Application 1:
Image models in poetry and painting

A poet imagines something- there is an image model in his mind. The poet will translate somehow this image model into several symbolic models (e.g. statements), trying in fact to associate the image model from his mind to a collection of symbolic models, materialised in the text of the poem. It is assumed that the text of the poem, together with other image-type elements (Rythm, rhyme, intonation etc) will be able to make the reader/listener to reassemble somehow the initial image model from the poet's mind.

In the case of painting, the painter has in front of him a subject (e.g. a person). This subject is perceived through all the senses the painter has. What results is an image model of the subject based on this complex interaction. This image model from the painter's mind will be translated into another image model that will show on the canvas. The translation means only to associate a model to another. The translated model can be built anyhow within very large limits, based on the complex image model from the painter's mind. It is supposed here as well, that the viewer will remake somehow as an image model the initial model from the mind of the painter.

Application 2:
Image models from the external reality

Long time ago, when people needed to build some complex structures (e.g. a fortress), in the first phase they had to make a sketch of what they intended to build. This is valid only for less complex constructions. For more complicated structures, the most used method was to build a 3D model. The model can be easily analyzed and modified. With the model in sight, the brain is able to simulate its behaviour for situations associated with the external reality and to correct the discovered deficiencies, on the model. This model can be used at the effective building of the external reality.

Nowadays, the image models are very highly developed. E.g. a model built based on complex specs can be used to simulate its behaviour during an earthquake. The data obtained can be used to predict the behaviour of the actual building.

The highly developed image models are used on large scale in technology (skyscrapers, suspension bridges, airplanes, and actually in any complex technological product). These image models can then be used to simulate possible situations from external reality, including extreme situations, before the actual construction of the technological product.

The symbolic models are built using GCL (General Communication Language). They have explicit elements and relationships. They can be built only by humans. The most important symbolic model is GCL itself. Its elements are in the first place the nouns, as the relationship between elements are mainly the verbs. Contrasting to image models, which evolve based on laws of harmony, symbolic models evolve based on logic (see general theory). The presence of GCL in a brain will define that brain as a human brain.

Important note: GCL is not really a symbolic model. It contains only components (elements and relationships). Whenever a symbolic model for communication is built (e.g. a sentence), one needs to choose components from GCL. As any use of GCL is materialised in a symbolic model and because there is no proper word for it, GCL is considered by extension a symbolic model.

Technology uses models on a very large scale. Image models have initially been used, but nowadays, due to the high costs of the image models and for other reasons, symbolic models and the use of computers are favoured (e.g. symbolic models are built currently for buildings, suspension bridges, airplanes and spacecrafts, with the help of computers).

For training purposes, symbolic models are built and used for simulation of nuclear plants, or flight behaviour, or anything, where it is necessary that future crew/staff to gain experience beforehand. Present technology is based in fact almost exclusively on symbolic models.

Application 3: From the iron to the space shuttle

Apparently an iron is too simple to require a design based on a symbolic model. False.

Let's take a simple technological detail: the holes used for steam exhausts for moisturising the tissue. Some questions are, e.g. how many holes it needs, where, what shape and dimensions are needed for uniform moisturising of the tissue with minimum water consumption and at lowest costs. Clearly, it is possible to build analogic models, which can be tested experimentally. Based on the analogic (image) models one can obtain certain results, but there is no guarantee that the optimal solution was found. The existing image model cannot be modified, as such. If we want to make any change in the image model we have to rebuild it from scratch, as we already know, which implies time and money.

The vaporisation and dispersion process of the steam through a complex structure as the surface of the iron, tissue and the support, is very complex. Physicists, based on symbolic models, with help of computers, solve this type of problem. The rebuilding of the model in order to find a better solution is far simpler on a symbolic model, than on an image model.

If in the case of an iron, the highest risk is that the customers won't buy the non-performing iron, in other cases the risks involved are unacceptable.

For instance, the space shuttle was 'verified' for reentering the atmosphere on a symbolic model. This phase of the flight, by far the most dangerous, would have been impossible to test before the actual flight. The crew was trained on symbolic models in all the phases of the flight, and in all normal and exceptional situations. The astronauts have learned to fly for reentering the atmosphere, based mainly on training on symbolic models.

