Within the [S] countries, a structure exists as well. Thus, some persons have a higher [S] than others.

In general, the [I]-type people in a structure of [S]-type detain the power. The time when the [S] people would have control is not within view. ([S]-type people are called technocrats).

Due to the large dispersion between [I] and [S] levels, there is no hope at the moment that a unique symbolic model will ever exist to describe correctly the whole social structure. As a consequence, the technocrats (the [S] people in an [S] type society) are not efficient yet, except in relatively narrow domains. The politicians of today are those who have qualities in both image and symbolic areas. They can cover approximately the whole society. However, the development of the society will force them to redirect more and more to symbolic models.

The basic problem associated with any society is the too wide dispersion between the [I] and [S] levels, and its increase as the society evolves.

Some explanations for this dispersion, based on MDT, are given below:

1. The models are built chaotically. The structure of models, including PSM, contains important and less important models. This is also a problem of education in early childhood.

2. Education and assimilation of new knowledge continues to be based on a too large scale on [I] models.

3. The structure of models, including PSM, is almost invariant and, as a consequence, the brain has not the flexibility required by a fast evolution of the society.

4. Education is chaotic. Too many image models are built in the period of development, and the symbolic models are not adequate to reality. For instance, mathematical calculations are prefered to the construction and operation of general symbolic models. Even worse, the students are not taught to think based on symbolic models. Terms like image model (analog) and symbolic model are not known at the level of general formal education. Image models should be taught starting in first class, and symbolic models with eight class. Even worse, those who work with symbolic models are not always aware of it. Many physicists are not aware that Newton's Mechanics is a symbolic model.

5. The design deficiencies of the brain are not shown or recognised, and as such, can't be compensated for (see general theory).

Conclusion: The brain evolves from image to symbolic models. The dispersion between the [S]-levels of people, countries and cultural zones is increasing. This increasing dispersion, together with the design and technological problems, creates fundamentalism (some can't continue their evolution). Fundamentalism is a threat for the world as a whole. The possible solutions are unacceptable within the frame of the democratic principles.

ETA 12: The rattlesnake

The rattlesnake produces a continuous strong sound when it is attacked or is attacking. It is also known that it has no hearing. MDT explains this attack and defense facility. The basic function of any brain (including animal) is to build automatically models based on the information from external reality. A repeated sound will activate continuously an image model, which will try to predict the occurence of any new sound. It is reminded that this hardware function is active, and maintained active automatically, by any brain. There is no possibility to ignore, or not hear these sounds.

The sound produced by the rattlesnake will activate repeatedly (hundreds of times in a second) a sound receiving model at the animals around. These animals will use a lot of energy to update the model. Thus, the animals will have difficulties to build and activate a model, either for attack or defense.

The phenomenon is the same for humans. The sounds Ðrepeated or not- diminish our capacity to do any intense intellectual activity.

ETA 13: The main psychiatric illnesses: paranoia and schizophrenia

The terms paranoia and schizophrenia have no definition in psychiatry. They have only descriptions. MDT is able to generate normal definition for these deficiences.

In a scientific theory, the definitions are generated by the model and, as such, can't be compared to the descriptive definitions from present psychiatry. However, as in the common language we meet these two terms, as we do not want to invent new terms, they have been kept, but with the definitions as generated by MDT.

The general theory does not define, in fact, the diseases. It defines only status and parameters. A status is considered pathological, if some parameters have values beyond certain limits, more or less conventionally imposed.

Example: In MDT, the schizophrenia parameter of a normal brain occurs at any time having a different value. The value can be lower (better) or higher (worse), at different moments. Sometimes this parameter can reach the limit considered pathological, even if the person is not sick. The illness is declared if this parameter is permanently and significantly in the pathological zone.

We'll describe and then, define the two fundamental illnesses, as they appear in MDT.

Schizophrenia The characteristics from lighter to severe cases are: XS1: not enough long-range models exist in order to understand the external reality. The individuals interact normally with external reality, but the context to understand the primary facts is missing sometimes (missing long- range predictions). These individuals succesfully integrate in society, not by all means in unfavoured positions (on the contrary, as we will see later).

XS2: Bad understanding of what is going on in front of their eyes, due to the fact that the necessary models are poor quality or inadequate. The capacity to build and operate short-range models is maintained. These individuals are mostly able to be integrated in society, if they have a model of interest for the society.

XS3: The person has no adequate long-range model for the external reality, short-range models are scarce.

Example: The person does not know where he/she is, even if in his/her own room.

Such a person uses only very low quality models, most of them being components of PSM. The chances of integration in society are very limited.

On static analysis, XS1 is situated in the non-pathological zone, XS2 is on the border, and XS3 is pathological.

The schizophrenia parameter is variable in time. A normal person can be temporarily in XS2 status, and if drunk, sedated or tired, even in XS3, without being declared pathologically schizophrenic.

We'll analyze XS1 in detail; two situations can occur:

XS1A: The person has several models, including long-range, associated with some domains of activity. These allow him to be integrated in society in a good positions. For such a person, some models associated to laws/rules of integration in an advanced society, based on long-range symbolic models, are missing, or of low quality. The absence of these models can lead to anti- social acts, of which the person can't be aware. Social problems occur when this type of individuals is in a large number in a society.

XS1B: The person can build long- and short-range models associated to any external reality, but in current life, he needs only very few of them. Thus the capacity to build long-range models is diminished. The long-range models exist, as imposed from the outside, by education. This is a society-induced schizophrenia. As long as the requirements of the society do not change, the individual is integrated perfectly in the society. If the requirements of the society change, the person has to acquire new long-range models, as they are generated by the society, to reintegrate into it. The capability to build own models is diminished to zero.

For both XS1A and XS1B cases it is characteristic that the capacity to build long-range models on their own is extremely reduced. The persons can in both cases assimilate external long-range models. While XS1A has a reduced capacity to both build and assimilate models, XS1B had initially these facilities, but they were lost in time due to lack of use.

Induced schizophrenia (XS1B) is a great advantage for a person integrated in a stable society, as it ensures adequate models to that society. At any change in the society, the individuals are forced to acquire new models, as they have a reduced capacity to build their own.

