"Morn broaden'd on the borders of the dark,
Ere I saw her, who clasp'd in her last trance
Her murder'd father's head."
It occurs in the Dream of Fair Women, st. 67.
Cambridge.
Sauenap, Meaning of.—In the will of Jane Heryng, of Bury, 1419, occurs this bequest:—
"To Alyson my dowter, xl s. and ij pottys of bras neste the beste, and a peyr bedys of blak get, and a grene hod, and a red hod, and a gowne of violet, and another of tanne, and a towayll of diaper werk, and a sauenap; also a cloke and rownd table."
What was the sauenap?
Hoods worn by Doctors of the University of Cambridge.—Pray permit me to inquire, through your agency, what is the proper lining of the scarlet cloth hoods worn by doctors in the three faculties of the university of Cambridge? The robe-makers of Cambridge have determined upon a pink or rose-coloured silk for all; the London artists adopt a shot silk (light blue and crimson) sometimes for all faculties, at others for Doctors in Divinity only. On ancient monuments (there is one in Canterbury Cathedral) I find that the hoods were lined with ermine; and this is the material of those attached to the full-dress robes of doctors on the occasion of their creation, and in the schools, and at congregations. I cannot find the statutes bearing upon the subject.
As the Oxford statutes have recently been published, the matter is not so much in the dark,—black silk being the material prescribed for the lining of hoods of Doctors in Divinity, and those of the doctors in the other faculties being prescribed to be of silk of any intermediate colour, which the Oxford doctors understand to mean a deep rose-colour.
U. University Club, Dec. 4. 1850.
Euclid and Aristotle.—The ordinary chronologies place Aristotle as nearly a century anterior to Euclid; but Professor De Morgan ("Eucleides," in Dr. Smith's Biographical Dictionary) considers them as contemporary. Any of your readers conversant with the subject will oblige me by saying which is right, and likewise why so.
Ventriloquism. Fanningus the King's Whisperer.—To the Query respecting Brandon the juggler (Vol. ii., p. 424.), I beg leave to add another somewhat similar. Where is any information to be obtained of "The King's Whisperer, εγγαστριμυθος, nomine Fanningus, who resided at Oxford in 1643?"
Frances Lady Norton.—Can any of your readers give me an account of the life of Frances Lady Norton, who wrote a work, entitled The Applause of Virtue, in Four Parts, consisting of Divine and Moral Essays towards the obtaining of True Virtue, 4to. 1705? It is a very delightful book, full of patristic learning. I am aware she was the daughter of Ralph Freke, Esq., of Hannington, and married Sir George Norton, Knt. of Abbot's Leigh, in the county of Somerset. I wish to know what other books she wrote, if any, and where her life may be found? Perhaps the Freke family could furnish an account of this learned lady. The work I believe to be extremely scarce.
Westminster Wedding.—Jeremy Collier says, in one of his Essays (Part iii. Essay viii.):
"As for the business of friendship you mentioned, 'tis not to be had at a Westminster Wedding."
Being much interested in weddings in Westminster at the present day, I should be much obliged to any of your readers who can throw any light on the observation of the Essayist, as above cited. What other authors use the term?
Stone's Diary.—Stone, the celebrated sculptor, left a valuable diary. The MS. was in the possession of Vertue the engraver. Has it ever been printed?
Dr. King's Poem of The Toast.—Where can I find a key to Dr. King's Heroic Poem, called The Toast? Isaac Reed's copy, with a manuscript key, sold at his sale for 10l. 10s.
Anima Magis, &c.—To whom is this sentence to be ascribed—
"Anima magis est ubi amat
Quam ubi animat."
The Adventures of Peter Wilkins.—Is the author of this delightful work of fiction known? The first edition was published in 1751, but it does not contain the dedication to Elizabeth, Countess of Northumberland, found in later impressions. When was this dedication added? It is observable that in all the editions I have seen, the initials R.P. are signed to the dedication, while R.S. appears on the title-page.
Talmud, Translations of.—1. Have there been any English translations of the Talmud, or any complete section of it? 2. What are the most esteemed Continental and Latin translations?
Torn by Horses.—What is the last instance in the history of France of a culprit being torn by horses? Jean Châtel, who attempted to assassinate Henri Quatre, suffered thus in 1595. (Crowe's France, i. 364.)
The Marks *, †, ‡, &c.—What is the origin of the asterisk, obelus, &c., used for references to notes? When were they first used? What are their proper names?