Given a model (image or symbolic), it can be used to predict its further evolution. This is achieved by changing/ adding/ removing a parameter/ element/ relationship and following what happens. This process is called simulation on the model. As we know, the results of the simulation on the model are called truths associated to the model.

When a model is associated to external reality, by simulating on the model, we can predict the evolution of the external reality. These operations are done either by the human (image and symbolic) or the animal brains (image models only).

We need to note here- it is as important, as it looks trivial: We extend to the external reality the structure of symbolic and image models from our brain. This extension is done not only in the domain of science and technology, but also in all domains of life. For each of us, the world itself is given as a sum of all the projections to external reality of all the active models of the brain. This statement is true for animals as well.

Example: The laws voted in the parliament are long-range symbolic models; they are an extension of the structure of models from the brains of the authors of the laws.

The prediction of the evolution of external reality (see general theory) is the main requirement of design for the human or animal brain. Thus, this requirement is fulfilled by the facility of the brain to build and operate models.

ETA 2: Truth, reality, and communication

Any result of the simulation on a model is a truth associated to that model. As pointed out in the general theory, a truth is associated by us to a symbolic message (generated by a symbolic model); however in order to keep the terminology simple, in the case of image models, a result obtained by simulation on the model is also called 'truth', in spite of the fact that it is used 'as is', without the necessity to explain it.

Example: If an animal builds an image model of the external reality, predicting a dangerous situation, it is possible to find the solution to the problem by simulation on the model. This solution (the truth) might be, e.g. to flee. The truth will activate directly the preexistent action model, which is in this case to flee.

We'll refer from now on only to symbolic models. If no model is specified, any truth is nonsense.

Example: The truth is ãa car crashed into a wall". This truth might be generated by any of the following models: -accident -test -movie/cartoon -computer game

In any of the above models, the specified truth is interpreted differently (it has a different meaning).

The theory underlines thus, that the model which generated a truth needs to be specified and accepted before the presentation of the truth. This basic requirement is always met in positive sciences.

In common life, the declaration of the model is not always done, and often the model does not even exist in an elaborate and coherent form. Emerging from here a long line of conflicts between individuals, groups or cultural zones, which all have their own reality associated to the same external reality. This can be interpreted as a design deficiency of the brain. Some can compensate this hardware deficiency by software, e.g. the individuals situated on level 3 of consciousness (see the general theory).

There is a fairly common situation in external reality when a person states a truth, and then builds the model to support it. This happens usually for persons based on image models only, and when they interact with external reality, they only translate the image truth to a symbolic truth. Such persons are recognisable by their rudimentary logic and their tendency to fragment any discussion to particular sections of the external reality. Such persons can't discuss a single general subject.

Exercise: Verify yourself and others on the existence and status of the model, which generated any stated truth.

It is known from the general theory that a basic problem in the construction of a model associated to the external reality is that we do not know beforehand the elements of the specific external reality. These elements need to be discovered, and the discovered elements are the only ones we can operate with.

Warning: The external reality, as defined in MDT, can't have elements and relationships. The elements and relations appear only in the model associated to the external reality. However, in many statements we will use notions like elements and relationships of the external reality, but these need to be understood as elements and relations of the model associated to the external reality. For the external reality, one can use the term 'entity', which identified by the model will become an element of it. However, we have no word available to associate to external reality in the case of relations. By perfectioning the language, such deficiencies will be solved.

A basic requirement for the existence of communication is the existence of a single common model accepted by both parts who want to communicate. Without a common symbolic model, there is no communication, as both sides will have their own list of definition of the terms associated to the words.

Usually, communication is done only on symbolic models. However, there are more primitive forms of communication using image models (between people, between humans and animals, between animals).

The reality is defined in the general theory as the sum of all truths generated, or possibly generated, by a model. As each person has his/her own collection of models, the reality as understood by each person is different from one person to another.

It is important to specify that in the domain of positive sciences, fundamental models generally accepted do exist. One of these models is e.g. Newton's Mechanics. As this model generates a reality, all physicists consider that the 'reality' is the one generated by Newton's Mechanics, within its limits of applicability.

