ZINC.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Zincblende ZnS.
Decrepitates strongly. Evolves SO and becomes white or yellow if containing iron. V.
In the reducing flame incrusts the charcoal with ZnO; also with CdO, if that metal be present.		 — The roasted mineral gives a zinc reaction, and sometimes a slight iron reaction. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. Moreover colors the flame blue. The fused alkali gives a S reaction on silver. —
Red oxide of zinc .
Zn.
— — In the reducing flame forms a thin incrustation of oxide of zinc on the charcoal. V. Generally gives a manganese and slight iron reaction in addition to that of zinc. As in borax. On charcoal, forms a thick incrustation of ZnO. With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinum foil gives manganese reaction.
Electric calamine  .  ...   .
2Zn3Si + 3H
Gives off water and becomes white and opaque. — — V. Dissolves to a clear glass, which cannot be rendered opaque by the intermittent flame. Dissolves to a clear glass, which becomes opaque on cooling. Silica remains insoluble. With carbonate of soda alone is infusible. With 2 parts of alkali and 1 of borax fuses to a glass and sets free
.
Zn,
which incrusts the charcoal.		 —
Calamine . ..
ZnC.
Gives off CO2 and becomes opaque. — As the red oxide. Sometimes also gives a lead incrustation. V. Gives a zinc reaction and frequently an iron and manganese reaction. As in borax. Forms a thick incrustation of zinc, sometimes also of
.
Pb
and
.
Co.		 Dissolves with much effervescence in cold acid.

BISMUTH.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Native bismuth Bi.
— Fuses and is converted into a yellow oxide. Fuses to a bead and incrusts the charcoal with oxide. — The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the bismuth reactions. As in borax. — —
Bismuthine BiS.
— Fuses with ebullition and gives of S and SO2. Fuses with much spirting and in the reducing flame yields a metallic bead and incrusts the charcoal with oxide. — The oxide obtained upon charcoal gives the bismuth reactions. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction on silver. —
Bismuthblende ... ...
Bi2 Si3.
Turns yellow and, when strongly heated, fuses. — Fuses with ebullition to a brown globule forming an incrustation of
...
Bi
on the charcoal.		 I.
Fuses with ease to a yellow bead, coloring the outer flame bluish green, especially if moistened with HCl. This color is due to
.....
P.		 Gives the bismuth and also an iron reaction. As in borax, but leaves a silicious skeleton. Fuses to a yellow mass. The bismuth is then reduced to the metallic state and partially volatilized, incrusting the charcoal beyond. —
Tetradymite Bi, Te, S.
Occasionally decrepitates and then fuses, forming a greyish white sublimate immediately above the mineral fragment. Fuses and gives off white fumes, part of which pass up the tube and part deposit immediately above the mineral. This latter if heated fuses to clear drops (TeO3). The mineral residue becomes surrounded by fused
...
Bi,
characterized by its yellow color.		 Fuses to a metallic bead, colors the outer flame bluish green (Te and Se) and incrusts the charcoal around with the orange
...
Bi,
beyond which is a white incrustation partly consisting of
...
Te.		 — The yellow oxide obtained upon charcoal gives the bismuth reaction, and the white incrustation of bismuth and telluric acid. As in borax. In the reducing flame yields a bead of metallic bismuth, part of which is part of the tellurium volatilized and incrusts the charcoal around. The fused alkaline mass gives the sulphur reaction on silver. Also gives the tellurium reaction with charcoal and carbonate of soda.