Example: Driving style in an advanced country Authorities enforce the traffic laws for generations. Any personalised style of driving is punished. Thus, the capacity to build own models is reduced to disappearance. If the environment is non-aggressive, the drivers will have less and less self-protection capacity at mistakes made by others. Chain accidents are a direct consequence of induced schizophrenia (XS1B).

There are 2 possibilities: 1. We accept induced schizophrenia, and we build safer and safer cars and infrastructures. 2. We accept personalized driving (aggressive style is not punished anymore).

An aggressive environment stimulates the development of intelligence and, as such, the capacity of building and operation of long-range models. The aggressivity of the environment makes most drivers better or more capable to react correctly to impredictable situations, including others mistakes. If the inexperienced drivers will feel aggressed, they become either experienced or they will give up driving. Society will come at some point to analyze both variants, with their advantages and disadvantages.

Now the method used is schizophrenic: we solve the problem which already occured, with the hope that it won't reoccur in the future. This method is unable to predict what other long-range problems might occur after the change operated. Its only advantage is that is gives a personal assurance (including legally) to the peson who initiated the solution.

The theory shows the existence of a basic dilemma connected to the problem described above: optimisation or capacity to face an aggressive environment.

The tendency of induced schizophrenia occurs in an optimised structure with slow changes. The individuals have optimal reactions as long as the environment is stable. At a change of the environment, they have a reduced capacity to become compatible with the changed environment. In a new environment, the favorised are the aggressive ones, as they have the capacity to build and operate their own long-range models.

We continue with the induced schizophrenia (XS1B). When one of these life styles is followed for a long time, the person is going to be affected by schizophrenia induced by the environment, which in time can become pathological. This negative phenomenon can be attenuated to a certain extent, because of the permanent changes in society. These changes are forcing the population in advanced countries to come up with new models every day. Even though society forces people to build and operate new models every day, some do not have the capability to do this. Because evolution is based on symbolic models, some people may not be able to build symbolic models of good quality. Thus, there might be a group of people that cannot fit anymore in the society, might isolate themselves or even oppose to the society.

This way, induced schizophrenia (XS1B) might build shielding models, which could act against society. If this group gains enough power, it could try to destabilize the society.

Schizophrenia can appear in an unlimited number of types, depending on the perturbations, which are associated with the fundamental process of the brain operation. The affected functions are: - The construction of new models and the continuous improvement in accordance with the changing external reality. - The integration of a new model in the structure of models of the brain. The long-range models must contain enough short-range models to handle the external reality, which is complex and changing.

Based on the above considerations, the normal definition of schizophrenia will be given:

Schizophrenia is a technological problem of the brain. The brain cannot build complex models that fit the external reality, and integrate them in a harmonic/logic way in its general structure of models. The function of building and operating short-range models is maintained.

Many times, schizophrenics on the first level (XS1) can be brilliant in the construction of short-range models.

In short, for humans, schizophrenia is short-range thinking.

We will continue to describe the schizophrenia of type XS1 A and B. This nonpathological form of schizophrenia can bring some big advantages to that person. Long-range models use a great amount of energy in order to be suitable to the changing external reality, and are also developed to find the best solution to problems. In a stable society, many such models are of little use, because the society imposes certain models, that need only be assimilated. This way, a person who has XS1 A or B will use the energy only to make better and better short-range models.

Thus, a stable and efficient society favorises the XS1 schizophrenia.

Let's see an important factor associated to the education system. The whole educational system is based on assimilation of external models and verfications of the assimilation of these models. The construction of new models is totally unfavored. Thus, the general education system favorizes the development of induced schizophrenia (XS1B). The effect is devastating for the society, if we take into account the consciousness issue. The theory defines consciousness as the capacity to build long-range models containing the person as an element. Thus, the educational system favorizes implicitly those who have a low-level consciousness.

The second main psychiatric illness is paranoia XP. Paranoia is defined as the inclusion of an ordinary model (OM) into PSM (OMPSM).

The basic characteristic of a model in PSM is its invariance. These models are practically impossible to be changed, whatever the information coming from external reality would be. When there is an OMPSM, all the models contained in the brain have to be in harmony with this invariant model as well.

When a new model is built, some information coming from external reality could be in contradiction with OMPSM. In this case, the only way to integrate the new information with the condition imposed by OMPSM is to distort the ZM which will intergrate that information. This is possible only on image models. On image models, there is no criteria to attribute to primary facts the correct importance. Thus the whole structure of models will be distorted in order to be harmonic with OMPSM (e.g. some facts will be minimalized and other exaggerated as importance).

This is why paranoia is to be understood as an illness, which affects personality. The personality in its whole is of paranoid type. The structure of models is or can be built partially harmonically; the associated symbolic models are built to be in accordance with the image models, and sometimes, the paranoid can have a brilliant harmonical and logical structure.

The detection of paranoia is very difficult, as the patients can have no logical contradiction in their thinking structure, and they can have a good coupling to the changing external reality.

Many paranoids are brilliant in thinking, with an infallible logic. The example of Hitler is eloquent. His OMPSM was 'the Arian race is a superior one'. What followed was based on logic. Communist personalities can be mentioned here as well. They had an OMPSM of the type 'the working class is the driving force of progress'.

When an OMPSM exists, then we have a case of paranoia. There is no treatment for it. Even if OMPSM could be destroyed, the whole structure of models in harmony with the OMPSM should be rebuilt, and this is impossible.

We will talk now of light forms of paranoia, undeclared as illness. As we know, when a model becomes invariant, all associated models will be distorted to be in harmony with it.

Let's suppose that a brain has a normally built model in accordance with external reality. This model could at some point become totally inadequate in the understanding of external reality due to a change in the latter. The normal solution is the reconstruction of the whole structure of models, but this activity would be beyond the technical capacity of reconstruction of the brain. Due to this, one of the possibilities is to leave the model untouched. In this case, we have a light form of paranoia, which manifests itself as confusion or avoiding discussions connected to the model with problems. Another possibility is to build a shielding model. Shielding models do not modify the inadequate model, but can deactivate it.

As this is not pathological, i.e. no OMPSM exists, the illness could be cured, especially at young individuals. This type of problem (important normal models which do not fit the external reality anymore) can occur at any time in lighter or more serious forms. Prevention of this light form of paranoia can be done with an adequate education.