Due to reasons associated to confusions of the science of knowledge, the reality generated by Newton's model is considered as 'objective'. Thus, "objective reality" is a term generated by a generally accepted model in specified conditions. From this point of view, the fact that the Sun revolves around the Earth is an "objective truth", at least at the level of the year 1500.

It needs to be stated by all means that without a model, the external reality cannot be perceived. After building a model associated to the external reality, what we perceive is what the model states as perception. If, e.g. we say that 'snow is white', this is the result generated by a model associated with external reality, external reality which contains the element 'snow'. One of the properties of the element 'snow' is that it is white. Under the microscope (another model) the same snow looks transparent.

As we already mentioned, reality is the one generated by the model associated to a given external reality. Each time we state a truth, we have to specify first the model.

Example: There are an A and a B person. A is taller than B, as it results from measurement. The term 'length' is generated of the model 'space', as Euclid's Geometry and Newton's Mechanics understand it. These fundamental models characterize this truth as objective. If we say that "A is more attractive than B", this is a subjective truth. However a model has also generated this truth, more or less elaborate/ specified and more or less accepted by different persons.

The conclusion is that the term 'subjective truth' is resulting from a model, which is not unanimously accepted or insufficiently elaborated. In this case, it is clear that people should avoid such truths or should declare the model.

With the evolution of thinking, the term 'subjective truth' will be removed from the thinking system.

ETA 3: Fundamental problems associated to scientific knowledge

Computers are known as devices used to play complex games based on intelligence, to write texts of different types, to make calculations, to store and manage data, to send or receive information, to build and operate symbolic models, etc.

A question occurs however: which is the principle of work of a computer?

If we do not interact with the computer via a primary programming language (Assembler or machine language), I believe that it is impossible to find the principle of work of the computer either from in- or outside of it.

The fundamental function of a computer is to do logical and arithmetical operations with binary numbers with the help of an electronic device (register) called 'accumulator'.

If we are in a text editor, for instance, and we press a key corresponding to a letter, that letter will show on the screen. For the unaware, it is difficult to imagine that by pressing a key associated with a letter, a register-accumulator will make hundreds or thousands of logical and arithmetical operations on binary numbers, only to have that letter shown on the screen.

This example wants to illustrate that, based on the external analysis of what is happening, it is impossible to figure out the principle of work of a ridiculously simple device as a computer (ridiculously simple compared to the brain of a dog, e.g.)

The method used in positive sciences is not the analysis of primary data. The method of analysis works on extremely simple systems, which can be perceived on image models as well. The method used in positive sciences is to guess a symbolic model, based more or less on the interaction with external reality, and to verify the model.

It results that the method of understanding the brain based on the analysis of primary data is at least inefficient.

A fundamental problem of knowledge is that primary facts can be understood only if a model to integrate them already exists. Without a model, we are forced to build one on the spot. Thus, each fact of the external reality could be understood based on a local model. The correlation between facts, each understood in its local model is impossible. This is why a method of guessing a fundamental model was imposed. Based on the single fundamental model the facts are interpreted and reinterpreted. Such a method allows the correlation of the primary facts.

If the model does not make good predictions, it will be modified and the process restarted from scratch, until we find the model in which all the primary facts can be understood. The process stops when the predictions are true with an acceptable rate. In that phase we can talk about knowledge.

As a comment, we need to say that the analytical method is based on short- range models (can be affected by schizophrenia and XSPC), while the synthetic method is based on long-range models which allow not only correlation between facts, but also a cross-check between the local models.

The need for a single fundamental model comes from the fact that any used word needs to have a unique definition. This is true only in case of the existence of a single fundamental model.

Example: what would happen if in common language everybody used different definitions for the words used? The communication would not exist, everyone talking his/her own language.

The conclusion is that any positive science is based on a single fundamental model, stated from the very start. This symbolic model can be based on primary facts, results of the interaction with external reality or on theoretical principles (e.g. the principle of inertia in Newton's Mechanics cannot be visibly connected by facts seen in the external reality).

However, as in the external reality there are a huge number of facts difficult to correlate, the method to find the fundamental symbolic model is guessing. Once the model built, this will order in a univoque manner all the primary facts. Moreover, it will make predictions that will lead to new discoveries or confirmations of itself.

As we have shown in the general theory, we reflect sections of the external reality in models. The models make predictions. If the predictions are good, we will use the model a next time too, as it proved to be useful.