Totteridge, Herts, Oct. 23.
Blackguard.—Walking once through South Wales, we found an old woman by the roadside selling a drink she called blackguard. It was composed of beer and gin, spiced with pepper, and well deserved its name. Is this a common beverage in the principality?
I am much obliged to your correspondent LAICUS for his inquiry respecting the proposed Society (Vol. ii., p. 464). Will you allow me to express to him my confident hope, that the proposed plan, or some modification of it by a committee (when one shall exist) may in due time be carried out. But there seems to be no reason for haste; and in the formation of such body it is desirable to have as many avowed supporters to select from as possible. I do not think that the matter is much known yet, though I have to thank you for a kind notice; and I need not tell some of your correspondents that I have received very encouraging letters. But, in truth, as I did not expect any profit, or desire any responsibility as to either money or management, and only wished to lay before the public an idea which had existed in my own mind for some years, and which had obtained the sanction of some whom I thought competent judges; and as I had, moreover, published pamphlets enough to know that a contribution of waste paper to any object is often one of the most costly, I did not feel myself called on to go to so much expense in advertising as I perhaps might have done if I had been spending the money of a society instead of my own. I sent but few copies; none, I believe, except to persons with whom I had some acquaintance, and whom I thought likely to take more or less interest in the subject.
I trust, however, that the matter is quietly and solidly growing; and from communications which I have received, and resources on which I believe I may reckon, I feel no doubt that if it were considered desirable, friends and money enough to set such a society going might be immediately brought forward. It is one advantage of the proposed plan, that it may be tried on almost any scale. A society so constituted would NOT begin its existence with great promises of returns to subscribers, and heavy engagements to printers, papermakers, and editors. Its only necessary expenses would be those of management; and if the society were very small, these expenses would be so too. It is, indeed, hardly possible to imagine that they should be such as not to leave something to be funded for future use, if they did not furnish means for immediate display; but it seems better to wait patiently until such real substantial support is guaranteed as may prevent all apprehension on that score.
(Vol. ii., p. 442.)
It is quite startling to be told that the title of "Defender of the Faith" was used by any royal predecessor of Henry VIII.
Selden (Titles of Honour, ed 1631, p. 54) says:
"The beginning and ground of that attribute of DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, which hath been perpetually, in the later ages, added to the style of the kings of England, (not only in the first person, but frequent also in the second and in the third, as common use shows in the formality of instruments of conveyance, leases and such like) is most certainly known. It began in Henry the VIII. For he, in those awaking times, upon the quarrel of the Romanists and Lutherans, wrote a volume against Luther," &c.
Selden then states the well-known occasion upon which this title was conferred, and sets out the Bull of Leo X. (then extant in the Collection of Sir Robert Cotton, and now in the British Museum), whereby the Pope, "holding it just to distinguish those who have undertaken such pious labours for defending the faith of Christ with every honour and commendation," decrees that to the title of King the subjects of the royal controversialist shall add the title "Fidei Defensori." The pontiff adds, that a more worthy title could not be found.
Your correspondent, COLONEL ANSTRUTHER, calls attention to the statement made by Mr. Christopher Wren, Secretary of the Order of the Garter (A.D. 1736), in his letter to Francis Peck, on the authority of the Register of the Order in his possession; which letter is quoted by Burke (Dorm. and Ext. Bar., iv. 408.), that "King Henry VII. had the title Defender of the Faith." It is not found in any acts or instruments of his reign that I am acquainted with, nor in the proclamation on his interment, nor in any of the epitaphs engraved on his magnificent tomb. (Sandford, Geneal. Hist.) Nor is it probable that Pope Leo X., in those days of diplomatic intercourse with England, would have bestowed on Henry VIII., as a special and personal distinction and reward, a title that had been used by his royal predecessors.
I am not aware that any such title is attributed to the sovereign in any of the English records anterior to 1521; but that many English kings gloried in professing their zeal to defend the Church and religion, appears from many examples. Henry IV., in the second year of his reign, promises to maintain and defend the Christian religion (Rot. Parl., iii. 466.); and on his renewed promise, in the fourth year of his reign, to defend the Christian faith, the Commons piously grant a subsidy (Ibid., 493.); and Henry VI., in the twentieth year of his reign, acts as keeper of the Christian faith. (Rot. Parl., v. 61.)
