Ætna, Mount, 381.
Agriculture,
American, 346;
in England, winning swamp lands for, 335;
recent developments of, 345.
Alaska, changes on the coast of, 96.
Ants taking food underground, 319;
work of the, on the soil, 318.
Apsides, revolution of the, 61, 62.
Arabians, chemical experiments of the, 13.
Arches, natural, in cavern districts, 258.
Artesian wells, 258, 259.
Arts, advance of Italian fine, 19.
Asteroids, 53;
motions of, about their centres and about the sun, 53.
Astronomers, the solar system and the early, 79.
Astronomy, 31-80;
growth of, since the time of Galileo, 33, 34;
the first science, 10.
Atmosphere, 97-206;
along the tropical belt, 102;
as a medium of communication between different regions, 99;
deprived of water, containing little heat, 105;
beginning of the science of the, 117;
counter-trade movements of the, 105;
envelope of the earth, 98;
expansion of, in a hollow wall during the passage of a storm, 114;
heat-carrying power of the, 105;
heights to which it extends, 99;
in water, 99;
movements no direct influence on the surface of the earth, 122;
movements of the, qualified by the condition which it encounters, 118;
of mountains, 98;
of the seashore, 98;
of the earth, 98;
of the sun, 73;
snow as an evidence of, 65;
supplying needs of underground creatures, 331;
uprushes of, 101, 102;
upward strain of the, next the earth, 107;
weight and motion of the, 120, 121.
Atmospheric circulation of the soil, 330, 331;
envelopes, 97.
Aurora borealis, 168.
Avalanches, 210-213;
dreaded, in the Alpine regions, 212;
great, in the Swiss Oberland, 211, 212;
rocky, 175-177.
Axis,
imaginary changes in the earth's, 59;
of the earth's rotation, 58;
polar, inclined position of, 58;
polar, nodding movement of the axes, 54;
rotations of the planetary spheres on their axes, 56.
Barometer, causes of changes in the, 117, 118.
Basalts, 309.
Beaches, 93, 142, 144;
boulder, 142, 143;
pebbly, 142;
sand, 144.
Beetles, work of, on the soil, 318, 319.
Belief of the early astronomers about the solar system, 79.
Bergschrund, the, 214.
Birds and mammals contributing to the fertility of the soil, 319.
"Blanketing," 269.
Bogs,
climbing, 331-334;
lake, 331-333;
peat, 334, 335;
quaking, 334.
Botany, rapid advance in, 14, 15.
Boulders, 217, 220.
Breakers, 135, 137, 139.
Bridges, natural, 257, 258.
Canals of Mars, 67.
Cañon, newly formed river cutting a, 195.
Cataracts, 193.
Caves, 253-258, 261;
architecture of, 255-258;
hot-water, 261;
mammoth cave, 258;
stalactites and stalagmites on the roof and floor of, 257.
Chasms, 140, 141.
Chemistry, 6, 12, 14;
advance of, 12;
modern, evolving from the studies of alchemists, 13, 14.
Chromosphere, 73.
Civilization of the Icelanders, 384.
Cliffs, sea-beaten, 132, 141, 142.
Climate,
changes of, due to modifications of the ocean streams, 153;
effect of the ocean on the, 147;
of the Gulf Stream, 149, 150.
Clouds, 159;
formation of, 162, 163;
shape of, 163;
water of, usually frozen, 207;
cloud-making, laws of, 161, 162.
Coast,
changes on the Scandinavian, 96;
line, effect of tide on the, 145;
of Greenland, 226;
of New Jersey sinking, 95;
marine, changes in, 95.
Cold in Siberia, 243.
Comets, 47, 50;
collisions of, 50;
kinship of meteorites and, 48;
omens of calamity to the ancients, 50;
the great, of 1811, 49, 50.
Cones. See under Volcanoes.
Conflict between religion and science, 20, 22;
between the Protestant countries and the followers of science, 20.
Continental shelves, 125.