Now we have the normal answer to a fundamental question asked for long time: 'why do the laws of nature exist?' or 'Why the world has an order?'

As it results from MDT, we reflect the external reality based on symbolic models. These symbolic models need to be logical in order to be stable. If a symbolic model associated to external reality will not reflect it correctly, we will build a new model.

Example: The external reality can change due to the movement of some objects. Then we will build a symbolic model containing the term 'velocity'. This symbolic model will make good predictions provided the objects move at a constant velocity. If the velocity is not constant, the model will not reflect correctly the external reality. Then we will build a new symbolic model, introducing a new element called 'acceleration'. This model will make correct prediction for the objects that move at variable velocities as well. Thus, by building of adequate models, the external reality is reflected by stable models.

It is very easy to confuse the external reality with its 'image' generated by a stable symbolic model.

As we know, we have no direct acces to external reality. We perceive it based on some associated models. Thus, as a conclusion, the impresion that nature is a structure based on stable laws and order comes from the fact that we reflect the external reality based on logical and stable symbolic models.

ETA 4: General Communication Language (GCL), dictionary

GCL is the first symbolic model generated by the human brain. At the beginning, only its spoken form existed, later it appeared as a written language too.

As the purpose of the construction of models is to predict the evolution of external reality, GCL was always associated directly or indirectly with external reality.

GCL is a very special symbolic model. It is used both for general communication and for building other more precise symbolic models.

Examples of developed languages included in GCL: diplomatic language, juridic language, logical and mathematical language, languages based on gestures and signs, computer languages.

GCL can be used to build symbolic models that are associated to external reality, e.g. the positive sciences.

It is supposed that GCL occurs by spontaneous interaction between people but this is an abnormal mode of occurence. It is not clear to me that a language can start from scratch, but let's suppose so. The abnormal mode of occurence is associated with another aspect. The language for any device used to process information (as the brain is) is made of a collection of terms and relations. Any element/relation of the symbolic model (language) must be associated with a component/function of the hardware. That is, the hardware must be known before the language is built. This is the normal situation, e.g. when a computer, which has no associated programs, has to be used.

But, as it is believed, the language used by the brain appeared without knowing the hardware. The main consequence is that all the words, which have to be associated with the basic feature of the hardware, have no precise definition.

Thus, we find in dictionaries what I call "external definition" of the words.
That is, such definitions are not based on the hardware. MDT as a theory
associated with the hardware, generates "internal definitions" of the words.
Some such definitions will be given below.

Dictionary of internal definitions for some words:

1. To believe: there is an incomplete (unstable) model. Such a model could become stable (harmonic/logic) if some artificial elements/relations are included (artificial means that something is not generated by the interaction with the external reality). After such changes, the model becomes stable. Any truth generated by such a model must be associated with the word "to believe". Also, the artificial changes must be specified before.

2. To know: there is a stable model (harmonic/logic) which is integrated in a stable structure of models. Any truth generated by such a model can be associated with "to know". I want to emphasize that from this does not result in any way that the truth is correct, when compared to the external reality. "To know" means just that the whole structure of models of the brain supports that truth, and nothing more! As one can see, "to know" is associated only to the structure of models, and not to the external reality.

3. As I know: there are some models which support a truth but some other related models are not good enough to support that truth.

4. Correct, to be correct: this term has at least two meanings. 4a. There is a model generating a prediction in association with the external reality. This prediction is compared with IR. If the result is positive, then the truth is correct. 4b. There is a stable structure of models. Such a structure has already predicted a large number of correct (4a) truths. In such a situation, any truth generated by the structure is considered to be correct (see also the definition of the term "to know").

To be correct based on definition 4a means to make an experiment (any comparison between a prediction and IR is called "experiment"). There are a very limited situation when an experiment can or may be done (e.g. if the problem is to verify if a bridge will survive or not in case of an earthquake, then such a problem cannot be solved based on an experiment).

Let's analize now a little the word "wrong". If a model generates wrong predictions based on IR, this does not mean usually that the model is wrong. This word is usually associated to a model, which is not suitable to a specific external reality.

For instance Newton's Mechanics is wrong for objects, which travel at a speed comparable with the speed of light, but is correct at low speed.