In the admonition used in the investiture of a knight with the insignia of the Garter, he is told to take the crimson robe, and being therewith defended, to be bold to fight and shed his blood for Christ's faith, the liberties of the Church, and the defence of the oppressed. In this sense, the sovereign and every knight became a sworn defender of the faith. Can this duty have come to be popularly attributed as part of the royal style and title?
The Bull of Leo X., which confers the title on Henry VIII. personally, does not make it inheritable by his successors, so that none but that king himself could claim the honour. The Bull granted two years afterwards by Clement VII. merely confirms the grant of Pope Leo to the king himself. It was given, as we know, for his assertion of doctrines of the Church of Rome; yet he retained it after his separation from the Roman Catholic communion, and after it had been formally revoked and withdrawn by Pope Paul III. in the twenty-seventh year of Henry VIII., upon the king's apostacy in turning suppressor of religious houses. In 1543, the Reformation legislature and the Anti-papal king, without condescending to notice any Papal Bulls, assumed to treat the title that the Pope had given and taken away as a subject of Parliamentary gift, and annexed it for ever to the English crown by the statute 35 Hen. VIII. c. 3., from which I make the following extract, as its language bears upon the question:
"Where our most dread, &c., lord the king, hath heretofore been, and is justly, lawfully, and notoriously knowen, named, published, and declared to be King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and the Church of England and also of Ireland, in earth supreme head; and hath justly and lawfully used the title and name thereof as to his Grace appertaineth. Be it enacted, &c., that all and singular his Graces' subject, &c., shall from henceforth accept and take the same his Majesty's style ... viz., in the English tongue by these words, Henry the Eighth, by the grace of God King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and of the Church of England, and also of Ireland, in earth the supreme head; and that the said style, &c., shall be, &c., united and annexed for ever to the imperial crown of his highness's realms of England."
By the supposed authority of this statute, and notwithstanding the revocation of the title by Pope Paul III., and its omission in the Bull addressed by Pope Julius III. to Philip and Mary, that princess, before and after her marriage, used this style, and the statute having, been re-established by 1 Eliz. c. 1., the example has been followed by her royal Protestant successors, who wished thereby to declare themselves Defenders of the Anti-papal Church. The learned Bishop Gibson, in his Codex (i. 33, note), treats this title as having commenced in Henry VIII. So do Blount, Cowel, and such like authorities.
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Dec. 1850.
P.S. Since writing the above, I have found (in the nineteenth volume of Archæologia, pp. 1-10.) an essay by Mr. Alex. Luders on this very subject, in which that able writer, who was well accustomed to examine historical records, refers to many examples in which the title "Most Christian King" was attributed to, or used by English sovereigns, as well as the kings of France; and to the fact, that this style was used by Henry VII., as appears from his contract with the Abbot of Westminster (Harl. MS. 1498.). Selden tells us that the emperors had from early times been styled "Defensores Ecclesiæ;" and from the instances cited by Mr. Luders, it appears that the title of "Most Christian" was appropriated to kings of France from a very ancient period; that Pepin received it (A.D. 755) from the Pope, and Charles the Bald (A.D. 859) from a Council: and Charles VI. refers to ancient usage for this title, and makes use of these words:
"—nostrorum progenitorum imitatione—evangelicæ veritatis—DEFENSORES—nostra regia dignitas divino Christianæ religionis titulo gloriosius insignitur—."
Mr. Luders refers to the use of the words "Nos zelo fidei catholicæ, cujus sumus et erimus Deo dante Defensores, salubriter commoti" in the charter of Richard II. to the Chancellor of Oxford, in the nineteenth year of his reign, as the earliest introduction of such phrases into acts of the kings of England that he had met with. This zeal was for the condemnation of Wycliff's Trialogus. In the reign of Hen. IV. the writ "De Hæretico comburendo" had the words "Zelator justitia et fidei catholicæ cultor;" and the title of "Très Chrêtien" occurs in several instruments of Hen. VI. and Edw. IV. It appears very probable that this usage was the foundation of the statement made by Chamberlayne and by Mr. Christopher Wren: but that the title of Defender of the Faith was used as part of the royal style before 1521, is, I believe, quite untrue.
(Vol. ii., p. 357.)
