Notes And Queries, Issue 188.

1. French Revolution.

Violence, run forth!

2. Swedish Nightingale.

Sing high! sweet Linda. (q. d. di Chamouni.)

3. Spanish Marriages.

Rash games in Paris; or, Ah! in a miser's grasp.

4. Paradise Lost.

Reap sad toils.

5. Paradise Regained.

Dead respire again.

Family Caul—Child's Caul.—The will of Sir John Offley, Knight, of Madeley Manor, Staffordshire (grandson of Sir Thomas Offley, Lord Mayor of London temp. Eliz.), proved at Doctors' Commons 20th May, 1658, contains the following singular bequest:

Numerous Progeny.—The London Journal of Oct. 26, 1734, contains the following paragraph:

Queries.

SMITH, YOUNG, AND SCRYMGEOUR MSS.

Thomas Smith, in his Vitæ Illustrium, gives extracts from a so-called Ephemeris of Sir Peter Young, but which Sir Peter compiled during the latter years of his life. Thomas Hearne says, in a note to the Appendix to Leland's Collectanea, that he had had the use of some of Smith's MSS. This Ephemeris of Sir Peter Young may be worth the publishing if it can be found: can any of your readers say whether it is among Smith's or Hearne's MSS., or if it be preserved elsewhere? Peter Young, and his brother Alexander, were pupils of Theodore Beza, having been educated chiefly at the expense of their maternal uncle Henry Scrymgeour, to whose valuable library Peter succeeded. It was brought to Scotland by Alexander about the year 1573 or 1574, and was landed at Dundee. It was especially rich in Greek MSS.; and Dr. Irvine, in his "Dissertation on the Literary History of Scotland," prefixed to his Lives of the Scottish Poets, says of these MSS. and library, "and the man who is so fortunate as to redeem them from obscurity, shall assuredly be thought to have merited well from the republic of letters." It is much to be feared, however, that as to the MSS. this good fortune awaits no man; for Sir Peter Young seems to have given them to his fifth son, Patrick Young, the eminent Greek scholar, who was librarian to Prince Henry, and, after his death, to the king, and to Charles I. Patrick Young's house was unfortunately burned, and in it perished many MSS. belonging to himself and to others. If Scrymgeour's MSS. escaped the fire, they are to be sought for in the remnant of Patrick Young's collection, wherever that went, or in the King's Library, of which a considerable part was preserved. Young's house was burned in 1636, and he is supposed to have carried off a large number of MSS. from the royal library, after the king's death in 1649. If therefore Scrymgeour's MSS. were among these, it is possible that they may yet be traced, for they would be sold with Young's own, after his death in 1652. This occurred on the 7th of September, rather suddenly, and he left no will, and probably gave no directions about his MSS. and library, which were sold sub hastâ, probably within a few months after his death, and with them any of the MSS. which he may have taken from the King's Library, or may have had in his possession belonging to others. Smith says that he had seen a large catalogue of MSS. written in Young's own hand. Is this catalogue extant? Patrick Young left two daughters, co-heiresses: the elder married to John Atwood, Esq.; the younger, to Sir Samuel Bowes, Kt. A daughter of the former gave to a church in Essex a Bible which had belonged to Charles I.; but she knew so little of her grandfather's history that she described him as Patrick Young, Esq., library keeper to the king, quite unconscious that he had been rector of two livings, and a canon and treasurer of St. Paul's. Perhaps, after all, the designation was not so incorrect, for though he held so many preferments, he never was in priest's orders, and sometimes was not altogether free from suspicion of not being a member of the Church of England at all, except as a recipient of its dues, and of course, a deacon in its orders.

But it may be worthy of note, as affording another clue by which, perchance, to trace some of Scrymgeour's MSS., that Sir Thomas Bowes, Kt., who was Sir Symonds D'Ewes's literary executor, employed Patrick Young to value a collection of coins, &c., among which he recognised a number that had belonged to the king's cabinet, and which Sir Symonds had purchased from Hugh Peters, by whom they had been purloined. Young taxed Peters with having taken books, and MSS. also, which the other denied, with the exception of two or three, but was not believed. I do not know what relation Sir Thomas Bowes was to Sir Samuel, who married Young's second daughter, nor to Paul Bowes, who edited D'Ewes's Journals in 1682. It is quite possible that some of Scrymgeour's MSS. may have fallen into D'Ewes's hands, may have come down, and be recognisable by some mark.