5. To understand: there is an incomplete model and there is an IR (from external reality or from other models). The model is selfimproving based on that IR. The term "understand" is used when a model is improved in such a way.

6. To imagine: is the main term associated to any operation on image models.

7. To think: it is the main term associated to any operation on symbolic models.

For human beings, usually, the symbolic models are mixed with image models but when "to think" is used, the general frame continues to be a symbolic one.

8. Intelligence: is the facility to make and operate a long-range model. There is a kind of intelligence based on image models (human and animal) and one based on symbolic models (human only).

9. To represent: there is a complex model, which is too big to be used as a whole. Such a model can be associated to a simplified model, which on its turn is associated only to a section of the main model. Such a model represents the main model on the restricted domain. We should never forget that a representation model is based on the main model, and the main model only is fully associated to the external reality.

10. Emotion: this is a temporary state which occurs when a new external reality appears, and no suitable short-range model is available. Emotion is associated ONLY to a lack of a suitable SHORT-RANGE model. In such a situation the PSM is activate. But the activated PSM does not consider this external reality as a dangerous situation. Even so, it builds a suitable element. Such an element is self-developing to understand the new external reality. The emotion starts when PSM is activated, and disappears when a new suitable short-range model is activated. Because emotion is associated with the activation of PSM, in an emotional status, the conciousness disappears or is at least attenuated.

The brain can predict the possiblity that an emotional status occurs. Sometimes such status can be prevented by a suitable WBAM, built in advance. That is, a ZM will build a WBAM based on the available information about a future new external reality. ZM will activate that WBAM when the new external reality occurs (see also the general theory).

We already emphasized that emotions are associated to the lack of a short- range model, when a new external reality occurs. The word "angry" can be associated with the lack of a long-range model associated with a full section of the external reality (for instance when a person lives in an environment, which he/she doesn't fit in). In such a situation, the PSM is activated as well, but it has no solution. In fact, PSM can't build a long-range model. A long-range model is difficult to build, because it starts from a general model which is not directly associated to a specified external reality. The lack of a suitable long-range model means that many short-range models can become unstable, due to a lack of correlation between them. Such a person has a feeling that there is a problem, but he/she cannot identify it. Such a person is in an angry-status. About the same considerations can be associated to the word "anxiety". Here we can see a class of problems associated to the fact that the words in common life are not associated to the hardware and so, the external definitions are not precise enough. As the language will evolve based on internal definitions, the quality of the language will improve.

MDT is able to generate a definition, and then a word has to be associated to that definition. Unfortunately, the words have already an external definition. Thus, there are two possibilities: to invent a new word, or to use an already existing word. In the latter situation, two definitions associated to the same word could exist: an internal one generated by MDT, and an external one, as we can find in dictionaries. My decision was to use as much as possible the already existing words, with the risk to have two different definitions associated to the same word. As MDT will be accepted, all the words associated to functions of the brain will be associated only to their internal definitions.

11: To be irritated, to be under stress Such a phrase is used when there is a temporary situation of instability of the structure of models. Such a status can affect the short-range models (to be irritated) or the long-range models (to be under stress).

In the following, we will describe some situations when such a temporary instability can occur.

11a. There is a normal model associated to the actual external reality. The problem occurs when such external reality evolves in a cyclical way, for very long time. In such a situation, the prediction of the evolution of the external reality is identical with IR, forever.

If the external reality is a sound, and if the sound contains a sequence which is repeated on and on, this uses a lot of energy of the brain for a nonsense activity (due to the hardware design, it is impossible not to hear a sound). Because the activation of other models becomes difficult, there will be an instability of the structure of models, and so there is an irritation-status.

Examples: the use as weapon of the rattlesnake's rattle and of the "Chinese drop"

It is important to observe two parameters: the length of the sequence and the repetition interval. The musical piece called "Bolero" by Maurice Ravel contains a sequence, which is long enough to produce no irritation. In fact, every time when the sequence is repeated, there are other musical instruments. In this way, this musical piece is not too close to the irritation limit. Even so, at the end of the piece, the repeated sequence ends, producing an instant relaxation.