LEAD.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Galena PbS.
Generally decrepitates and gives off a small quantity of sulphur. Gives off SO2, and when strongly heated, a white sublimate of
.
Pb,
.
S.		 Fuses and is reduced affording a bead of metallic lead, and forming an incrustation of PbO on the charcoal. Colors the outer flame blue. — The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the lead reaction. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives a sulphur reaction on silver. —
Clausthalite PbSe.
Decrepitates slightly. Forms a sublimate of selenium, which is grey when thickly deposited, and red when thin. Gives off fumes smelling strongly of selenium and coloring the flame blue. In the reducing flame fuses partially and incrusts the charcoal with Se and PbO. After some time a black infusible mass alone remains. — The infusible residue obtained upon charcoal gives an iron and sometimes copper and cobalt reaction. As in borax. With carbonate of soda, oxalate of potash yields a metallic bead, the fused alkali laid upon silver and moistened produces a stain similar to that produced by sulfur. —
Jamesonite ,  ,,,
Pb3Sb2.
Fuses and gives off some sulphur, sulphide of antimony and antimony which condense in the neck of the bulb. Fuses and emits dense white fumes of SbO3, which pass off and redden blue litmus paper. Fuses with great ease evolving much SbO3 and PbO, which incrusts the charcoal around the mineral. When the fumes have ceased, a small bead of metallic lead remains. — The yellow incrustation formed upon charcoal gives the reaction of lead, and the white those of antimony. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction on silver. —
Minium Pb3O4.
— — Is reduced first to litharge (PbO) and then to metallic lead which forms the usual incrustation. Colors the outer flame blue. Gives the lead reactions. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. —
Mendipite PbCl + 2PbO.
Decrepitates slightly and assumes a yellow color. — Fuses readily and is reduced to metallic lead with the evolution of acid fumes. Forms a white incrustation of PbCl, and a yellow one of PbO. As the preceding. As the preceding. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. Gives the chlorine reaction with CuO and microcosmic salt.
Cerusite . ..
PbC.
Decrepitates, gives off CO2, turns yellow and fuses. — Is reduced to metallic lead, incrusting the charcoal around with PbO. As the preceding. Gives the lead reaction. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. In nitric acid dissolves with much effervescence.
Anglesite . ...
PbS.
Decrepitates and gives off a small quantity of water. — In the oxidizing flame fuses to a clear bead, which becomes opaque on cooling. In reducing flame is reduced with much ebullition to a metallic bead and incrusts the charcoal around with PbO. As the preceding. Gives the lead reaction and occasionally a slight iron and manganese reaction. As in borax. Is reduced yielding a metallic lead bead. The fused alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction on silver. —
Pyromorphite            ...
        .  ..
PbCl + 3Pb3P.
Decrepitates, and when strongly heated for some time, gives a slight white sublimate of PbCl. — In oxidizing flame fuses to a bead having a crystalline surface on cooling, and forms a thin film of PbCl on the charcoal In reducing flame fuses without reduction and on cooling assumes a polyhedral form. Incrusts the charcoal slightly with PbO. Fuses and colors the flame blue. — — Is reduced yielding a metallic bead and incrusting the charcoal with PbO. Gives the chlorine reaction with microcosmic salt and CuO. Also the phosphoric acid reactions.
Mimetene        .  ...
       .  ..
PbCl+ 3Pb3As
As the preceding. — Fuses, but less easily than the preceding, gives off AsO3 and incrusts the charcoal with PbCl. Finally is reduced to a metallic bead and forms an incrustation of PbO. As the preceding. The oxide formed on charcoal gives the lead reactions. As in borax. As the preceding. Gives the chlorine reaction.
Vanadinite         .  ...
PbCl + 3Pb3V?
As pyromorphite. — The powdered mineral fuses fuses to a black shining mass, which in the reducing flame affords a metallic bead. Incrusts the charcoal first with a white film of PbCl and afterwards with PbO. As pyromorphite. Dissolves readily to a clear glass, which, in the oxidizing flame, is yellow, while hot, and colorless when cold. In reducing flame becomes opaque, and on cooling green. In oxidizing flame is yellow while hot, becoming paler on cooling. In reducing flame brown while warm, and emerald green when cold. On platinum wire fuses to a yellow bead, which is crystalline on cooling. On charcoal yields a button of metallic lead. With microcosmic salt and CuO, gives the chlorine reaction. If fused in a platinum spoon with from 3 to 4 times its volume of
. ...
K,S2
it forms a fluid yellow mass having an orange color when cold.
Crocoisite . ...
PbCr.
Decrepitates violently and assumes a dark color. — Fuses and detonates yielding Cr2O3 and metallic lead, and forming an incrustation of PbO on the charcoal. As pyromorphite. Dissolves readily and colors the glass yellow while warm, and green when cold. (See Chromium reaction.) As in borax. On platinum foil gives a dark yellow mass, which becomes paler on cooling. On charcoal yields a metallic button. Treated as above with
. ...
K,S2
forms a violet colored mass, which on solidifying becomes reddish and on cooling pale grey.
Molybdate of lead . ...
PbM.
As the preceding. — Fuses and is partly absorbed into the charcoal leaving a globule of metallic lead, which is partially oxidized and incrusts the charcoal. As pyromorphite. Dissolves readily and gives the molybdena reaction. As in borax. Yields metallic lead. Fused as above with
. ...
K,S2
forms a yellow mass, which becomes white on cooling. If this be dissolved in water and a piece of zinc introduced into the solution, the latter becomes blue.
Scheeletine . ...
PbW.
Decrepitates more or less. — Fuses to a bead incrusting the charcoal with PbO. The bead on cooling is crystalline and has a dark metallic surface. As pyromorphite. Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which in the reducing flame becomes yellow, and on cooling grey and opaque. Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which in the reducing flame assumes a dusky blue color. After a time becomes opaque. As the preceding. With carbonate of soda and nitre gives the manganese reaction.