There appear to be two serious objections to the idea of your correspondent W.G.H. respecting the appearance of Baal in this word: 1. The original orthography (אִיזֶּבֶל); whereas the name of the deity is found on all Phœnician monuments, where it enters largely into the composition of proper names, written בעל: and, 2. The fact of female names being generally on these same monuments (as tombstones and so forth) compounded of the name of a goddess, specially Astarth (אַתִֹּרִת or עַ). I do not know that we have any example of a female name into which Baal enters.
The derivation of the word appears to be that given by Gesenius (s.v.); that it is compounded of the root זָבַל (habitavit, cohabitavit) and the negative אֵין, and that its meaning is the same as αλοχος, casta: comp. Agnes. Isabel, in fact, would be a name nearer the original than the form in which we have it.
Carmarthen, Oct. 29. 1850.
Jezebel.—W.G.H. has been misled by the ending bel. The Phœnician god Bel or Baal has nothing to do with this name,—the component words being Je-zebel, not Jeze-bel. Of the various explanations given, that of Gesenius (Heb. Lex., s. voc.) appears, as usual, the simplest and most rational. The name אִיזֶבֶל (Jezebel) he derives from אִי (i) "not" (comp. I-chabod, "In-glorious") and זָבַל (zábal), "to dwell, cohabit with."
The name will then mean "without cohabitation," i.e. αλοχος (Plat. Theæt.) "chaste, modest." Comp. Agnes, Katherine, &c.
Less satisfactory explanations may be found in Calmet's Dictionary, and the Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, edited by Dr. Kitlo.
Jezebel.—The Hebrew spelling אִיזֶבֶל presents so much difficulty, that I fear such a derivation as W.G.H. wishes to obtain for the name is not practicable by any known etymology. Nothing that I am aware of, either in Hebrew, Syriac, or Arabic, will help us. The nearest verb that I can find is the Chaldee אֲזָא, signifying, "to light a fire," parts of which occur two or three times in Dan. iii.; but I fear it would be too daring a conjecture to interpret the name quem Belus accendit on the strength of that verb's existence. At present I feel myself obliged to take the advice of Winer, in his Lexicon, "Satius est ignorantiam fateri quam argutari."
"Nominis origo (he says) non liquet. Sunt qui interpretentur non stercus, Coll. 2 Reg. ix. 27., ineptè. Simonis in Onom. dictum putat Ino נְאִי זֶבֶל, mansio habitationis (habitatio tectissima); Gesenius cui nemo concubuit, Coll. זבל, Gen. xxx. 20. Sed satius," &c.
Admitting that Hasdrubal is, in fact עָזְרו בֵּל, Bel (was) his helper, we cannot possibly connect אִיזֶבֶל with it.
L—— Rectory, Somerset.
Jezebel.—Your correspondent W.G.H. believes this word to be derivable from Baal. That the Phœnician word בַעַל (Lord) makes a component part of many Syrian names is well-known: but I do not think the contracted form בֵל, which was used by the Babylonians, is ever found in any Syrian names. If we suppose the name אִיזֶבֶל to be derived from בֵל or בַעַל, we must find a meaning for the previous letters. Gesenius derives the name from אי, the negative particle, זבל, and gives it the sense of "innuba", i.e. "pure," comparing it, as a female name, with the Christian Agnes. There is but one passage, however, in Scripture which supports this secondary sense of זבל properly, "to be round," or, "to make round," and then "to dwell;" from whence זְבוּל, "a dwelling or habitation:" also זְבוּלוּן, "dwellings," the name which Leah gives to her sixth son, because she hopes that thenceforward her husband יִזְבְלֵוִי, "will dwell with me." (Gen. xxx. 20.) Gesenius considers this equivalent with "cohabit;" and from this single passage draws the sense which he assigns to אִיזֶבֶל This seems rather far-fetched. I am, however, still inclined to give the sense of "pure, unpolluted," to אִיזֶבֶל, but on different grounds.
זֶבֶל has another sense, κοπρος, particularly of camels, from the round form; and the word was common, in the later Hebrew, in that sense. Hence the evil spirit is called בַעַל־זְבוּל, a contemptuous name, instead of בַעַל־זְבוּב = Βεελζεβουλ instead of Βεελζεβουβ (Matt. xii. 24.).