ETA 14: Suicide

From the general theory we know that a basic requirement of design of the brain is unconditional indefinite survival. However some individuals commit suicide.

From the general theory we also know that models are so strong that they can predict that sooner or later we will die. As this prediction will activate PSM and PSM has no solution, this could destabilize the structure of models. The general theory also shows that the solution is to build a shielding model, e.g. religion. This model sends to PSM a less catastrophic message, which stabilizes the situation. Some religions are so strong that they can determine in their followers no fear of death. These believers can commit suicide very easily, if they have a 'serious' reason, without the possibility of intervention of PSM to block it. Fortunately, the Christian religion is not strong enough to eliminate the fear of death.

This risk of suicide was noticed very early, and this is why religions usually condemn suicide.

Whatever the shielding model would be (religion or another shielding model), PSM will be blocked in case of the activation of a suicide model. The presence of an adequate shielding model can therefore block the PSM, which wants to stop the activation of the suicide model.

A class of suicidal individuals consists of those people that after the disappearance of an entity included in their PSM (a very close person vanishes from their life), they are unable to correct the whole structure of models. The brain gets unstable, all-important models might become unusable and this can lead to suicide.

Another class of suicidal individuals is that of those who have all their models blocked (associated with general depression). The person can see that he/she can't evolve anymore, the predictions are permanently the same, and i.e. there is no hope to get out of a certain situation. This can lead to suicide, but the brain needs to build on the spot a shielding model, in order to have a 'successful' suicide. If not, PSM will intervene at the last moment to avoid it.

A classical example is when somebody who has a lot of money looses it all at once (the great depression in 1929 in USA, for instance). With all models blocked, the individual has no capacity to build new models adequate to the new external reality and suicide becomes an option.

There is a special class of suicidal individuals, under 18. This can be associated to the fact that teenagers have a limited amount of long range models with lots of imperfections. These models are insufficiently developed to show the whole host of directions of evolution open. These models can easily predict a situation of generalised blocking, and from here, the tendency for suicide. It is clear that only a simultaneous generalised blocking could be a cause for suicide. We repeat that without an adequate shielding model, PSM will determine the insuccess of the suicidal attempt in the last moment.

Obviously, there are persons who have psychiatric illnesses, as defined by this theory. In their case, additional factors will add up, associated to their illness.

ETA 15: Normality tests

Having defined schizophrenia and paranoia, we will describe two tests to detect these illnesses. T1 and T2 detect schizophrenia, and T2 alone detects paranoia.

T1. In front of a complex external reality, an individual has to be able to realize if he/she has enough information to build a suitable model. From the general theory, we know that the brain will build harmonic/ logic models based on the available information. This is the problem: we don't know beforehand how many elements are there in the external reality. The models are built with what is available. We could not realize that we have not enough information to build a good model (see general theory: Defieciencies in the design of the brain). The test wants to verify is we can compensate this design deficiency.

Example: The primary information is: 'a car crashed into a wall'. The person has to build several models. These models could be, in this example: - accident - test - movie - computer game - cartoon

This is just an example. In an actual situation, the person should not only build several models, but also develop them progressively, in parallel, along with new data adding to the initial information.

After a certain accumulation of information, the person might stabilize to a single model, but if he/she has not enough information, and does not realize it, this can be a sign that there could be a problem. The test is usually passed well, if the person maintains his/her flexibility, even after there is apparently enough information to get stable in a model. The existence of flexibility is understood as a guarantee that the person has the capability to build long-range models. And also that he/she has no OMPSM, i.e. is not paranoid.

There is a game based on this idea: one builds a model, and the other has to guess what the model is. To do this, he/she has to ask questions to be answered only by yes and no.

T2. Test for detection of paranoia.

An individual accepts a change in a stable model, if the external reality imposes it. In a practical situation, the person interacts with external reality and builds a model, which gives good predictions on the external reality. At some point, an element of the external reality is changed. If the person detects the change and corrects the model, as well as the other interconnected models, this is a good indication of normality. For a person suspected of paranoia, the model used would be the one supposed to be the OMPSM.

Paranoid subjects can distort the external reality unlimitedly to make it compatible with their OMPSM. As a consequence, the test tries to see if the person suspected of paranoia will modify the supposed OMPSM.

To be applicable, the test as described above, needs to take into account a design deficiency of the brain, as given in the general theory. Any image model has a basic problem: on an image model one can't see the importance of an element or a relationship. The image model remains harmonic for an infinity of values of importance, given to the elements or relations. Due to this issue, the paranoid subjects do not realize the presence of their illness.

Except these classical psychiatric illnesses, there are illnesses produced by dynamical and transitory instabilities of the brain. The illnesses given by dynamical or transitory problems refer to the loss of models stability in special conditions or at certain moments of time.

The XZM (illegal models) could also explain a series of problems. The general theory addresses this issue.

We'll make another note here. The theory is applied here in particular to normal individuals. The pathological cases are not generally considered at this level. It is actually absurd to study pathological cases in the absence of a good model associated to normal persons.

ETA 16: Dreams

The dreams are associated to image model development. Such models are built, based on the available data in the brain and not by direct interaction with the external reality. We call the source of data for the dreams as Quasi- External-Reality. QER could take information from any available model of the brain to build and develop the dream-model. QER is invariant during a dream.

A dream is a model, which is developed, based on an invariant QER.

We shall describe several classes of dreams.

1. QER is mainly based on the external reality, but contains also some artificial elements or relations. A dream based on artificial components, tries, by development, to modify the external reality to meet the dream.

Example: we dream a situation. Such a situation doesn't meet the external reality, because some artificial elements or relations are added. The dream can activate some models to change the external reality, to meet the specifications of the dream.

2. Technological dreams (wake-up dreams) The brain generates such dreams. They solve by software, some of the design deficiencies of the brain. The most important technological dreams are wake-up dreams.

There are normal wake-up dreams, emergency wake-up dreams and nightmare dreams. They are generated to wake-up a brain, because, due to a lack of a suitable hardware, the brain must generate the wake-up function based on software.