As to Scrymgeour's books, it is probable that they were deposited in Peter Young's house of Easter Seatoun, near to Arbroath, of which he obtained possession about 1580, and which remained with his descendants for about ninety years, when his great-grandson sold it, and purchased the castle and part of the lands of Aldbar. That any very fine library was removed thither is not probable, especially any bearing Henry Scrymgeour's name; and for this reason, that Thomas Ruddiman was tutor to David Young, and was resident at Aldbar, and would hardly have failed to notice, or to record, the existence of any so remarkable a library as Scrymgeour's, or even of Sir Peter Young's, who was himself an ardent collector of books, as appears from some of his letters to Sir Patrick Vans (recte Vaux) which I have seen, and as might be inferred from his literary tastes and pursuits. There is perhaps reason to believe that Sir Peter's library did not descend in his family beyond his eldest son, Sir James Young, who made an attempt to deprive the sons of his first marriage (the elder of whom died in infancy) of their right of succession to their grandfather's estates, secured to them under their father's marriage contract, and which attempt was defeated by their uncle, Dr. John Young, Dean of Winchester (sixth son of Sir Peter), who acquired from Lord Ramsay, eldest son of the Earl of Dalhousie, part of the barony of Baledmouth in Fife. Dean Young founded a school at St. Andrew's, on the site of which is now built Dr. Bell's Madras College.

Sir Peter Young the elder, knighted in 1605, has been sometimes confounded with his third son, Peter, who received his knighthood at the hands of Gustavus Adolphus, on the occasion of that king being invested with the Order of the Garter.

Another fine library (Andrew Melville's) was brought into Scotland about the same time as Scrymgeour's; and it is creditable to the statesmen of James's reign that there was an order in the Scotch exchequer, that books imported into Scotland should be free from custom. A note of this order is preserved among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum; but my reference to the number is not at hand.

MORMON PUBLICATIONS.

Can any of your correspondents oblige me by supplying particulars of other editions of the following Mormon works? The particulars required are the size, place, date, and number of pages. The editions enumerated below are the only ones to which I have had access.

As I am passing through the press two Lectures on the subject of Mormonism, and am anxious that the literary history and bibliography of this curious sect should be as complete as possible, I will venture to ask the favour of an immediate reply to this Query: and since the subject is hardly of general interest, as well as because the necessary delay of printing any communication may hereby be avoided, may I request that any reply be sent to me at the address given below. I shall also be glad to learn where, and at what price, a copy of the first American edition of the Book of Mormon can be procured.

MINOR QUERIES.

Dimidiation.—Is the practice of dimidiation approved of by modern heralds, and are examples of it common?

Early Christian Mothers.—Can any of your correspondents inform me whether the Christian mothers of the first four or five centuries were much in the habit of using the rod in correcting their children; and whether the influence acquired by the mother of St. Chrysostom, and others of the same stamp, was not greatly owing to their having seldom or never inflicted corporal punishment on them?

The Lion at Northumberland House.—One often hears the anecdote of a wag who, as alleged, stared at the lion on Northumberland House until he had collected a crowd of imitators around him, when he cried out, "By Heaven! it wags, it wags," and the rest agreed with him that the lion did wag its tail. If this farce really took place, I should be glad to know the date and details.

The Cross in Mexico and Alexandria.—In The Unseen World; Communications with it, real and imaginary, &c., 1850, a work which is attributed to an eminent divine and ecclesiastical historian of the English Church, it is stated that—

The subject is very curious, and one in which I am much interested. I am anxious to refer to the original authorities for the tradition in both cases. It is known that the Mexicans worshipped the cross as the god of rain. We have the following curious account thereof in The Pleasant Historie of the Conquest of West India, now called Newe Spayne, translated out of the Spanish tongue by T. N., anno 1578:

Passage in St. James.—I hope you will not consider the following Query unsuited to your publication, and in that case I may confidently anticipate the removal of my difficulty.

In reading yesterday Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Dying, I came to this passage (p. 308. Bohn's edition):

Now my Query is, To what epistle of St. James does the eloquent bishop refer? If to the canonical epistle, to what part? To the words (above quoted) "forbidden records" there is a foot-note, which contains only the well-known passage in Horace, lib. i. od. xi., and two others from Propertius and Catullus.