COPPER.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Native Copper Cu.
— — Fuses to a brilliant metallic bead, which on cooling becomes covered with a coating of black oxide. Fuses and colors the outer flame blue. In the oxidizing flame dissolves and then gives the copper reactions. As in borax. — —
Vitreous Copper Cu2S.
— Evolves SO2 and, when pulverized and gently heated for some time is converted into CuO. Fuses to a bead, which spirts considerably and gives off SO2. When pulverized and gently roasted, is converted into CuO. — The roasted mineral gives the copper reaction, and sometimes also a slight iron-reaction. As in borax. In the reducing flame is decomposed, forming NaS and metallic copper. If the former be cut out and laid upon silver, it gives the sulfur reaction. —
Copper pyrites , ,,,
Cu Fe.
Decrepitates, sometimes gives a sublimate of sulphur and becomes bronze colored on the surface. Evolves SO2 and is finally converted into a dark red mixture of Fe2O3 and CuO. Fuses readily with much ebullition and is magnetic on cooling. — As the preceding; but when the copper has been removed by reducing on charcoal, the bead shows a strong iron color. As the preceding, but the color in the oxidizing flame is green, owing to the presence of iron. Yields a bead of metallic copper and some magnetic oxide of iron which remains on the charcoal. The fused gives a sulphur reaction on silver. —
Fahlerz  , , , ,    ,,, ,,,
(CuAgFeZn)4 (Sb As).
Sometimes decrepitates, fuses, and when very strongly heated, gives a red sublimate of
,,,
Sb
with
...
Sb,
also sometimes a black sublimate of
,
Hg
and occasionally
,,,
As.		 Fuses and gives off thick fumes of SbO3 and SO2, also generally AsO3, leaving a black infusible residue. If Hg be present, it is sublimed and condenses in the tube in small drops. Fuses to a bead, which fumes strongly and incrusts the charcoal with SbO3, and sometimes ZnO, which cannot be volatilized. Emits a strong smell of arsenic. — The residue obtained on charcoal thoroughly roasted gives a copper reaction, and when the latter has been removed by reduction upon charcoal, an iron reaction. As in the preceding. With this flux and a little borax yields a bead of metallic copper; on silver, the alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction. If the copper bead obtained by fusing upon carbonate of soda be cupelled with assay lead, a silver bead will be obtained. Or if dissolved in nitric acid and a drop or two of HCl added, a white precipitate of AgCl will be formed, which may be collected and reduced with carbonate of soda upon charcoal.
Tennatite  , ,   ,,,
(CuFe)4As.
Decrepitates occasionally and gives a red sublimate of
,,,
As.		 Evolves
..
S
and
,,,
As,
which condense and form a white sublimate.		 Fuses to a magnetic bead giving of arsenical and sulphurous fumes. — As the preceding. As the preceding. Yields a copper bead and metallic iron in the form of a dark grey powder. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction. —
Bournonite   ,  , ,,,
(Pb2Cu)Sb.
Decrepitates giving off sulfur and, when strongly heated,
,,,
Sb
and
...
Sb.		 Evolves thick white fumes of
    ...
... ..
Sb,Sb
and
  ...
. ..
PbSb.
 Also
.
S.		 Fuses readily and incrusts the charcoal with
...
Sb
and
.
Pb
leaving a dark colored bead.		 — If the bead obtained on charcoal be fused on that support in the reducing flame with borax, a slight iron reaction is obtained, and after a time a copper reaction. As with borax. Yields a bead of metallic copper and lead and incrusts the charcoal with
...
Sb
and
.
Pb.
The alkaline mass laid on silver and moistened gives the sulphur reaction.		 —
Red oxide of copper Cu2O
— Is converted into the black oxide CuO. In the reducing flame is reduced, forming a bead of metallic copper. Fuses and colors the the flame emerald green, or if previously moistened with HCl, blue. Gives the copper reaction. As with borax. Is reduced to a bead of metallic copper. —
Atacamite         .     .
CuCl + 3Cu + 6H.
Gives off much water, having an acid reaction, on test paper, and forms a light grey sublimate of CuCl. — Fuses, colors the flame blue, forms a brown and a pale grey incrustation on the charcoal, and is reduced to metallic copper, leaving a small quantity of slag. Fuses and colors the outer flame intensely blue and green towards the point. Gives the copper reactions. As with borax. Is reduced, yielding a bead of metallic copper. —
Dioptase .  ...    .
Cu3Si2 + 3H.
Gives off water and turns black. — In the oxidizing flame becomes black. In the reducing flame red. V.
Colors the outer flame intensely green.		 Gives the copper reactions. As with borax. The silica remains undissolved. With a small quantity of carbonate of soda fuses to a bead, which on cooling is opaque and has a red fracture. With more alkali forms a slag, containing little beads of reduced copper. —
Malachite .  ..  .
Cu2C + H.
Gives off water and turns black. — Fuses to a bead with a strong flame is reduced to metallic copper. Fuses and colors the outer flame brilliantly green. Gives the copper reaction. As with borax. Yields metallic copper. Dissolves in HCl with much effervescence.
Blue vitriol . ...    .
Cu S  + 5H.
Intumesces, gives off water and becomes white. Strongly heated is decomposed, given off SO2 and being converted into CuO. As in the glass-bulb. Then fuses, coloring the outer flame green, and is reduced to metallic copper and
,
Cu.		 Fuses and colors the outer flame blue. The roasted mineral gives copper reaction. As in borax. Yields metallic copper. The alkaline mass laid on silver gives S reaction. Gives the sulphuric acid reaction.
Libethenite    ...
.  ..   .
Cu4P + 2H.
Gives off water and turns black. — Gradually heated, turns black and fuses to a bead, having a core of metallic copper. Fuses but does not color the flame distinctly. On cooling is black and crystalline. Gives the copper reaction. As in borax. With much of the alkali is decomposed, yielding metallic copper. With small portions successively added first fuses and then intumesces, fuses with a strong flame, and is then absorbed into the charcoal, leaving metallic copper. Gives the phosphoric acid reaction.
Olivenite     ... ...
 .  ..  ..    .
Cu4( As P ) + H.
Gives off water. — Fuses with detonation and the evolution of arsenical fumes to a brittle regulus, brown externally and having a white fracture. Fuses and colors the outer flame green. On cooling has a crystalline surface. Gives the copper reaction. As in borax. Is reduced, yielding metallic copper. Gives the arsenic reactions.