The main design feature of the brain, which is used by these technological dreams, is to activate the PSM. As the PSM is activated, the brain wake-up, i.e. a normal ZM, is activated. Usually, the PSM is activated by some unusual changes of the external reality (powerful noises, mechanical shocks…). The wake-up dreams try to activate the PSM by software. To do this, a wake-up dream sends to PSM the information that there is a situation and no suitable model to understand it. As we already know, when there is no model to understand a specific external reality, the PSM is activated. For a wake-up model, external reality is replaced by Quasi-External-Reality (QER).

MDT does not specify which component of the brain starts the dream (this is a technological feature). The components could be associated with the internal body or to the sense organs.

The content of the dream is not important. Any dream that activates the PSM is good. So an important problem associated with the health of the being or an unimportant problem could build the same dream. Only the character of the dream is important.

In case of a wake-up dream the character has to be taken into account:

- iminent danger to the person means that there is a big problem associated to health or the environment where the person is sleeping. Also, it could be a problem associated with something which is included, as a model, into the PSM (close relatives, some objects or situations, some problems etc).

- there is a danger, but it is not associated to the person or close relatives.

- It is a neutral dream, no danger. This is a normal wake-up dream. For instance: the dream is associated with a flower. The person wants to pick that flower, but fails. This situation activates the PSM, which activates the wake- up procedure.

One problem could occur: how does the brain know that a certain dream will activate the PSM? A possible answer is that a dream will develop by simulation, on and on, up to the moment when the PSM is activated. When the wake-up occurs, the first active-ZM will be that one which activated the PSM and so, it will be remembered.

There is an important feature of QER to be presented here. QER is built on the spot, because it is associated to a problem, which has to be solved very fast. Thus, QER cannot be too complex. It is easy to simulate the development on a simple model, which cannot be solved by the dream model.

Example: The QER is associated with a room. If, during a dream, the person wants go outside the room, this is impossible, because the QER doesn't contain the exterior of the room. Thus, it is impossible to go outside and so the PSM is activated.

3. The nightmare dreams are associated with a general instability of the structure of models. A nightmare cannot occur in a brain which is in a normal status. A nightmare dream might try to activate the PSM, but the PSM does not activate. Even more, if the PSM activates (the nightmare becomes the active- ZM) the nightmare continues. This problem is too closely associated to the technological implementation of the brain and so it cannot be treated by the theory only.

4. We shall introduce another class of dreams: premonition dreams.

There are many ZAM-type models, which work very well for a long time. But, as the person ages, some of them cannot meet the requirements due to the changes in the internal parameters of the execution organs (legs, hands etc). Such models self-activate during sleep (this is a premonitive-type dream) and find that they don't meet the requirements anymore. This result can activate the PSM too and produces the wake-up. The contents of such dreams is important but, unfortunately, it is difficult to make the difference between a wake-up dream and a premonition dream. Anyways, a premonition dream has to be taken as a serious warning.

The dreams are associated with the technological implementation of the brain. MDT, as a fundamental theory, cannot go beyond a limit. What was presented here has to be considered just an evaluation of the dream problem.

ETA 17: The history of evolution of the human species, based on MDT

The primary data are taken from different dictionaries, as this data is universally accepted. Only data associated with the development of the symbolic models have been selected.

Note: The dictionaries present the data mainly based on feeling, or based on local models, to select what is important or not. I selected only the data associated with the evolution of the symbolic models, as MDT understands this process. The evolution of the human species means the increase of power of the symbolic model. This history follows just this idea.

70 milions years ago: The first superior monkeys 4 milions years ago: Some monkeys walk. 2 milions years ago: Stone tools. This is associated with the appearance on large scale of the long-range image models.

200 thousands years ago: Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens was able to build easily long-range image models. Usually, when a model is good, there is the tendency to integrate it into the PSM. A PSM model is very efficient, but, because it is invariant, it slows down the evolution. Homo Sapiens seems to have evolved in a direction contrary to long-range efficiency. That is, instead of including them in the PSM, such models were changed on and on, and they were not transmitted to the next generation by heredity, but by social life of the groups. That is, the groups were stable for a very long time. It is not clear if Homo Sapiens was able to communicate based on symbolic models, but, for sure, the communication was based on symbolic elements, at least in part.

130 thousands years ago: Art-type, religion-type activities. On such a level, it is clear that the construction of long-range image models was very easy and thus, the prediction of death and death itself were understood. Art and religion cannot be directly associated with the symbolic models, so we don't know if the language itself, as a symbolic model, appeared at that time.

Based on MDT, the human being is the being which is able to make and operate symbolic models (a language, as a minimal requirement).

Thus, I don't know, based on the data, when the language appeared, but the supposition is that it was under development, once the activities were so complex by comparison to the animal level.

Several thousands years ago: the cities.
A full language was already created and some elements of the writing too.

3700 years ago: the first phonetical elements for writing appeared, and later (about 2900 years ago), the first phonetic alphabet.

This is a crucial point of the evolution of the human species. The brain builds an image model. This image model is translated to a symbolic model by the spoken language. For writing, there are two basic possibilities: to associate a symbolic writing to the image model, or to translate the symbolic model of the spoken language to another symbolic model of the writing.

The Asiatic people chose the first possibility. They built an iconographic writing. The second possibility generated the phonetic alphabet.

The impact of the appearance of the phonetic alphabet was huge. The writing is not connected anymore to an image model, but to another symbolic model- the spoken language. Thus, writing becomes independent from the image model to which it is indirectly associated. Later, writing was able to influence the spoken language, and this tandem led to the 'symbolic' Man in Europe.

The Asiatic populations, who have used the method of description of image models in writing, remained stuck in icons associated to image models from their minds. This had a huge drawback in the development of symbolic models. This is why in this history, reference is restricted only to the world based on phonetic writing.

The phonetic writing has been a decisive step in the evolution of symbolic models, due to its non-association with image models. On the other hand, the Chinese spoken language can be translated into a phonetic writing, but this mode could not be used as such, as it would produce a break from the image models, which constitute the basis of the thinking/writing of this people.

1300 BC: Monotheist religion appears in Egypt. This type of religion marks the moment, when the logical analysis applied to religion generates problems and contradictions, associated with the existence of several gods. The desire for logical order determines an evolution towards a monotheist religion. However the appearance of the monotheist religion in Egypt was not a result of the increase of the level of evolution of human society in those times, but was created by the leaders of the society (one of the first monotheist religions created by the people is the Christian religion).