"The Temple of Truth."—Who was the author of an admirable work entitled The Temple of Truth, published in 1806 by Mawman?

Santa Claus.—Reading The Wide Wide World recalled to my mind this curious custom, which I had remarked when in America. I was then not a little surprised to find so strange a superstition lingering in puritanical New England, and which, it is needless to remark, was quite novel to me. Santa Claus I believe to be a corruption of Saint Nicholas, the tutelary saint of sailors, and consequently a great favourite with the Dutch. Probably, therefore, the custom was introduced into the western world by the compatriots of the renowned Knickerbocker.

It is unnecessary to describe the nature of the festivity, as it is so graphically pourtrayed in Miss Wetherell's, or rather Warner's work, to which I would refer those desirous of further acquaintance with the subject; the object of this Query being to learn, through some of the American or other correspondents of "N. & Q.," the original legend, as well as the period and events connected with the immigration into "The States" of that beneficent friend of Young America, Santa Claus.

Donnybrook Fair.—This old-established fair, so well known in every quarter of the globe, and so very injurious to the morality of those who frequent it, is said to be held by patent: but is there any patent for it in existence? If there be, why is it not produced? I am anxious to obtain information upon the subject.

Saffron, when brought into England.—In a footnote to Beckmann's History of Inventions, &c., vol. i. p. 179. (Bohn's), is the following, purporting to be from Hakluyt, vol. ii. p. 164.:

Isping Geil.—In a charter of Joanna Fossart, making a grant of lands and other possessions to the priory of Grosmont in Yorkshire, is the following passage as given in Dugdale's Monasticon (I quote from Bohn's edition, 1846, vol. vi. p. 1025.):

Can any of your readers, and in particular any of our York antiquaries, inform me whether the "Isping Geil" mentioned in this passage is the name of a person, or of some locality in that city now obsolete? In either case I should be glad of any information as to the etymology of so singular a designation, which may possibly have undergone some change in copying.

Humbug.—When was this word introduced into the English language? The earliest instance in which I have met with it is in one of Churchill's Poems, published about the year 1750.

Franklyn Household Book.—Can any reader inform me in whose keeping, the Household Book of Sir John Franklyn now is?^[2] Extracts were published from it in the Archæologia, vol. xv.

Footnote 2:(return)

[Sir John Franklyn's Household Book was in the possession of Sir John Chardin Musgrave, of Eden Hall, co. Cumberland, who died in 1806. Some farther extracts, consisting of about thirty items, relating to archery (not given in the Archæologia) will be found in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 6316. f. 30. Among other items is the following: "Oct. 20, 1642. Item, for a pound of tobacco for the Lady Glover, 12s." Sir John Franklyn, of Wilsden, co. Middlesex, was M.P. for that county in the beginning of the reign of Charles I., and during the Civil Wars.—Ed.]

James Thomson's Will.—Did the author of the Seasons make a will? If so, where is the original to be seen?

"Country Parson's Advice to his Parishioners."—Could you inquire through your columns who the author of a book entitled The Country Parson's Advice to his Parishioners is? It was printed for Benjamin Tooke, at the Ship, in St. Paul's Church Yard, 1680.

I have a singular copy of this book, and know at present of no other copy. The booksellers all seem at a loss as to who the author was; some say Jeremy Taylor, others George Herbert; but my date does not allow the latter,—at least it makes it very improbable, unless it was published after his death. The book itself is like George Herbert's style, very solid and homely; it is evidently by some masterly hand. Should you be able to give me information, or get it for me, I should be obliged. I think of reprinting the book.

Will one of your Shakspearian or legal correspondents have the kindness to name the judge so alluded to, and give a reference to the passage in Blackstone in which he conveys this information?

Minor Queries with Answers.

Turkey Cocks.—Why are Turkey cocks so called, seeing they were not imported from Turkey?