The negative of this word אִיזֶבֶל might, without any great forcing of the literal sense, imply "the undefiled," Αμιαυτος; and this conjecture is supported by comparing 2 Kings, ix. 37. with the same verse in the Targum of Jonathan. They are as follows: (Heb.):
וִהָיְתָ נִבְלַת אִיזֶבֶל כְּרמֶן עַל־פְנֵי הַשׂרֶה
In the Targum thus:
וּתִהֵי נִבֵילתָּא רְאִיזֶבֶל כְּזֶבֶל מְבַרַּר עַל אַפֵּי תַקְלָא׃
It is quite clear that the Targumists intended here a strong allusion to the original meaning of Jezebel's name; viz. that she who was named "the undefiled" should become as "defilement." I am not sure whether a disquisition of this kind may be considered irrelevant to your work; but as the idea seems not an improbable one to some whose judgment I value, I venture to send it.
(Vol. ii., p. 375.).
One of your correspondents, referring to the lines lately quoted by Dr. Pusey—
"Tota jacet Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus,
Calvinus muros, sed fundamenta Socinus."
inquires "by what Socinian writer" are these two hexameter verses used ?
In reply, I beg to remark that by "Socinian" is, I suppose, meant "Unitarian," for even the immediate converts of Socinus refused to be called Socinians, alleging that their belief was founded on the teaching of Jesus Christ; and modern Unitarians, disowning all human authority in religious matters, cannot take to themselves the name of Socinus.
The distich, however, appears to have been in use among the Polish Unitarians shortly after the death of Faustus Socinus, as respectfully expressive of the exact effect which they conceived that he had produced in the religious world. Mr. Wallace, in his Antitrinitarian Biography, vol. iii. p. 323., states that it is "the epitaph said to have been inscribed on the tomb of Faustus Socinus." Mr. Wallace's authority for this assertion I have not been able to discover. Bock (Hist. Antitrinitariorum, vol. iii. p. 725.), whom Mr. Wallace generally follows, observes that the adherents of Faustus Socinus were accustomed to use these lines "respecting his decease," (qui de ejus obitu canere soliti sunt). This would seem to imply that the lines were composed not long after the death of Faustus Socinus. Probably they formed originally a part of poem written as a eulogy on him by some minister of the Unitarian church. The case would not be without a parallel.
Three versions of the distich are before me; that cited by Dr. Pusey, and the two which follow:—
"Alta ruit Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus,
Muros Calvinus, sed fundamenta Socinus."
Fock, Socinianismus, vol. i. p. 180.
"Tota ruet Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus,
Muros Calvinus, sed fundamenta Socinus."
Bock, ut supra.
Which is the original? Bock's reading has the preference in my mind, because he is known to have founded his history on the results of his own personal investigations among the manuscripts as well as the printed documents of the Polish Unitarian Churches. Besides, if, as there is reason to believe, the lines were composed shortly after the death of F. Socinus, ruet (will fall) would now correctly describe what, at so small a distance from the days of Luther and Calvin, may be supposed to have been the feeling among the Polish Unitarians; whereas Dr. Pusey's jacet (lies low, in the present tense) does as certainly partake somewhat of the grandiloquent. That no "boast," however, was intended, becomes probable, when we consider that the distich was designed to convey a feeling of reverence towards Socinus rather than an insult to Rome.
The Königs-stuhl at Rheuze (Vol. ii., p. 442.).—DR. BELL, who inquires for an engraving of the old Königs or Kaisers-stuhl, at Rheuze, is referrred to the History of Germany, on the Plan of Mrs. Markham's Histories, published by Murray, where, on the 188th page, he will find a very neat woodcut of this building, which we are told was destroyed in 1807, and rebuilt after the original model in 1843. It is of an octagon form, supported by pillars, with seven stone seats round the sides for the electors, and one in the centre for the emperor.
[The woodcuts of this work deserve especial commendation, being accurate representations of objects of historical interest, instead of the imaginative illustrations too often introduced into works which claim to represent the truth of history. Many of the engravings, such as that of the room in which the Council of Constance was held, and the Cages of the Anabaptists attached to the tower of St. Lambert's Church, Munster, are, we have understood, copied from original sketches placed at Mr. Murray's disposal for the purpose of being used in the work in question.]
Mrs. Tempest (Vol. ii., p. 407.).—This lady was one of the two daughters of Henry Tempest, Esq., of Newton Grange, Yorkshire (son of Sir John Tempest of Tong Hall, who was created a baronet in 1664), by his wife Alathea, daughter of Sir Henry Thompson of Marston, co. York. She died unmarried in 1703. As the Daphne of Pope's pastoral "Winter," inscribed to her memory, she is celebrated in terms which scarcely bear out the remark of your correspondent, that the poet "has no special allusion to her."