600 BC: Poetry. A poem is a symbolic model, which uses image and symbolic elements and relations. The poet has an inner image model, translates it to a symbolic model with symbolic and image elements, which build up the poem. The reader/listener will translate the poem to an image model in his mind. This image model is supposed to be similar to the initial image model in the mind of the poet. Thus, a poem is a way of approximate transmission of an image model from one creator to a listener/reader, using symbolic models with symbolic and images elements as a 'vehicle'.

300 BC: Euclid's Geometry This is the first fundamental symbolic model ever created (a positive science). It marks a very important moment in the evolution of the brain. This symbolic model continues to be used up to date and it is not changed for 2300 years.

The second fundamental model will be created only after 2000 years and it will be Newton's Mechanics. The evolution of the brain was very chaotic.

There is another symbolic model created in this period: chess. This symbolic model is a game (it is not associated to external reality) and it is not changed (just unimportant small changes) up to now as well. This game can be used as a test of the intrinsic capacity of the brain to make and operate long-range symbolic models.

30 BC: Christian Religion starts to be created

The Christian religion appears and develops in the Roman Empire as a result of the increasing capacity to make and operate symbolic models, and due to the increase of the consciousness level of the population. The logical order requests a monotheist religion. The increase of the level of consciousness strengthens the prediction of death. A powerful religion is requested for this higher level of the evolution of the brain. Christian religion was created in accordance with this situation.

975 BC: The decimal positional writing of the numerals, taken from Arabs, appears in Europe. The Roman representation of the numerals is associated to image models. This new way of writing has no connection with the image models. To use such a representation of the numerals, one needs only the ability in the symbolic field (there is a total break from image models).

1250 BC: The decimal positional writing of the numerals is universally adopted in Europe.

1482 BC: The Inquisition is established. It lasted for centuries as an institution for punishment and basically speaking, it persists up-to-date in another form, as a list of forbidden books or ideas.

The brain development reached a higher level. The freethinking based on symbolic models opened the minds of a big fraction of the population. This entered into a violent clash with the invariant model of the religion. In that period, the first violent clash between the Christian spirit and European spirit occured. The Inquisition eventually disappeared, but not because religion evolved, but because the European spirit was more and more powerful.

1543 BC: Nikolaus Copernicus published the theory that the Sun (not the Earth) is the center of the Universe. It is very interesting to know that for thousands of years, the official theory was that the Earth is the center of the Universe. This theory predicts the Sun and Moon eclipses, and also the ecuatorial and tropical lines were established with a fair precision. So, what was the problem? The main problem was the imposibility to understand why the planets have a rather chaotic movement on the sky.

Copernicus' theory was able to explain why the planets have that apparently chaotic movement (based on logic), but, when the astronomer J. Kepler has verified the theory, it failed. Kepler eventually discovered that the planets are not moving around the Sun on circular orbits (as Copernicus said), but on elliptical ones. With this change, Copernicus' theory was correct.

1585 BC: decimal fractions The decimal positional writing of the numerals was universally accepted but the fractions continued to be written based on image models (e.g. the fraction 1/2 is easily understood based on image models). Only after about 600 years the decimal fractions were accepted. Even so, the opposition to decimal fractions continues up to date.

1607 BC: The composer Monteverdi composed the musical work called Orpheus.
This marks a moment when the symbolic models supported image models in music.
In the same period, the "recipe" to compose a fugue was also established.
Europeans invented the polyphonic music.

1614 BC: the logarithms are introduced in mathematics.

1640 BC: Rene Descartes, scientist He considers that the world can be understood based on mathematics. This is a higher level in the developing of the symbolic models.

Mathematics is based on symbolic models only. In fact, any specific field of mathematics is a symbolic model. But, a symbolic model from mathematics cannot be used in a direct way to understand the external reality. Newton's mechanics appeared at first as a logical model, and then it was translated to a mathematical form.

Mathematics generates only numbers. They have no meaning without the calibration of the model. To calibrate a model means to interact with external reality and so, to go beyond the limits of mathematics.

The normal interaction with external reality of a symbolic model from mathematics is: prediction > comparison with external reality > change of the model > a new prediction. This loop has to continue as many times as needed, so that the difference between the prediction and the external reality becomes acceptably low.

It seems that Descartes did not understand this. This problem seems to be difficult to be understood even in our days, taking into account that the mathematician Godel "proved" the existence of God, without any interaction with external reality.

1642 BC: Rembrandt van Rijn, the painter Rembrandt marks a moment when the human brain reaches a peak in building and operating image models.

1687 BC: Newton's Mechanics After Euclid's Geometry (about 2000 years ago) this is the second fundamental symbolic model created by the human mind. It is a big step in the evolution of the brain. Starting with Newton, the development of the capacity to build and operate symbolic models accelerates, and this process continues today.

Newton is not well understood even in our days. Some dictionaries say that Newton discovered the law of gravity. This law was introduced by Newton to save his theory. The inertia principle states that any material body, which is left free, is moving in a straight line, with constant velocity to infinity. But in the external reality such a phenomenon is not met. The planets are moving on closed trajectories in space. The only solution to save the theory was to invent a new force, which was called "gravity".

Einstein, for instance, says that gravity does not exist. The apparent attraction between the material bodies is generated by the change of the shape of the space. He is able to explain some phenomena which cannot be understood based on the Newton's gravity (the precession of the planet Mercury, e.g.).

Newton's mechanics continues to make good predictions on Earth and near space.
It is not changed since over 300 years.

1749 BC: Sign language This is one of the first artificial languages (a symbolic model). It translates the GCL into another language, based on signs and gestures.

1781 BC: Immanuel Kant Kant was able to understand some basic things in association with knowledge, but although he knew Euclid's and Newton's theories (symbolic models), he was not able to understand the means and methods of a positive science. He did not build any symbolic model. In his books, one can find lots of definitions almost on any page, but Kant does not understand that such definitions cannot be correlated in a logical way, without the frame of a fundamental symbolic model.