ANTIMONY.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Native antimony Sb.
Fuses and, when strongly heated, volatilizes being redeposited in the tube as a dark grey sublimate. Fuses and gives off dense white fumes, which are partly redeposited on the tube. Sometimes also gives off arsenical fumes in small quantity. Fuses and gives off dense white fumes, which thickly incrust the charcoal and color the flame blue immediately beyond the assay. — The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the antimony reactions. As in borax. — The incrustation on the charcoal, if treated with nitrate of cobalt assumes the characteristic green color.
Grey antimony SbS3.
Fuses readily and occasionally gives off a small quantity of sulphur. Strongly heated forms a brown sublimate of SbS3 and SbO3. Fuses and gives off SO2, which passes off up the tube, and dense white fumes of SbO3 and SbO5 which are partly deposited in the tube. Fuses and is partly absorbed by the charcoal and partly volatilized, incrusting the charcoal with the characteristic white oxides. Colors the flame blue. — As the preceding. As in borax. Fuses and is reduced, yielding metallic antimony, which behaves as the preceding mineral upon charcoal. The alkaline mass gives the sulphur reaction. As the preceding.
Antimony blende ,,,   ...
Sb2 + Sb.
Fuses easily, gives off first SbO3 and afterwards an orange colored sublimate. Strongly heated, is decomposed and gives a black sublimate, which becomes brown on cooling. As the preceding. As the preceding. — As native antimony. As in borax. As the preceding. As native antimony.
White antimony SbO3.
Is sublimed and recondensed in the neck of the tube. As in the glass-bulb. Fuses with the evolution of dense white fumes, which incrust the surface of the charcoal. In the reducing flame is partly reduced, yielding metallic antimony. Colors flame blue. Fuses and is volatilized, coloring the outer flame blue. Gives the antimony reaction. As in borax. In the reducing flame is reduced, yielding metallic antimony. As native antimony.