[This Query did not escape the notice of Dr. Samuel Pegge. He says; "The cocks which Pancirollus (ii. tit. 1.) mentions as brought from America, were Turkey cocks, as Salmuth there (p. 28.) rightly observes. The French accordingly call this bird Coq d'Inde, and from d'Inde comes the diminutive Dindon, the young Turkey; as if one should say, 'the young Indian fowl.' Fetching the Turkey from America accords well with the common notion:

'Turkeys, carps, hops, pikarel, and beer,

Came into England all in a year;'

that is, in the reign of Henry VIII., after many voyages had been made to North America, where this bird abounds in an extraordinary manner. But Query how this bird came to be called Turkey? Johnson latinizes it Gallina Turcica, and defines it, 'a large domestic fowl brought from Turkey;' which does not agree with the above account from Pancirollus. Brookes says (p. 144.), 'It was brought into Europe either from India or Africa.' And if from the latter, it might be called Turkey, though but improperly."—Anonymiana, cent. x. 79.]

Bishop St. John.—The following passage occurs at vol. iv. p. 84. of the Second Series of Ellis's Original Letters, Illustrative of English History. It is taken from the letter numbered 326, dated London, Jan. 5, 1685-6, and addressed "for John Ellis, Esq., Secretary of his Majesty's Revenue in Ireland, Dublin:"

All who know this period of our history, know Compton and Turner; but who was Bishop St. John?

[An error in the transcription. In the manuscript it reads thus: "Bish^p S^r Jonⁿ," and clearly refers to Sir Jonathan Trelawney, Bart., consecrated bishop of Bristol, Nov. 8, 1685, translated to Exeter in 1689, and to Winchester in 1707.]

Where is the original of the above to be found? Was Ferdinand Mendez Pinto a real or imaginary character?

[A famous Portuguese traveller, in no good odour for veracity. His Travels have been translated into most European languages, and twice published in English. A notice of Pinto will be found in Rose's Biog. Dict., s. v.]

[See Ogilvie and Webster. "Fr. satin; W. sidan, satin or silk; Gr. and Lat. sindon; Ch. and Heb. sedin; Ar. sidanah."]

[Our correspondent will find some interesting notices of the early use of the carrier pigeon in Europe in the Penny Cyclopædia, vol. vii. p. 372., art. "Columbidæ;" and in the Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. vi. p. 176., art. "Carrier Pigeon."]

Replies.

"PYLADES AND CORRINA."—PSALMANAZAR AND DEFOE.

I had forwarded for insertion a short answer to the Query as to Pylades and Corinna before Dr. Maitland's communication was printed; but as it now appears more distinctly what was the object of the Query, I can address myself more directly to the point he has raised. And, in the first place, I cannot suppose that Defoe had anything to do with Pylades and Corinna, or the History of Formosa. In all Defoe's fictions there is at least some trace of the master workman, but in neither of these works is there any putting forth of his power, or any similitude to his manner or style. When the History of Formosa appeared (1704), he was ingrossed in politics, and was not, as far as any evidence has yet informed us, in the habit of translating or doing journeyman work for booksellers. Then the book itself is, in point of composition, far beneath Defoe, even in his most careless moods. As to Pylades and Corinna, Defoe died so soon after Mrs. Thomas—she died on the 3rd February, 1731, and he on the 24th April following, most probably worn out by illness—that time seems scarcely afforded for getting together and working up the materials of the two volumes published. The editor, who signs himself "Philalethes," dates his Dedication to the first volume, in which are contained the particulars about Psalmanazar, "St. John Baptist, 1731," which day would be after Defoe's death. Nor is there any ground for supposing that Defoe and Curll had much connexion as author and publisher. Curll only printed two works of Defoe, as far as I have been able to discover, the Memoirs of Dr. Williams (1718, 8vo.), and the Life of Duncan Campbell (1720, 8vo.), and for his doing so, in each case, a good reason may be given. As regards the genuineness of the correspondence in Pylades and Corinna, I do not see any reason to question it. Sir Edward Northey's certificate, and various little particulars in the letters themselves, entirely satisfy me that the correspondence is not a fictitious one. The anecdotes of Psalmanazar are quite in accordance with his own statements in his Life—(see particularly p. 183., Memoirs, 1765, 8vo.); and if they were pure fiction, is it not likely that, living in London at the time when they appeared, he would have contradicted them? In referring (Vol. vii., p. 436., "N. & Q.") to the Gentleman's Magazine for these anecdotes, I had not overlooked their having appeared in Pylades and Corinna, but had not then the latter book at hand to include it in the reference. Dr. Maitland considers Pylades and Corinna "a farrago of low rubbish, utterly beneath criticism." Is not this rather too severe and sweeping a character? Unquestionably the poetry is but so-so, and of the poem the greater part might have been dispensed with; but, like all Curll's collections, it contains some matter of interest and value to those who do not despise the minutiæ of literary investigation. The Autobiography of the unfortunate authoress (Mrs. Thomas), who was only exalted by Dryden's praise to be ignominiously degraded by Pope, and "whose whole life was but one continued scene of the utmost variety of human misery," has always appeared to me an interesting and rather affecting narrative; and, besides a great many occasional notices in the correspondence, which are not without their use, there are interspersed letters from Lady Chudleigh, Norris of Bemerton, and others, which are not to be elsewhere met with, and which are worth preserving.