1791 BC: Napoleon
MDT considers that there are two basic modes of interaction between a brain
and the external reality: to predict the evolution of the external reality
(ZM-models) and to act on the external reality (ZAM-models).

A war can start only if a big fraction of the population has almost the same ZAM, and if that ZAM is associated to war. War can be associated with an increase in the level 2 of consciousness of the population. I mean, when level-2 is high enough to believe that it will be better after a war, but no so high to understand that there could be some other alternative solution, then the tendency to war could really start the war. This idea seems to be interesting in explaining why so many people are so happy to go to war, and why this tendency is so powerful even today (e.g. WW1 and 2).

1834 BC: Braille writing 1837 BC: Morse code

1854 BC: The symbolic logic of George Boole The facility to build and operate symbolic models increased to such a level that the brain was not able anymore to keep the models in mind. George Boole invented a language to write symbolic models.

1859 BC: Charles Darwin

Darwin's evolution theory is not based on a symbolic model. It is rather based on the systematic of some primary data. Thus, it is not a positive science and so, its prediction could be good only on short range.

1867 BC: Das Kapital by Karl Marx This aberation sounds good on image models. The basic idea is that the "capitalist" takes about all the money and the "working class" is forced to work for peanuts.

The theory was based on some image models, which were understood easily by the population of those times. As we know, it is not possible to find the right importance of an element or relationship on an image model. Thus, an image model can be tailored to prove anything, based on external reality. Such a method doesn't build a theory, but an ideology. Ordinary people easily understand an ideology, because it sounds good, and is able to answer any question.

When Marx's theory appeared, the control of the economy was based on short range symbolic models. So, long-range problems were not predicted. The lack of stability of the society in that period was an effect of this problem. Later, society advanced to take into account the long-range problems too and so, social-democratic movements appeared.

1878 BC: Jehovah's Witnesses In time, as the capacity to make and operate symbolic models increased, the "classical" Christian religion was under pressure to change to meet the new requirements. It resulted in reform movements in the frame of the Christian religion. Instead, Jehovah's Witnesses make a new model starting from scratch.

1900 BC: Max Planck introduces Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics is the first purely symbolic model associated to external reality. Such a model is "pure", because it cannot be translated or associated with any image model. This is a very high step in the evolution of the brain (level 5 of evolution).

Based on data, it seems that Max Planck understood from the beginning that his theory was good, but he was blocked by the fact that imagination does not work in understanding it. It seems that Albert Einstein pushed him to publish the theory.

Quantum Mechanics cannot be translated to image models. If someone forces such a translation, aberations or logical contradictions occur. The best known problem is the nature of light. Quantum Mechanics predicts that light is both wave and particle. This situation cannot be understood based on image models.

Quantum Mechanics pushed forward the evolution of society on a very high technological level (e.g. the transistors and the lasers are the basic components to build computers).

1905 BC: Albert Einstein, the theory of the relativity

Einstein starts from Euclid's Geometry and Newton's Mechanics to make a new theory, to extend the knowledge to atomic and sub-atomic levels, and to the far Universe. The "marriage" between Quantum Mechanics and the theory of Relativity builds the main tool to understand sub-atomic "Universe".

This new symbolic model was created based on a new Geometry and some new principles. Together with Quantum Mechanics, the Theory of the Relativity speeds up the evolution of society.

1914 BC: The First World War (The Great War)

1917 BC: Communism in Russia Communism is an ideology. It is based on an image model translated to some short-range symbolic models.

The main problem of the Russian society of that time was a huge dispersion between the level of understanding of the external reality from one person to another. Even worse, the level was low compared to Western Europe. Communism was only a fast solution to the problem, at least on short-range. Of course, an invariant ideology could be useful only on short-range. As we know, the communist system crashed due to the lack of economic efficiency, but the basic cause is associated to its invariance.

The problem of the dispersion between individuals, countries or cultural zones continues to be a big problem of human society. The problem has a tendency to get worse and worse.

1928 BC: Walt Disney As the evolution to symbolic models speeded up, the brain also increased the conceptualization level of the image models. The cartoons are based on such concept image models. Everybody (including childrens) easily understands them.

1938: World War 2

Both world wars starting in Europe occured in a very complex set of known and unknown factors. MDT can be used to evaluate the problem.

Since Napoleon, there was a general tendency to war in Europe. MDT says that there must be a war-associated ZAM, which must be assimilated and accepted by the majority of the population. Also, the consciousness level has to be high enough to think that the war will solve all the problems, but not high enough to understand that this is not true.

One example of such a ZAM could be "we have better weapons" or "we are powerful enough to win". Of course, the attacked people have a ZAM as "we must defend our country". It is possible that such action models create conditions for a war. But, such models, even if they are assimilated and accepted by the population, are not enough to start a war. There must be also a big enough number of high-ranking persons to plan such a war, and a series of technical conditions.

Another factor, which is associated with the war start will be described below. The people who are in command are usually image-type persons, but symbolic-type persons make the weapons. Only symbolic-type persons are able to understand the power of such weapons, but such persons are not in command. Once a war starts, the image-type leaders lose the control of the short and long-range consequences. For instance, the leaders of the Second World War understood the weapons, based on the experience of the weapons of the First World War. In the WW1 the tanks were "exotic" weapons and planes, too. Very soon the tanks and planes changed totally the manner of evolution of a war. It was not possible to predict the destructions on such a large scale by the WW1- type persons who started WW2.

This problem continues to exist even now. In some less developed parts of the world, the leaders and soldiers could be image-type persons, who are not able to understand the power of the weapons used by them. They are also not able to make such weapons. For instance, the war in Rwanda produced a huge number of victims. The different groups of population fought each other since the beginning of history and it was not a big problem. The problem occured when they obtained advanced weapons without being themselves advanced enough to understand their power.

1948: The Cold War

Communist paranoia has slowed down some nations to understand basic concepts as "economic efficiency". Communist leaders have understood this problem, but Communist ideology, as any ideology, cannot be modified. Any change of any ideology will distroy it. The apparent reason why the Communist system crashed was a very low economic efficiency. The basic reason was the increase of the level of understanding of the external reality based on symbolic models by the population.