Let's see this problem in the case of visual arts. Let's suppose a large white surface. Such a surface can produce irritation, because in any point of this surface, the IR is identical with the prediction. There is a natural tendency to put some elements on that surface, to reduce the irritation. But, if the details are randomly spread, the prediction will be different of the IR in most of the points. This also can produce some irritation. The solution found in about all cultural zones and times was to have some sequence made of identical elements, but every element has to be complicated enough so that sometimes the IR is identical with the prediction, and sometimes not. When such a surface is explored, the brain seems to have a pleasure. The pleasure can be defined as a situation when the prediction is close to IR, but about never the same. This can be seen mainly on cultural products of ancient cultures, but also nowadays.

We can see this also on the shape of the Christian cross: a Christian-Orthodox cross has more detail than a Christian-Catholic cross because the Orthodox religion is mostly oriented to image models while the Catholic religion is more oriented to symbolic models.

The modern cultural zones are based mainly on symbolic models. There is a reduced tendency to see all the details in a symbolic environment. Thus a perfectly plane surface, without details, will produce no irritation. This is so because, in a symbolic environment, the interaction based on image models is not important anymore.

11b. The lack of stability of the structure of models could occur when the external reality is unchanging for a very long time. Here, the prediction is also identical with IR, but there is an additional technological feature, which will be described below.

As we know from the main theory, any active model will predict in a continuous automatic way the possible evolution of the external reality (this is a basic hardware feature). Now, the problem is how often this prediction is made. My supposition is that the speed of this activity is variable, and depends on the speed of changing of the external reality. That is, when the external reality is changing very fast, the new predictions are made also very often.

Now, if the external reality is not changing anymore, there could be a problem: the model has to make a new prediction, but there is no reason to do this. Such a situation can also produce a temporary perturbation of the stability of the structure of models, i.e. irritation.

In such a situation, the brain could activate other ZMs, (e.g. ZMs which are not connected to the unchanging external reality) up to the moment when there will be a change in the main external reality. This activity could be a source of mistakes or even accidents, as the local-ZM becomes, temporarily, one, which is not connected to the main external reality. The accidents can occur, for instance, when the external reality is changing and the suitable local-ZM has not enough time to reinitialize.

Example: a driver is in a hurry and stops at a stoplight. The external reality is not changing for a while and so there could be an irritation. Under stress conditions, the driver could activate another model (associated or not to the external reality) and so, he/she is not properly prepared for the moment when the traffic light changes to green. Because this is an important source of irritation, in some cities there is an additional display, which counts the time for red or green status, and so the irritation is diminished.

Thus, time flows with a variable speed, depending on the speed of change of the external reality (see ETA about "time").

11c. The word "irritation" is used also when an external factor interferes with the activity of a main model. This external factor could also activate the PSM. Such a situation can also affect the stability of the structure of models and so, produce irritation.

As we know, faced with a new external reality (for instance a strong noise), the brain will switch from the actual-ZM to another model, which understands the new situation. When such external perturbation occurs on and on, the brain is forced to switch the ZMs very often. Such activity can be affected by mistakes, because switching from a model to another is a very complex activity. When a model is deactivated, some information has to be stored to be used when the model will be reactivated. Sometimes, the external reality can change so much that the stored information becomes of no use. But the brain does not know easily if the stored information is good or not at the new activation. So, there could be mistakes, and the stability of the structure of models can also be affected (irritation occurs).

Because the activation and deactivation of a symbolic model is much more complicated than for an image model, the switching between a symbolic model and an image model, or even worse, between two symbolic models, is very dangerous (don't use the mobile phone when you drive, e.g.)

12. Love, to love

The main model of any brain (human or animal) is the Protection and Survival Model (PSM). If something (a person, an animal, an object, an idea…) is included by a person in his/her PSM (as a model, of course), the relation between that "something" and that person is a love relation. That is, e.g. a person A includes a person B (as model) in his/her PSM. The person A will treat person B in the same way as he/she treats his/her legs, hands, eyes etc.

Here we use the convention that A indicates the person who is in love and B is the person included in the PSM as a model.

The most important love-relation seems to be between a mother and her children.

As we defined the term "love" the fact that A loves B is totally independent on the fact that B loves A.

We already described love based on PSM. There is another type of love, which is not based on PSM. Thus, the person A makes a structure of models which contains B in about all of them. If B disappears, the models would become obsolete, which produces a large instability of the structure. The problem could be solved by another "B" or by a shielding model or by suicide.

