expanding when freezing, 237;
epoch, 92, 93, 246;
floating, 242;
made soils rarely fertile, 241;
mass, greatest, in Greenland, 226, 227;
moulded by pressure, 215;
streams,
continental, 225, 226;
of the mountains, 225;
of the Himalayan Mountains, 234.
Icebergs, 242, 243;
indicating oceanic currents, 243.
Iceland, volcanic eruptions in, 297, 298.
Instruments, first, astronomical, 10, 11.
Inventions, mechanical, aiding science, 22.
Islands, 84, 272;
continental, 84;
in the deeper seas made up of volcanic ejections, 272;
volcanic, 272.
Jack-o'-lantern, 167.
Jupiter,
gaseous wraps of, 97;
path of the earth affected by, 59, 60;
the largest planet of the sun, 69.
Kames, 325.
Kant, Immanuel, and nebular hypothesis, 34.
Kaolin, 324.
Klondike district, cold in, 243, 244.
Krakatoa,
eruption of, 298-300;
effect of, on the sea, 299;
effect of, on the sun, 300.
Lacolites, 306.
Lacustrine beds, 351.
Lagoons, salt deposits found in, 200.
Lake basins,
formation of, 200, 201;
bogs, 331, 333, 334;
deposits, 350, 351.
Lakes, 199-206;
effect of, on the river system, 205;
fresh-water, 145;
formed from caverns, 202;
great, changing their outlets, 205;
of extinct volcanoes, 203;
temporary features of the land, 203;
volcanic, 203.
Lands,
great, relatively unchangeable, 96;
table, 91;
movements resulting in change of coast line, 351, 352;
shape of the seas and, 83, 84;
accounting for the changes in the attitude of the, 95;
and water, divisions of, 84;
dry, surface of, 85;
general statement as to the division of the, 83, 84;
surface, shape of the, 85;
triangular forms of great, 90.
Latitudes, horse, troublesome to mariners, 104.
Laplace and nebular hypothesis, 34.
Lava, 266-268, 270, 271, 292, 293, 295, 296, 303, 304;
flow of, invading a forest, 268;
from Vesuvius, 293;
of 1669, 295, 296;
temperature of, 295, 296;
incipient, 304;
outbreaks of, 292, 303;
stream eaves, 292, 293.
Law, natural,
Aristotle and, 3;
of gravitation, 4;
of the conservation of energy, 23.
Leaves, radiation of, 160.
Length of days affected by tidal action, 131.
Level surfaces, 91.
Life, organic, evolution of, 15, 16.
Light, belief of the ancients regarding, 42.
Lightning, 24, 164-168;
noise from, 166;
proceeding from the earth to the clouds, 165;
protection of buildings from, 165;
stroke, wearing-out effect of, 165.
Limestones, 353, 357, 358, 360, 364;
formation of, 357, 360.
Lisbon, earthquake of, 1755, 368, 369.
Lowell, Mr. Percival, observations on Venus, 64.
Lunar mountains near the Gulf of Iris, 397.
Mackerel sky, 35.
Mallet, Mr. Charles, and the study of earthquakes, 382, 383.
Man as an inventor of tools, 10.
Mangroves, 340;
diagram showing mode of growth, 340;
marshes of, 339.
Map of glaciers and moraines near Mont Blanc, 217;
of Ipswich marshes, 338.
Mapping with contour lines, 27.
Maps,
desirable, for the study of celestial geography, 77;
geographic sketch, 26, 27.
Marching sands jeopardizing agriculture, 123.
Marine animals, sustenance of, 361-363;
deposits, 325-327, 349, 356;
marshes, 336-340;
waves caused by earthquakes, 387.
Mars, 65-67, 84, 97;
belief that it has an atmosphere, 65;
canals of, 67;
gaseous wraps of, 97;
more efficient telescopes required for the study of, 67;
nearer to the earth than other planets, 65.
Marshes,
mangrove, 339;
map of Ipswich, 338;
marine, 336-340;
deposits found in, 336;
of North America, 337;
on the coast of New England, 339;
phenomena of, 167, 168;
tidal, good earth for tillage, 337;
tidal, of North America, 340.
Mercury, 55, 63, 78;
nearest to the sun, 63;
time in which it completes the circle of its year, 55.
Meteorites, 47, 48;
kinship of comets and, 48.
Meteors, 47;
falling, 47;
composition of, 48;
flashing, 39, 40, 47;
speed of, 47;
inflamed by friction with air, 99.
Methods in studying geology, 400.
Milky Way, 45;
voyage along the path of the, 44, 45.
Mineral crusts, 328, 329;
deposits, 308.
Moon, 38, 395-400;
absence of air and water on the, 399;
attended by satellites, 57;
attraction which it exercises on the earth, 62;
curious feature of the, 397;
destitute of gaseous or aqueous envelope, 397;
diameter of the, 399;
imaginary view of the earth from the, 81;
"libration" of the, 398;
made up of circular depressions, 396, 397;
movements of the, 78;
no atmosphere in the, 97;
parting of the earth and, 396;
position of the, in relation to the earth, 62;
tidal action and the, 131;
tides of the, 126, 127;
why does the sun not act in the same manner as the, 78.
Moraines, 216, 218, 229, 230;
map of glaciers and, near Mont Blanc, 217;
movements of the, 216-218;
terminal, 228.
Moulin, 219.
Mount Ætna, 288-310;
lava yielding, 290, 293, 294;
lava stream caves of, 292, 293;
more powerful than Vesuvius, 297;
peculiarities of, 291, 292;
size of, 289-291;
turning of the torrents of, 295.
Mountain-building, 90-93, 304;
folding, 86, 87, 90, 365;
attributed to cooling of the earth, 88;
growth, 392;
Swiss falls, 174;
torrents, energy of, 177.