Continents and oceans, 83;
changes in position of, 91;
cyclones of the, 111;
forms of, 90;
proofs that they have endured for many years, 92;
shape of, 84, 96.
Coral reefs, 153, 353.
Corona, realm of the, 73.
Craters. See under Volcanoes.
Crevasse, a barrier to the explorer, 218.
Crevice water, 250.
Curds, 214.
Currents,
coral reefs in Florida affecting the velocity of, 153;
equatorial, 150;
of the Gulf Stream, 147-149;
hot and cold, of the sea, 102;
ocean, 145;
oceanic action of trade winds on, 145;
effect on migration of, 157;
icebergs indicating, 243;
surface, history of, 172;
uprushing, near the equator, 106.
Cyclones, 111;
cause of, 111;
of North America, 111;
secondary storms of, 112.
Deltas, 173, 187.
Deposits, vein, 260, 261.
Deserts, interior, 158.
Dew, 159, 160;
a concomitant of cloudless skies, 160,
and vegetation, 160;
formation of, 159-161.
Diablerets, 174.
Diagram of a vein, 260;
showing development of swamp, 335;
how a portion of the earth's surface may be sunk by faulting, 374;
growth of mangroves, 340;
the effect of the position of the fulcrum point in the movement of the land masses, 94.
Diameter of our sphere at the equator, 62;
of the earth, 82.
Dikes, 192, 293; 305-310;
abounding in volcanic cones, 305;
cutting through coal, 306;
driven upward, 307;
formation of, 305, 310;
material of, 307, 308;
representing movements of softened rock, 309;
their relation to volcanic cones, 307;
variations of the materials of, 307, 308;
waterfalls produced by, 192;
zone of, 306.
Dismal Swamp, 95, 333.
Distances,
general idea of, 27;
good way to study, 27, 28;
training soldiers to measure, 28.
Doldrums, 104, 109;
doldrum of the equator, 109;
of the hurricane, 109.
Drainage, imperfect, of a country affected by glaciers, 242.
Dunes, 123, 124, 325, 326, 387;
moulded, 387.
Duration of geological time, 389.
Dust accumulations from wind, in China, 122.
Earth,
a flattened sphere, 82;
air envelope of the, 98;
amount of heat falling from the sun on the, 41;
antiquity of the, 391;
atmosphere of the, 98;
attracting power of the, 127;
axis of the rotation of the, 58;
composition of the atmosphere of the, 98;
crust of the, affected by weight, 93;
deviation of the path of the, varied, 61;
diameter of the, 82;
of the, affected by loss of heat, 131;
difference in altitude of the surface of the, 83;
discovery that it was globular, 31, 32;
effect of imaginary changes in the relations of sun and, 59;
effect of the interior heat of the, 309, 310;
effect of the sun on the, 60, 61;
formerly in a fluid state, 82;
imaginary view of the, from the moon, 81;
important feature of the surface of the, 83;
jarring caused by faults, 367;
surface of the, determined by heat and light from the sun, 57;
most important feature of the surface of the, 83;
motion of the, affecting the direction of trade winds, 103;
movements, 366;
natural architecture of the, 377;
no part of the, exempt from movement, 384;
parting of the moon and, 396;
path of the, around the sun, 55, 56, 59, 60;
revolving from east to west, 103;
shrinking of the, from daily escape of heat, 89;
soil-covering of the, 343;
study of the, 81-96;
swaying, 385;
tensions, problem of, 371;
tremors, caused by chemical changes in the rocks, 385;
tropical belt of the, 74;
viewed from the surface of the moon, 311, 312;
water store of the, 125.