For Psalmanazar's character, notwithstanding his early peccadilloes, I can assure Dr. Maitland that I have quite as high a respect as himself, even without the corroborative evidence of our great moralist, which on such a subject may be considered as perfectly conclusive.

ROBERT WAUCHOPE, ARCHBISHOP OF ARMAGH.

This prelate seems to have been a cadet of the family of Wauchope, of Niddry, or Niddry Marischall, in the county of Midlothian, to which family once belonged the lands of Wauchopedale in Roxburghshire. The exact date of his birth I have never been able to discover, nor which "laird of Niddrie" he was the son of. Robert was a favourite name in the family long before his time, as is evidenced by an inscription at the entry to a burial chapel belonging to the family to this effect: "This tome was Biggit Be Robert Vauchop of Niddrie Marchal, and interit heir 1387." I am at present out of reach of all books of reference, and have only a few manuscript memoranda to direct further research; and these memoranda, I am sorry to say, are not so precise in their reference to chapter and verse as they ought to be.

According to these notes, mention is made of Robert Wauchope, doctor of Sorbonne, by Leslie, bishop of Ross, in the 10th book of his History; by Labens, a Jesuit, in the 14th tome of his Chronicles; by Cardinal Pallavicino, in the 6th book of his Hist. Conc. Trid.; by Fra Paolo Sarpi, in his Hist. Conc. Trid. Archbishop Spottiswood says that he died in Paris in the year 1551, "much lamented of all the university," on his return home from one of his missions to Rome.

One of my notes, taken from the Memoirs of Sir James Melville, I shall transcribe, as it is suggestive of other Queries more generally interesting. The date is 1545:

SEAL OF WILLIAM D'ALBINI.

The curious article of your correspondent Senex relative to this seal, as described and figured in Barrett's History of Attleburgh, has a peculiar interest as connected with the device of a man combating a lion.

The first time I saw this device was in a most curious MS. on "Memorial Trophies and Funeral Monuments, both in the old Churches of London before the Fire, and the Churches and Mansions in many of the Counties of England." The MS. is written by Henry St. George, and will be found in Lansd. MSS. 874. The arms and tombs are all elaborately and carefully drawn, with their various localities, and the epitaphs which belong to them; and the whole is accompanied with an Index of Persons, and another of Places.

At p. 28. this device of a man combating a lion is represented associated with a shield of arms of many quarterings, showing the arms and alliances of the royal family of Stuart, and is described as having formed the subject of a window in the stewards house adjoining the church of St. Andrew's, Holborn. In the Catalogue of the Lansdowne MSS. is a long and interesting note on this device, with references to the various works where it may be found, to which I have had access at the Museum, and find them correct, and opening a subject for investigation of a most curious kind.

The figure of the knight, in this drawing, differs considerably from that on Dr. Barrett's seal. He is here represented on foot, dressed in the chain mail and tunic of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with a close-barred helmet, with a broad flat crown, such as was worn in France in the time of Louis IX., called St. Louis. The lion is in the act of springing upon him, and he is aiming a deadly blow at him with a ragged staff, as his sword lies broken at his feet. The figure is represented as fighting on the green sward. From a cloud over the lion proceeds an arm clothed in chain mail, and holding in the hand, suspended by a baldrick, a shield bearing the arms of France (modern^[3])—Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or. On a scutcheon of pretence in the centre, Argent, a lion ramp. gules, debruised with ragged staff, proper. This device forms the 1st quarter of the quarterings of the Stuart family.

In this device there is no figure of a lizard, dragon, or chimera, whichever it is, under the horse's feet, as represented in the seal of D'Albini.