Because love is based mainly on image models, about all of the written above is true for animals too.

13. Happiness, to be happy MDT considers that there are two basic modes of interaction of the brain with the external reality: to generate the reality based on the external reality and to modify the external reality.

Continuous happiness is associated to the status of the brain which builds action models (ZAMs) based on ZMs-only. That is, to do and want only what is possible (as ZMs predict). So any activation of a ZAM is a success (ZAM is able to reach its aims). The happy persons have a big contribution to the stability of the society, but small contribution to its advance.

We already defined the disharmonic person as the person who builds and activates ZAMs without taking in account too much the predictions of the ZMs. Usually such persons are unhappy, but sometimes they are able to reach their aims and so, at least for a short time, they are in a status of high level happiness.

14. Intuition

Based on MDT, intuition is associated to the capacity to obtain image information in a symbolic frame.

That is, when we are in the frame of a symbolic model and there is a problem without a solution, an image model can be activated automatically on its own (as we already know). Such image model is able to make a prediction but there is no proof or reason for it (because an image model generates image-truths!). There is just a feeling that such information is true. The symbolic model can use this information to solve its problems. In this case, we speak about intuition.

The intuition is similar to the extra-sensorial perceptions: we gain some information without any explanation about the source of it and there is no proof to support it. The difference is that an illegal model generates the extra-sensorial information, and a normal image model, which is activated in a normal symbolic frame, generates the intuition.

Note: everything which is associated to the consciousness is generated by the local-ZM. In the case of intuition, the ZM is a symbolic one. When an image model generates information, it is just transmitted to a symbolic local-ZM. Because the consciousness is generated by the local-ZM, that ZM is not able to find the source of the information, and the proof for it because it was not generated by the ZM or by any normal model.

15. Consciousness

The consciousness is associated to the facility of a brain to make and operate a model, which contains the being itself as an element.

Two types of consciousness exist: image consciousness and symbolic consciousness. The absolute majority of the population has only image consciousness. Also, on animal level, at least the mammals have some level of image consciousness.

Level-1 of consciousness: on this level, the being is able to predict the evolution of the external reality, based also on its activity in that external reality. This facility ensures the success of the defense or attack activities in interaction with the external reality.

Level-1 consciousness is generated by short-range models.

Level-2 of consciousness: this level occurs only in a group (some packs of mammals, any human group…). To be accepted by that group, any being must assimilate and operate a long-range model associated to that group. Such beings must communicate with one another to meet the above requirements. For humans only, long-range models generate the rules, the laws, the methods and the aims of the group.

Level-3 of conciousness: on this level, a human being is able to predict the evolution of the group, based on a model which contains the group as an element, while he is a member of that group. The appartenence to the group is a basic condition here.

There are few persons, which are able to reach this level. The effort of the brain to stay on level-3 is huge. The persons who are able to stay on level 3 are the elite of the group. There are few direct personal advantages from being on level-3, but without an elite, the group is a low quality group.

The advance of a society is given by the power given to the actual elite. It is important to note that there are some positions in a society, which must belong to the elite. Many times such positions are occupied by level-2 persons. This happens usually in a low quality group or society.

ETA 5: NULL model

Let's consider that an M-model transmits no information (e.g. our eyes are closed). A local-ZM takes the information from that M-model. Because the M- model transmits no information, the ZM must receive no information. What is really received is called NULL-model. For a normal brain, in the above condition, the local-ZM must receive a completely dark surface. What is really received is an indication about the overall status of the brain.

For instance, in the above conditions, we can receive a dark surface with some randomly moving points. That is, the local-ZM detects a bright point in a place, but at the second scan the point is not there anymore. This means that there is a noise, but no important hardware problems. A stable image is generated by a hardware problem of M or ZM models.

Application: In the first seconds after wake up, with closed eyes, look towards a moderately bright surface. Usually, one should perceive a dark surface full of grey points moving randomly. After a few seconds, the surface becomes a uniform dark-grey one. This is a typical situation for a brain in a normal status.