Calendar of Sundays in Greek and Romish Churches.—In reply to M.'s Query, I beg to inform him, that to find a calendar of both the above churches, he need seek no further than the Almanach de Gotha for the year 1851. He will there find what he wants, on authority no doubt sufficient.
The Conquest (Vol. ii., p. 440).—I do not agree with L. in thinking that the modern notion, that this word means "a forcible method of acquisition," is an erroneous one; but have no doubt that, whatever its original derivation may be, it was used in that sense. If William I. never pretended "to annex the idea of victory to conquisition," it is certain that his son William II. did: for we find a charter of his in the Monasticon (ed. 1846), vol. vi. p. 992., confirming a grant of the church of St. Mary of Andover to the abbey of St. Florence, at Salmur, in Anjou, in which there is the following recital:
"Noscant qui sunt et qui futuri sunt, quod Willielmus
rex, qui armis Anglicam terram sibi subjugavit,
dedit." &c.
If this charter was granted by William I., under whom Dugdale has placed it in his Chronica Series, p. 1., nomine Baldric, the argument is so much the stronger; but I have endeavored to prove by internal evidence (Judges of England, vol. i. p. 67.) that it is a charter of William II.
Thruscross (Vol. ii., p. 441.).—In a sermon preached at the funeral of Lady Margaret Mainard, at Little Easton, in Essex, June 30, 1682, by Bishop Ken, he says:
"The silenced, and plundered, and persecuted clergy she thought worthy of double honour, did vow a certain sum yearly out of her income, which she laid aside, only to succour them. The congregations where she then communicated, were those of the Reverend and pious Dr. Thruscross and Dr. Mossom, both now in heaven, and that of the then Mr. Gunning, the now most worthy Bishop of Ely, for whom she ever after had a peculiar veneration."
"My last son Izaak, borne the 7th of September, 1651, at halfe an houre after two o'clock in the afternoone, being Sunday, and he was baptized that evening by Mr. Thruscross, in my house in Clerkenwell. Mr. Henry Davison and my brother Beacham were his godfathers, and Mrs. Roe his godmother."—Izaak Walton's Entry in his Prayer Book.
Peckhard, in his Life of Nicholas Ferrar, p. 213., quotes Barwick's Life, Oley, Thruscross, and Thorndike.
Osnaburgh Bishopric (Vol. ii., pp. 358. 447.).—The succession to this bishopric was regulated by the Treaty of Westphalia, in 1648. By virtue of that treaty the see of Osnaburgh is alternately possessed by a Romish and a Protestant prince; and when it comes to the turn of a Protestant, it is to be given to a younger son of the house of Hanover. The Almanach de Gotha will most probably supply the information who succeeded the late Duke of York. Looking at the names of the titular bishops of Osnaburgh, it may be inferred that the duties attached to the see are confined to its temporalities.
Nicholas Ferrar (Vol. ii., pp. 119. 407. 444.).—The libellous pamphlet, entitled The Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding, is printed entire in the Appendix to Hearne's Preface to Langtoft. One of the Harmonies of the Life of Christ is in the British Museum, and another at St. John's College, Oxford (Qy.) (See the list of MSS. once at Gidding, Peckhard, p. 306.) N. Ferrar published and wrote the preface to Herbert's Temple, 1633,—and translated Valdesso's Divine Considerations, Camb. 1646.
Butchers' Blue Dress (Vol. ii., p. 266.).—A blue dress does not show stains of blood, inasmuch as blood, when dry, becomes of a blue colour. I have always understood this to be the explanation of this custom.
Chaucer's Portrait by Occleve (Vol. ii., p. 442.).—This portrait is engraved in Strutt's Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities.
[And we may add, in the edition of Tyrwhitt's Canterbury Tales, published by Pickering—ED.]
Chaucer's Portrait (Vol. ii., p. 442.).—His portrait, from Occleve's poem, has been engraved in octavo and folio by Vertue. Another, from the Harleian MS., engraved by Worthington, is in Pickering's edition of Tyrwhitt's Chaucer. Occleve's poem has not been printed; but see Ritson's Biblioth. Poetica, and Warton's H.E.P. A full-length portrait of Chaucer is given in Shaw's Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages; another, on horseback, in Todd's Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer.
