideways and forward. They had not courage enough to stand until the boat came near them. The women and children took to the woods, with their hair floating behind them in the breeze, from the speed they were going, in running from supposed danger. Some of the men had a little more courage, and only moved off to a short distance from the shore, and the boat passed along and landed. Everything being quiet for a moment, the Indians came up to the boat again, and stood looking at the monster of the deep. All at once the boat began to blow off steam, and the bravest warriors could not stand this awful roaring, but took to the woods, men, women and children, with their blankets flying in the wind; some tumbling in the brush which entangled their feet as they ran away--some hallooing, some crying, to the great amusement of the people on board the steamboat.”--Quoted in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. III, p. 104, note 1.
440Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 199.
441Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 191–193.
442Beltrami published an account of his travels in French in New Orleans in 1824. The English version is entitled A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, leading to the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi and Bloody River, and was published in London in two volumes in 1828. It is composed of twenty-two letters addressed to “My Dear Countess” and dedicated “to the Fair Sex”.
443Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 101.
444The story of this exploration was published under the title of Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, Etc. performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Stephen H. Long, U. S. T. E. It was written by Professor Keating from the notes of the party. An English edition appeared in London in 1825. The references given are to this publication.
445J. C. Calhoun to Major Long.--Taliaferro Letters, Vol. I, No. 41.
446Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 324, Vol. II, p. 112.
447Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, pp. 306–310.
448Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. I, p. 356.
449Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 241.
450Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 414.
451“My head was covered with the bark of a tree, formed into the shape of a hat and sewed with threads of bark; and shoes, a coat, and pantaloons, such as are used by Canadians in the Indian territories, and formed of original skins sewed together by thread made of the muscles of that animal, completed the grotesque appearance of my person.”--Beltrami's A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, Vol. II, p. 481. For a short summary of Beltrami's work see the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 183–196.
452Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Vol. II, p. 200.
453Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp. 599–602.
454Catlin's North American Indians, Vol. II, pp. 602–607. This quotation is from page 607.
455Senate Documents, 1st Session, 24th Congress, Vol. IV, Document No. 333.
456Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. I, p. 262.
457Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 246.
458Featherstonhaugh's A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor, Vol. I, pp. 261, 266, 288.
459Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 187, 188.
460Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, Vol. II, Document No. 52, p. 53.
461Brower's The Mississippi River and its Source which comprises Vol. VII of the Minnesota Historical Collections. See p. 162.
462Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro in the Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 242–245; Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 189.
463In his reminiscences John C. Frémont has left a very interesting account of these two expeditions.--Frémont's Memoirs of My Life, Vol. I, pp. 30–54.
464Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. I, p. 183.
465Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 129, 133, 134.
466Neill's The History of Minnesota (Fourth Edition), pp. 914, 915.
467North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 26, 1840.
468North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 5, 1840.
469Louisville Journal quoted in the North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, June 14, 1838.
470Jackson Kemper was appointed missionary bishop of the Northwest in 1835 and held the position until 1859 when he accepted the bishopric of Wisconsin. His papers and diaries are in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society. For an account of his work see Tiffany's A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, pp. 448, 493.
471Kemper Papers, Vol. XXVII, No. 113.
472Kemper Papers, Vol. XXVII, No. 116.
473