I could much extend this reply, by showing the antiquity of this device, which by a long process of investigation I have traced as connected with the legendary songs of the troubadours; but I think I have said sufficient for the present, in reply to Senex.

In addition to the above, I may mention a seal of a somewhat similar character to that of D'Albini, representing a knight on horseback, with his sword in his hand, and his shield of arms, which are also on the housings of the horse, under whose feet is the dragon: on the reverse is the combat of the knight with the lion. The knight is holding his shield in front, and holding his sword in his left hand. This seal is that of Roger de Quincy, earl of Winchester, and appended to a deed "m.cc. Quadrigresimo Quinto." It occurs in Harl. MSS. 6079. p. 127.

Footnote 3:(return)

I say modern, for the ancient arms of France were Azure, semée of fleurs-de-lis, as they are represented in old glass, when quartered with those of England by our Henries and Edwards.

Pray request Senex to withdraw every word he has said about me. I do not recollect that I ever said or wrote a word about the Seal of William D'Albini; and I cannot find that my name occurs in Dr. Barrett's volume.

"WILL" AND "SHALL."

The difficulty as to the proper use of the auxiliaries shall and will, will be found to arise from the fact, that while these particles respectively convey a different idea in the first person singular and plural, from that which they imply in the second and third persons singular and plural, the distinction has been lost sight of in the amalgamation of both; as if they were interchangeable, in one tense, according to the old grammatical formula I shall or will. With a view of giving my own views on the subject, and attempting to supply what appears to me a grammatical deficiency, I shall proceed to make a few remarks; from which I trust your Hong Kong correspondent W. T. M. may be able to form "a clear and definite rule," and students of English assisted in their attempts to overcome this formidable conversational "shibboleth."

The fact is simply thus:—Will is volitive in the first persons singular and plural; and simply declarative or promissory in the second and third persons singular and plural. Shall, on the other hand, is declaratory or promissory in the first person singular and plural; volitive in the second and third singular and plural. Thus, the so-called future is properly divisible into two tenses: the first implying influence or volition; the second (or future proper) intention or promise. Thus:

When the above is thoroughly comprehended by the pupil, it will be only necessary to impress upon his mind (as a concise rule) the necessity of making use of a different auxiliary in speaking of the future actions of others, when he wishes to convey the same idea respecting such actions which he has done, or should do, in speaking of his own, and vice versâ. Thus:

(i. e. it is my intention to go; and believe, or know, that it is your intention to accompany me.)

The philosophical reason for this distinction will be evident, when we reflect upon the various ideas produced in the mind by the expression of either volition or mere intention (in so far as the latter is distinguishable from active will) with regard to our own future actions, and the same terms with reference to the future actions of others. It will be seen that a mere intention in the first person, becomes influence when it extends to the second and third; we know nothing, à priori (as it were) of the intentions of others, except in so far as we may have the power of determining them. When I say "I shall go" (j'irai), I merely express an intention or promise to go; but if I continue "You and they shall go," I convey the idea that my intention or promise is operative on you and them; and the terms which I thus use become unintentionally influential or expressive of an extension of my volition to the actions of others. Again, the terms which I use to signify volition, with reference to my own actions, are but declaratory or promissory when I speak of your actions, or those of others. I am conscious of my own wish to go; but my wish not influencing you, I do, by continuing the use of the same auxiliary, but express my belief or knowledge that your wish is, or will be, coincident with my own. When I say "I will go" (je veux aller), I express a desire to go; but if I add, "You and they will go," I simply promise on behalf of you and them, or express my belief or knowledge that you and they will also desire to go.

It is not unworthy of note, that the nice balance between shall and will is much impaired by the constant use of the ellipse, "I'll, you'll," &c.; and that volition and intention are, to a great extent, co-existent and inseparable in the first person: the metaphysical reasons for this do not here require explanation.

I am conscious that I have not elucidated this apparently simple, but really complex question, in so clear and concise a manner as I could have wished; but, feeling convinced that my principle at least is sound, I leave it, for better consideration, in the hands of your correspondent.

1.	2.
I will go.	I shall go.
Thou shalt go.	Thou wilt go.
He shall go.	He will go.
We will go.	We shall go.
You shall go.	You will go.
They shall go.	They will go.