Lady Jane of Westmoreland (Vol. i., p. 103.).—I think your correspondent Q.D. is wrong in his supposition that the two following entries in Mr. Collier's second volume of Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company refer to a composition by Lady Jane of Westmoreland:—
"1585-6. Cold and uncoth blowes, of the Lady Jane of Westmorland.
1586-7. A songe of Lady Jane of Westmorland."
My idea is, that the ballad (for Mr. Collier thinks that both entries relate to one production) was merely one of those metrical ditties sung about the streets of London depicting the woes and sufferings of some unfortunate lady. The question is, who was this "unfortunate lady?" She was the wife of Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, who was attainted about the year 1570, and died in Flanders anno 1584. I learn this from a MS. of the period, now before me, entitled Some Account of the Sufferinges of the Ladye Jane of Westmorlande, who dyed in Exile. By T.C. Perhaps at some future time I may trouble your readers with an account of this highly interesting MS.
Gray and Dodsley.—As the HERMIT OF HOLYPORT has repeated his Queries on Gray and Dodsley, I must make a second attempt to answer them with due precision, assured that no man is more disposed than himself to communicate information for the satisfaction of others.
1. Gray: In the first edition of the Elegy the epithet in question is droning; and so it stands in the Poems of Gray, as edited by himself, in 1753, 1768, &c.
2. Dodsley: The first edition of the important poetical miscellany which bears his name was published in 1748, in three volumes, 12mo.
The New Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and History, may be considered as the third in that important series of Classical Dictionaries for which the world is indebted to the learning of Dr. Smith. As the present work is distinguished by the same excellencies which have won for the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, and the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, the widely-spread reputation they enjoy, we shall content ourselves with a few words explanatory of the arrangement of a work which, it requires no great gift of prophecy to foretell, must ere long push Lemprière from its stool. The present Dictionary may be divided into three portions. The Biographical, which includes all the historical names of importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest times down to the extinction of the Western Empire; those of all Greek and Roman writers, whose works are either extant or known to have exercised an influence upon their respective literatures; and, lastly, those of all the more important artists of antiquity. In the Mythological division may be noticed first, the discrimination, hitherto not sufficiently attended to, between the Greek and Roman mythology, and which in this volume is shown by giving an account of the Greek divinities under their Greek names, and the Roman divinities under their Latin names; and, secondly, what is of still more consequence, the care to avoid as far as possible all indelicate allusions in the respective histories of such divinities. Lastly, in the Geographical portion of the work, and which will probably be found the most important one, very few omissions will be discovered of names occurring in the chief classical writers. This brief sketch of the contents of this New Classical Dictionary will satisfy our readers that Dr. Smith has produced a volume, not only of immense value to those who are entering upon their classical studies, but one which will be found a most useful handbook to the scholar and the more advanced student.
The Greek Church, A Sketch, is the last of the Shilling Series in which Mr. Appleyard has described the different sections of Christendom, with a view to their ultimate reunion. Like its predecessors, the volume is amiable and interesting, but being historical rather than doctrinal, is scarcely calculated to give the uninformed reader a very precise view of the creed of the Greek Church. It may serve, however, to assure us that the acrimony of religious discussion and the mutual jealousy of Church and State, which disquiets so many minds at present, was more than matched in the days of Constantine and Athanasius.
The last part of the Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin contains two papers by Jacob Grimm, which will doubtless be perused with great interest in this country. The one on the ancient practice of burning the bodies of the dead (Ueber das Verbrennen der Leichen) will be of especial interest to English antiquaries; but the other, from its connexion with the great educational questions which now occupy so much of public attention, will probably be yet more attractive. It is entitled, Ueber Schüle Universität Academie. Separate copies of these Essays may be procured from Messrs. Williams and Norgate.
Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson (Wellington Street, Strand) will sell on Monday next and two following days the valuable Dramatic and Miscellaneous Library of the late John Fullarton, Esq., which contains an extensive collection of the early editions of the Old English Dramatists.
We have received the following Catalogues:—Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 21. for 1850, of Antiquarian, Historical, Heraldic, Numismatic, and Topographical Books; William Heath's (29½, Lincoln Inn Fields) Catalogue No. 6. for 1850, of Valuable Second-hand Books; Cole's (15. Great Turnstile) List of very Cheap Books.
LAW'S LETTERS TO BISHOP HOADLEY.
MILLES, REV. ISAAC, ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND CONVERSATION OF, 1721.
BRAY, REV. T., PUBLIC SPIRIT ILLUSTRATED IN THE LIFE AND DESIGNS OF, 8vo. 1746.