1979…1994: The fundamentalist Iran, Idi Amin in Uganda, famine in Etiopia, Iran-Irak war, famine in Somalia, war in Rwanda.

There are some nations, which cannot evolve due to internal or external factors. A slowing down of the evolution seems to be a general tendency in an important fraction of the world.

A typical situation was in Somalia. The facts are: 1. In Somalia was famine. Many died. 2. Western countries (USA included) brought them food. 3. When they obtained enough food, they attacked the US troops. 4. USA left Somalia very fast. 5. Western countries changed their basic principle "life is the supreme value" to a new concept as "we do not help those who do not help themselves too".

The first consequence of this change was ignoring the situation from Rwanda.

1993: Terrorist attack on WTC in New York City 2001: Another devastating terrorist attack on WTC (passenger airplanes crashed into WTC).

Individuals, groups or cultural zones where the evolution based on symbolic models is blocked, generate terrorism. In such a situation, fundamentalist action is expected. That is, people turn back to image models. As we know, it is not possible to know the importance of an element or a relation, on an image model. Thus, a person based on image models only, has a tendency for paranoia. The logical arguments are not taken into account, because the logic is associated with symbolic models only.

On the other hand, some important cultural zones are speeding up their advance based on symbolic models. They gain more and more power due to this.

This is the overall situation now.

Abstract: the evolution of the brain means the increased power of the symbolic models. The main steps are:

1. Spoken language (about 140 thousands of years ago) 2. Phonetic writing (3700 to 2900 years ago) 3. Euclid's Geometry (2300 years ago) 4. Newton Mechanics (340 years ago) 5. Quantum Mechanics (100 years ago) 6. Some cultural zone speed up their evolution based on symbolic models, but in other zones there is a tendency to turn back to image models (fundamentalist tendency). Some fundamentalist tendencies occur in symbolic countries too.

ETA 18: The organization of the human society

Faced with external reality, any individual builds and operates some models to predict the evolution of the external reality. The majority of the population is based on image models. One of the organization principles of the human society is:

The majority is seldom right.

This principle is a direct consequence of reflecting the external reality based on image models.

The evolution of society means that there is a dynamic (a continuous change in time). But, as we already know, it is very hard to change a structure of models.

A second principle states that:

The persons who are able to lead the society must be changed from time to time, even if they seem to be able to lead the evolution process.

The first principle says that a team of "symbolic" qualified persons should elect the leading persons, and the second principle says that such persons must be changed from time to time.

The present democratic society is based on these principles, as MDT just explained why.

When in a situation associated with the evolution of the society, a decision has to be taken; on image models, the decision is based on feelings, or impressions, or some local models. On a symbolic model, such a decision is based on parameters and their associated values. So, the importance of every element or relationship is controllable.

Example: there is a law of the propagation of errors in mathematics. It says how much the result of a formula is changed when a term is changed, let's say, e.g. by 1%. The importance of every element or relationship is given in a very precise way.

In future (not in the next 50 years, I guess), there will be a single symbolic model associated to the society. Such a model will be able to characterize the society in the same way as the mechanical world is characterized by Newton's model.

Based on simulation, it will be possible to predict the evolution of the society, based on some basic decision. The population will have to know these predictions and choose one or another based on its short-range and long-range interest.

It is supposed that in some very advanced countries such models already exist. The main problem is that the political parties and the population are on a general evolution level that is too low for a "symbolic" understanding of the society.

ETA 19: The schizophrenic-paranoiac complex (XSPC).

XSPC is described only associated to non-pathological schizophrenic persons
(XS1-type).

Based on MDT, schizophrenia means a reduced ability to build and operate long- range models.

XS1 schizophrenia is a non-pathological form, which is associated with the activity of a large fraction of the population in a normal society.

Paranoia XP means that there is an ordinary model in the protection structure of models. Such an OMPSM forces a person to distort the importance of the primary facts to be accepted by OMPSM.

Thus, an XS1-type person is not able to build long-range models, but he/she is able to build short-range models. The result is that such a person has a large number of short-range models, which are associated with almost all the features of the external reality. A XS1 person is able to integrate into a society, often in very good positions.

Schizophrenics can't build efficient long-range models, but can build very good short-range models. The incapacity of building long-range model means that they have many uncorrelated short-range models. When they are forced to couple/correlate several models, as they haven't got the capacity to do it, they will distort the correlation between them. It happens in the same way as for paranoiac persons, but for schizophrenics, paranoia is induced dynamically. (At different moments, there are different distortions). This is XSPC.

The present educational system has the tendency to create schizophrenic persons with XSPC symptoms. XSPC is generated by the classical educational system, where lessons are based on elements, without insisting on the relationship between elements. The capacity to make on one's own such correlation is not favoured by the educational system. As in school the construction on long-range models is not taught, the persons will lose more and more this ability. Thus, school, at all levels, favours the occurence of XS1B, and also XSPC, in perfectly sane children. This characterizes school all over the world.

Application: Let's build the full history of Europe, for secondary school level, in a normal lesson of 50 minutes.

The main problem is to select what is important and what is not. The normal solution is to make a long-range model and to declare it in an explicit form. Such a model will be able to select, in a coherent mode, what is important and what not.

There is a development history of the human species in this book. This history is based on a long-range model, which says that all the evolution of the human species is based on the continuous increase of the power of the symbolic models. Thus, this model is able to select what is important and what not.

Some people could have other ideas. There is no problem. They must declare their long-range model and make another history. In every situation, there will be a correlation between the short-range models, which are the elements of the long-range model. This is the normal situation, according to MDT.

Conclusion: XS1 persons are based on a large collection of short-range models, which are built by direct interaction with the external reality. When such persons are forced to connect some models in between them (to cover a larger section of the external reality), they are forced to connect such independent models. This can be done only by the distorsion of some models to fit with one another. But, this is similar with the behavior of a paranoiac person. This is XSPC (paranoiac behaviour due to a schizophrenic structure of models).

ETA 20: Induced paranoia (XIP) and paranoiac-schizophrenic complex (XPSC).

XIP affects normal persons who are forced to use a basic model in every situation.

E.g. the members of the Communist parties are forced to accept that the "working class" is the leader of the society. This model is not in PSM (the person has no illness) but, they are forced to use this model.