Mountains, 85, 86, 89, 90-93; 174-178;
form and structure of, 86;
partly caused by escape of heat from the earth, 89;
sections of, 87.
Mount Nuova, formation of, 284.
Mount Vesuvius, 263-285, 288, 289, 293, 302, 381;
description of the eruption of, in a.d. 79, 277-280;
diagrammatic sections through, showing changes in the form of the cone, 283;
eruption of, in 1056, 281;
in 1882-'83, 264, 266;
eruption of, in 1872, 282;
eruptions of, increased since 1636, 282;
flow of lava from, 285;
likely to enter on a period of inaction, 282, 283;
outbreak of, in 1882-'83, 264, 266.
Naples, prosperity of the city, 289.
Nebular hypothesis, 34, 35, 39, 52.
Neptune, 70.
Névé, the, 214;
no ice-cutting in the region of the, 224.
Newcomb's (Prof.) belief regarding the heat of the sun, 52.
Niagara Falls, 191, 192, 204;
cutting back of, 204.
North America,
changes in the form of, 91, 92;
triangular form of, 90.
Ocean,
average depth of the, 89;
climatal effect of the, 147;
currents, 145;
effect of, on migration, 156;
effect of, on organic life, 154;
floor, 85, 93;
hot and cold currents of the, 102;
sinking of the, 93, 94;
the laboratory of sedimentary deposits, 351;
depth of the, 89, 126.
Oceanic circulation, effect of, on the temperature, 152.
Oceans and continents, 83.
Orbit,
alterations of the, and the seasons, 60, 61;
changing of the, 59-63;
shape of the, 61-63.
Organic life, 315, 317, 321, 352, 353, 363;
action of, on the soil, 317, 321;
advantages of the shore belt to, 363;
development of in the sea, 352, 353;
effect of ocean currents on, 154;
processes of, in the soil, 315;
decay of, in the earth, 321.
Orion, 46.
Oscillations of the shores of the Bay of Naples, 287.
Oxbow of a river, 182, 183.
Oxbows and cut-off, 182.
Pebbles,
action of seaweeds on, 143;
action of the waves on, 142, 144.
Photosphere, 74.
Plains, 86;
alluvial, 91, 179, 182, 184-186, 325;
history of, 91;
sand, 325.
Planets, 38;
attended by satellites, 57;
comparative sizes of the, 68;
experiments illustrating consolidation of disseminated materials of the sun and, 40;
gaseous wraps of, 97;
important observations by the ancients of fixed stars and planets, 43;
movements of, 57-61;
outer, 78;
table of relative masses of sun and, 77.
Plant life in the Sargassum basins, 156.
Plants and animals,
protection of,
by mechanical contrivances, 364;
and trees, work of the roots of, on the soil, 316, 317;
water-loving, 181;
forming climbing bogs, 332.
Polar axes, nodding movement of, 54.
Polar snow cap, 66.
Polyps, 155, 353.
Pools, circular, 203.
Prairies, 340, 342.
Radiation of heat, 159.
Rain, 152, 156, 164, 168, 170, 328, 330;
circuit of the, 156-168;
drops, force of, 169, 170;
spheroidal form of, 170;
electrical action in the formation of snow and, 164;
work of the, 171.
Realm, unseen solar, 75.
Reeds, 332.
Religion,
conflict between science and, 20, 22;
struggle between paganism and, 21.
Rivers and débris, 183;
changes in the course of, in alluvial plain, 182;
deposition of, accelerated by tree-planting, 181;
great, always clear, 205;
inundation of the Mississippi, eating away land, 182;
muds, 222;
newly formed, cutting a cañon, 195;
of snow-ice, 211;
origin of a normal, 173;
oxbow of a, 182, 183;
sinking of, 199;
swinging movement of, 179-181;
river-valleys, 193, 194;
diversity in the form of 188-191.
Rocks, 145;
accidents from falling, 174;
cut away by sandstones, 188;
divided by crevices, 252;
duration of events recorded in, 389, 390,
ejection of, material, 311;
falling of, 174-176;
formation of, 262, 263;
from the present day to the strata of the Laurentian, 390;
migration of, 291;
poised, indicating a long exemption from strong earthquakes, 388;
rents in, 252, 253;
stratification of, 349, 350, 352, 365, 390;
testimony of the, in regard to glaciers, 228;
under volcanoes, 303;
variable elasticity of, 366;
vibration of, 367, 368;
rock-waste, march of the, 343;
water, 250, 267.
Rotation of the earth affected by tides, 130;
of the planetary spheres on their axes, 56.
Salicified forests, 124.
Salt deposits formed in lagoons, 200;
found in lakes, 199-200.
Sand bars, 183;
endurance of, against the waves, 145;
hills, travelling of, 123;
marching, 123;
silicious stones cutting away rooks, 188.
Satellites, 53, 54;
motions of, about their centres and about the sun, 53, 54.
Saturn, 38, 53, 57, 396;
cloud bands of, 70;
gaseous wraps of, 97;
path of the earth affected by, 59, 60.
Savages, primitive, students of Nature, 1.
Scandinavia, changes on the coasts of, 96.
Science,
advance of, due to mechanical inventions, 22;
astronomy beginning with, 10;
chemical, characteristics of, 14;
conflict between religion and, 20, 22;
conflict between the Roman faith and, 20;
mechanical inventions as aids to, 22, 23;
modern and ancient, 4;
natural, 5, 6;
of botany in Aristotle's time, 14;
of physiology, 15;
of zoölogy in Aristotle's time, 14;
resting practically on sight, 10.
Scientific development,
historic outlines of, 17;