HUET'S COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS, 1717.
VINCE'S ASTRONOMY, 3 Vols. 1808.
*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
JEEDEE. Notwithstanding Dr. Parr's assertion to the contrary, the MALLEUS MALEFICARUM is by no means an uncommon book, as may be seen by a reference to Grüsse (Bibliotheca Magica, p. 32.), where upwards of a dozen editions are enumerated, and a table of its contents may be seen. The work has been very fully analysed in the second volume of Horst's Dämonomagie, and, if we remember rightly, its history is told by Soldan in his Gesch. der Hexenprocesse.
R.H. (Trin. Coll. Dub.) will see that it is impossible to adopt his kind suggestion without spoiling the uniformity of the work. We have a bound copy of our First Volume now before us, and can assure him that, although the margin is necessarily narrow the book has not been spoilt by the binder.
J.S. Nortor or Nawter is only the provincial mode of pronouncing neatherd. The Nolt market is the ancient name of a street in Newcastle—the cattle-market. See Brockett's Gloss. of North Country Words, s.v. NOWT or NOLT.
A.H. (Stoke Newington). "Limbeck" is used by Shakspeare for "Alembic;" and in the passage in Macbeth,—
"That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason
A limbeck only."
Receipt is used in the sense of receptacle; and (we quote from one of the commentators), "The limbeck is the vessel through which distilled liquors pass into the recipients. So shall it be with memory, through which every thing shall pass, and nothing remain."
DJEDALEME TEBEYR. Some of our correspondent's articles would, we have no doubt, have appeared ere this, but for the difficulty of deciphering his handwriting. Our correspondents little know how greatly they would facilitate our labours by writing more legibly.
Errata.—P. 406, col. 2. l. 45, for "vingto" read "MSto;" l. 48, for "indefensus" read "indefessus." P. 469, col. 1. lines 44, 50, and 53, for "Litters" read "Littus."
In the advertisement of Mr. Appleyard's Greek Church, in our last Number, p. 471, for "Darling, Great Cullen Street," read "Darling, Great Queen Street."
Labitzky's quadrille of all nations, dedicated by special permission to H.R.H. Prince Albert, performed Eighteen consecutive Nights at the GRAND NATIONAL CONCERTS, and invariably encored twice or three times nightly [some words illegible] 4s.; Piano Duet, 6s., Orchestra, 8s. On Order of all good Music-sellers, and of the Publishers, MESSRS. R. COCKS AND CO., New Burlington Street, London, Publishers to Her Most Gracious Majesty.
N.B.—Just published, COCKS'S MUSICAL MISCELLANY, for October, November, and December. 2d. each; stamped 3d. each.
DR. WORDSWORTH'S TREATISE ON THE CHURCH, SIXTH EDITION.
In crown 8vo., price 8s. 6d., the Sixth Edition of THEOPHILUS ANGLICANUS; or, Instruction concerning the CHURCH, and the Anglican Branch of it. For the Use of Schools, Colleges, and Candidates for Holy Orders. By CHR. WORDSWORTH, D.D., Canon of Westminster.
RIVINGTON, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place; Of whom may be had,
1. ELEMENTS OF INSTRUCTION CONCERNING THE CHURCH. By the SAME AUTHOR. 3s. 6d.
2. CATECHESIS; or, Christian Instruction preparatory to CONFIRMATION, and FIRST COMMUNION. By the Rev. CHARLES WORDSWORTH, M.A. 5s. 6d.
Foreign books gratis and post free.—A CATALOGUE of very Cheap Second-hand FOREIGN BOOKS, in all European Languages, has just been issued by FRANZ THIMM, Foreign Bookseller, (German Circulating Library), 88. New Bond Street. The Catalogue will be forwarded to those who will favour MR. THIMM with their addresses.
NOW READY,
CHOICE EXAMPLES OF ART-WORKMANSHIP, IN GOLD, SILVER, STEEL, BRONZE, IVORY, WOOD, GLASS, LEATHER, EARTHENWARE, &c.
UPWARDS OF SIXTY EXAMPLES SELECTED FROM THE EXHIBITION OF ANCIENT AND MEDIÆVAL ART AT THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, DRAWN AND ENGRAVED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF PHILIP DE LA MOTTE.
Elegantly Bound in Cloth, with Gilt Bosses, in fac-simile of an Ancient Venetian Binding.