This externally-imposed model determines that any data from external reality should be compatible with the externally-imposed model. Their structure of models evolves in a paranoiac-type structure (it is not possible to discuss freely with such persons).

A "soft" form of XIP occurs in people that are representatives of a state institution.

For the XP paranoiac persons (there is an OMPSM), the external data could collide with the OMPSM. The solution for them is to distort any external information to be compatible with their OMPSM. But, in a complex structure of external realities, this method cannot work (it is not possible anymore to build a harmonic/logic structure of models by distorsion). The only solution is to fragment the data. This means that the same facts from external reality have a different interpretation depending on the environment. This is XPSC.

Conclusion: a paranoiac structure of models evolves to schizophrenia too, as the external reality is more and more complex.

ETA 21: Disharmonies of the functions of the brain

We know from the general theory that two basic modes of interactions between humans and external reality exist. The first consists in obtaining better and better models of the external reality (ZM). The second is modifying external reality based on action models (ZAM).

Disharmonies are associated with the importance given to each facility. Thus, there are two categories of humans: more knowledge or more action oriented.

Without action on the external reality, knowledge is limited. On the other hand, people with a reduced knowledge of the external reality can't build good quality models, and so the capacity of action on the external reality is limited or inefficient.

Disharmonies are thus determined by the following factors: - the capacity to build models of the external reality - the capacity to build action models - the capacity to activate action models.

All these three factors are in a very close interdependency, whatever the interaction between the brain and external reality might be.

A disharmony cannot be associated with a psychical or a pathological status.
The disharmonies contribute to what we call personality.

In this chapter, we will talk about people who have no disharmonies. The perfect situation is the case of those who build action models compatible with the models of the external reality. These people are those who do not intend to do more than they are able to. Such people will succeed in all they want to do. They are happy people.

However the happy people have little contribution to the progress of society, even if they contribute significantly to its stability.

Example: A man wants to buy a very expensive car. Lacking money, the action model can't be activated. This man is unhappy. Another one wants to buy a pencil. He succeeds to do it, and as such, he is happy.

Disharmonic people move society forward. They are essentially unhappy people. If they succeed in the end to do what they wished for, soon their disharmonic structure will make them build other action models which are not suitable to external reality and the cycle restarts.

ETA22: Subliminal messages

When external reality changes, the local ZM won't make good predictions and the brain will in consequence look for/build a new model suitable to the new external reality. However some time to react is needed.

In the case of subliminal messages we have an image which will produce a new M-model. This will have to activate a ZM-SL (SL= subliminal), but before the activation of the new ZM-SL, the dominant external reality will reappear, which will immediately reactivate the initial ZM. Thus ZM-SL has time to be built, but will not be activated. This will have the effect on a person as an idea or tendency to something, without an explicit reason. Of course these thoughts influence methods can create big disorders in the structure of models of a given brain, as some half-elaborated models have to be integrated in the normal structure of models. ZM-SL can become illegal models. This is why subliminal messages are forbidden, at least in advertising, all over the world.

ETA23: How a positive science works

A positive science is a symbolic model (SM) integrated in GCL, which is associated to an external reality. Let's explain this statement.

1. The existence of a fundamental symbolic model called General Communication Language (GCL) is supposed. This symbolic model contains absolutely all words, together with their definitions. The definitions can be more or less precise, logically consistent or not, can be or not accepted by some or others. GCL is the common language formed spontaneously between people in their inter-relations along the milleniums. 2. We choose a word (term) T from GCL. 3. Let's suppose that there is a positive science SM, that could include the term T. 4. The term T, that should be studied by SM, has to be included in SM. For this purpose, T has to be redefined within the frame of SM. SM can integrate a new term only if this term is defined within SM. Thus T will have one definition in GCL and another generated by SM.

Example: The term 'force' has one definition in GCL and another in Newton's Mechanics. The predictions of Newton's Mechanics refer only to the term 'force' as it had been defined within Newton's Mechanics.

5. As soon as T has been included in SM, SM generates the relationships between T and other elements, and makes predictions that include T. These predictions can then be compared with external reality. 6. If the predictions of SM related to T prove to be acceptable, then SM is considered useful in understanding T. If the predictions are unacceptable, then SM is inadequate in understanding T. In neither case, SM can be considered correct or incorrect. 7. Any prediction connected to T has to be associated with the SM which produced it.

Example: Gravity is a supposition of Newton's theory. In his theory gravity is a property of the mass of a physical body. In Einstein's theory (another symbolic model), gravity is a property of space and mass. Both theories give good predictions in known specific situations.

8. As the predictions of SM related to T are proved acceptable, SM is considered suitable in understanding T and thus, the predictions of SM including T can be associated with the term knowledge.

Knowledge based on an acceptable SM is the purpose of any positive science.

We'll see now an extremely complex example. We have intentionally chosen a term which practically has no definition in GCL (the definitions is unclear) and has no associated direct data and facts from the external reality. The term chosen is 'alien' (ET).

To study within a positive science a term like ET seems impossible; we will see that this is not so. According to the logical schematic presented, we need a symbolic model (a positive science), which in our example is MDT itself.

Generation of a definition of the term ET in MDT means that we accept that ETs have a brain and more, their brain works based on the same principle as the human brain. This can be difficult to accept, but independent of the used SM (MDT or another), the situation is the same: SM generates the definition of ET, whatever SM is, and whatever the definition of ET in GCL might be. We'll try to explain ET in MDT.

Let's activate MDT with ET included. MDT considers that the basic functions of the brain are the construction of image models [I] and symbolic models [S].

Let's define a human brain [H] with the parameters I=1, S=1. It is very likely that ET will not have the same parameters. Let's suppose a model of ET with the parameters ET(1,10)(the same capacity to build image models as humans, but ten times capacity to build symbolic models). This is just a possible example. In a complete analysis we need to use a collection of values (I,S).

After having choosen a pair (I,S), we start operating MDT with ET included. We can ask a first question, e.g. how can the interaction between a human H(1,1) and an ET(1,10) look like? Which are the tendencies of the ET? Do they want to communicate, do they want to be friends or enemies, etc.

MDT can't answer these questions yet. We need to calibrate the model.
Calibration is done asking questions with known answers.