ARSENIC.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Native arsenic As.
Sublimes without fusion and recondenses as a dark grey metallic sublimate, sometimes leaving a small residue. If gently heated in a good current of air passes off as AsO3, which is partly condensed as a white sublimate in the upper part of the tube. Passes off as AsO3, which thinly incrusts the charcoal beyond the assay. Colors the flame blue. — — — —
Realgar AsS2.
Fuses, enters into ebullition and is sublimed as a transparent red sublimate. Gently heated passes off as SO2 and AsO3, the latter of which is redeposited in the upper part of the tube. Fuses and passes off as arsenious and sulphurous acids. Fuses and colors the flame blue. — — As on charcoal, except that the S combines with the alkali forming NaS, which on silver gives the sulphur reaction. —
Orpiment AsS3.
As the preceding, except that the sublimate is of a dark yellow color when cold. As the preceding. As the preceding. As the preceding. — — As the preceding. —
White arsenic AsO3.
Sublimes without fusion and re-condenses in white crystals. — Sublimes and is partly recondensed on charcoal forming a white incrustation. Colors the flame blue. — — — Heated with charcoal in a glass-tube sealed at one end, is reduced and metallic arsenic sublimes.

MERCURY.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Native mercury Hg.
Volatilizes with little or no residue and recondenses in neck of bulb. — Is volatilized. — — — — —
Cinnabar HgS.
Volatilizes sometimes leaving a slight earthy residue, and recondenses as a black sulphide. If gently heated is decomposed into metallic mercury, which volatilizes and re-condenses in the upper part of the tube, and SO2, which passes off as is easily recognized by its odor and bleaching properties. Is volatilized, generally leaving a small earthy residue. — — — With carbonate of soda and cyanide of potassium is decomposed and metallic mercury volatilized. When in the preceding experiment the mercury has been entirely dissipated, the alkaline residue laid on silver gives a sulphur reaction.
Native amalgam AgHg2.
As native mercury, but leaves a residue of pure silver. — The mercury volatilizes leaving the silver, which fuses to a bead, and, in the oxidizing flame, incrusts the charcoal with its characteristic oxide. — — — — —

SILVER.

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Mineral.Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.(2) in open tube.(3) on charcoal.(4) in forceps. (5) in borax.(6) in mic. salt.(7) in carb. soda.(8) Special Reactions.
Native silver Ag.
— — Fuses and in a strong oxidizing flame forms an incrustation of dark brown oxide on the charcoal. If any antimony be present, it affords a crimson incrustation. — Gives the silver reactions. As in borax. — —
Antimonial silver Ag2Sb.
— Gives off dense white fumes, which are partly deposited in the tube. Fuses, fumes strongly, forming a white incrustation, and when the antimony is nearly expelled a crimson one, a nearly pure silver bead remains. — The incrustation formed on charcoal gives an antimony reaction. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. —
Silver glance AgS.
— Gives off sulphurous acid. Gives off SO2 and is reduced to metallic silver. If impure, a small quantity of slag also remains. — The residual slag (if any) obtained upon charcoal gives an iron reaction. As in borax. As alone on charcoal. The alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction on polished silver. —
Stephanite  , ,,,
Ag6Sb.
Decrepitates, fuses and gives a slight sublimate of sulphide of antimony. Fuses and gives off SO2 and dense white antimonial fumes. Fuses and incrusts the charcoal with antimonious acid, leaving Ag with some antimony. If the flame be continued, a red incrustation is formed and finally a bead of pure sliver remains surrounded by a small slag. — The residual slag obtained on the charcoal gives an iron and copper reaction. As in borax. The silver is reduced and the antimony passes off in dense fumes. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction on silver. —
Pyargyrite  , ,,,
Ag3Sb.
Sometimes decrepitates, fuses readily, and, when strongly heated, gives a red sublimate of SbS3. As in the preceding. Fuses with much spirting and covers the charcoal with antimonial fumes. When the residual AgS is heated for some time in the oxidizing flame, a bead of pure silver is obtained. — — — As the preceding. —
Proustite  , ,,,
Ag3As.
Fuses and at a low red heat affords a small sublimate of AsS3. Gradually heated it gives off AsO3 and SO2. Sometimes also antimony fumes. As the preceding, except that a large quantity of AsO3 and but little SbO3 are given off. — — — As stephanite, except that much arsenic is given off and but little antimony. —
Horn silver AgCl.
Fuses, but undergoes no further change. — Fuses readily in the oxidizing flame. In the reducing flame is slowly reduced yielding metallic silver. — — — Is rapidly reduced to metallic silver. If cut up into small pieces mixed with oxide of copper and then heated before the oxidizing flame upon charcoal, it colors the flame blue.

Footnotes

[1] The French millimetre is about the twenty-fifth part of an English inch.

[2] Plattner.

[3] Quoted by Plattner.

[4] Quoted by Scheerer.

THE END.

Transcriber's Notes:

   This book had many columnar tables, often split across pages. These
   have been combined and reformatted for readability.

   Some of the element symbols were differenced by markings that
   were not defined in the book, but are supposed to be valence
   markings. These have been transcribed as closely as possible to
   the look of original text.