Earthquakes, 277, 278, 280, 356, 358, 370-384, 388-390;
accidents of, 358;
action of, 356;
agents of degradation, 383, 384;
basis of, 367;
certain limitations to, 380, 381;
Charleston, of 1883, 374, 375;
countries, architecture in, 381;
echoes, 369, 370;
damages of, 377, 390;
effect of,
on the soil, 375;
the surface of the earth, 371;
formed by riving of fissures, 382;
great, occurring where rocks have been disturbed by mountain-building, 381, 382;
Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an, 277, 280;
Italian, in 1783, 371, 372;
important, not connected with volcanic explosions, 381;
Jamaica, in 1692, 372, 376;
Lisbon, in 1755, 368, 369, 373, 374, 381;
maximum swing of, 369;
measuring the liability to, 386, 387;
mechanism of, 370, 371;
method of the study of, followed by Mr. Charles Mallet, 382, 383;
Mississippi, in 1811, 373, 374, 380, 381;
movement of the earth during, 377;
originating from a fault plane, 367, 369, 370;
originating from the seas, 358, 375;
oscillation of, 376;
poised rocks indicating a long exemption from strong, 388;
Riobamba, in 1797, 375;
shocks of, and their effect upon people, 383;
the direct calamities of Nature, 386;
waves of, 389.
Earthworms, 317-319;
taking food underground, 319.
Eclipses, record of ancient, 130.
Electrical action in the formation of rain and snow, 164.
Elevations of seas and lands, 83.
Energy indestructible, 23.
Envelope, lower, of the sun, 74.
Equator,
diameter of our sphere at the, 62;
doldrum of the, 109;
updraught under the, 102;
uprushing current near the, 106.
Equinoxes, precession of the, 61, 62.
Eskers, 221.
Expansion of air contained in a hollow wall during the passage of the storm, 114.
Experiment, illustrating consolidation of disseminated materials of the sun and planets, 40.
Falls. See Waterfalls.
Fault planes, 382.
Feldspar, 324.
Floods, 180, 197;
rarity of, in New England, 121;
river, frequent east of Rocky Mountains, 198.
Föhns, 121.
Forests, salicified, 124.
Fossilization, 354-356.
Fulcrum point, 95.
Galactic plane, 45.
Galongoon, eruption of, 294.
Geological work of water, 168-206.
Glacial action in the valleys of Switzerland, 224;
periods, 63, 243, 246;
in the northern hemisphere, 246;
waste, 324.
Glaciation,
effect of,
in North America, 241;
in Central America, 234;
South America, 234.
Glaciers, 207-249;
action of ice in forming, 230-232;
Alaskan, 216;
continental, 225, 239, 240;
discharge of, 220;
exploring, 220;
extensive, in Greenland and Scandinavia, 244;
former, of North America, 232, 234;
map of, and moraines near Mont Blanc, 217;
motions of, 213;
retreat of the, 228, 230, 235;
secrets of the under ice of, 221;
speed of a, 224;
study of, in the Swiss valleys, 222;
testimony of the rocks regarding, 228;
when covered with winter snows, 216;
valley, 216.
Gombridge, 1830, 74.
Gravitation, law of, 4.
Greeks' idea of the heavens, 31;
not mechanically inventive, 22.
Gulf Stream, current of the, 147.
Heat,
amount of, daily escaping from the earth, 89;
amount of, falling from the sun on the earth, 41;
belief of the ancients regarding, 42;
dominating effect on air currents of tropical, 104;
energy with which it leaves the sun, 41;
internal,
of the earth, 88, 89;
of the earth's interior, 309, 310;
sun, effect on the atmosphere of the, 100;
Prof. Newcomb's belief regarding the, of the sun, 52;
radiation of the earth's, causing winds, 101;
solar, 41;
tropical, and air currents, 104.
Hills, sand, 123.
Horizontal pendulum, 384.
Horse latitudes, 104.
"Horses," 261.
Hurricanes, 107, 110, 317;
commencement of, 107;
doldrum of, 109;
felt near the sea, 110;
in the tropics, 110.
Hypothesis,
nebular, 34, 35, 39, 52, 56;
working, 4, 5.
Ice action,
effect of intense, 222, 223;
in forming glaciers, 230, 232;
recent studies in Greenland of, 239;
depth of, in Greenland, 227;
effect of, on river channels, 196;
effect of, on stream beds, 196;