It is also possible, in the first moments, to see big bright points or shapes, moving randomly. They evolve to dark and small grey points, and then to a uniform grey surface. In such a situation, the brain is not in a good shape (maybe the person did not sleep enough…)

Anyways, if the final status of the NULL model is a uniform grey surface, the brain is OK.

This case has been illustrated for the eyes, but NULL models exist for all senses.

ETA 6: Time

Excepting when specified otherwise, the subject is the same for human and animal beings.

Based on MDT, time is not a parameter for the functions of the brain. This is a basic deficiency.

But there is a problem: as the brain predicts on and on the evolution of the external reality, how often is this activity done?

Of course, this problem is associated to the technological implementation of every type of brain, so it is outside the field covered by MDT. Even so, based on MDT, we can make some assumptions.

Because the brain is an optimized device as to its energy consumption, we assume that the predictions about the evolution of the external reality are done at a speed which depends on the changing speed of the external reality.

That is, the brain time flows with variable speed. This is also our feeling based on our own experience. For instance, when we are involved in a complex activity, time seems to flow too fast and when we have nothing to do, time seems to flow very slowly.

This is a big design drawback. Without time, the long-range models could be inefficient or unusable. So, the brain is forced to compensate, somehow, this drawback.

One method is to use story-type models. They are not able to keep the control of time, but they are able to record the order of occurence of some information. Even so, this method is not very efficient. A story-type model could fragment. Once it is fragmented, the correlation between the primary information is lost.

Note: when a story-type model is fragmented, there is the tendency to reconnect the fragments, based on logic. Many times this reconstruction is wrong, but the impression could be good.

The fragmentation of the story-type models can be seen when a person describes a complex situation. During this activity, one could change the order of some facts.

Another method, used by the brain to keep track of time, is to use some rhythm-models. Such models are specialized models, which try to guess when something will happen, based on what has already happened before.

For instance, if the brain receives a sequence of two sounds, a rhythm model tries to guess when a third sound will occur. The supposition is that such models try to find an algorithm, which will generate the sequence. Such algorithm must be changed on and on, in a fast dynamical way, to predict better and better when the next sound will occur.

Such rhythm-models can be used, e.g. to recognize the speech or to understand music.

The rhythm-models are not able either to solve the time problem, but they are able to solve some time-related problems associated to fast changing external reality in the field of sounds.

Let's analyze a bit this problem. First of all, the rhythm-models are very well developed for human beings, and they are of very low quality for animals. One assumption would be that, compared to animals, the human brain has a very high capacity to make and operate image models, and, due to this, the rhythm- models are so good.

But, there are some other facts: the European civilization invented the polyphonic music (the most advanced music). But the European civilization is developing based on symbolic models. It is fair to suppose that symbolic models support the rhythm image-models.

We can take into account another idea as well: as MDT considers that the capacity to make and operate symbolic models is generated by a specialized hardware (thus it cannot be produced by a normal evolution process), it is possible that the capacity to make and operate rhythm models was added in the same way. This supposition is supported by the fact that, while some animals are able to make and operate some image models above the level of human beings, their capacity to make rhythm models is unusually low.

The problem of the origin of the rhythm models is left open for the moment.

Another method to compensate for the time keeping deficiency is to record some pattern-models of the external reality. That is, to record some information based on many M-type models, to build a pattern-model at a specific moment of time, and to recognize the pattern later.

Such a pattern could be associated with the function of different organs of the being, or with some other information from outside the being.

The time problem is a big one for the brain. The brain will use any external reference to keep the time as the day/night cycle, the movement of the sun and moon and for humans only, clocks.

ETA 7: Music

Music is a long-range image model, which exists only for human beings. As a newborn baby grows, firstly, speech appears (a symbolic model) and only later, the qualities associated to understanding music. As music understanding capabilities appear after the brain aquires the ability to build and operate symbolic models, it is reasonable to suppose that the symbolic models support the development of music. This idea is supported also by the fact that European music (the most advanced in the construction of symbolic models) is superior compared to any other music from the point of view of its complexity (polyphonic music was invented in Europe).

Given a sequence of a few sounds, the brain will try to predict the occurence of the next sounds. Sometimes the prediction is correct sometimes not. If the prediction is good too often, the impression is described in words like: boring, monotonous or upsetting. When the prediction is not correct(there is a large discrepancy between the prediction and IR), the sounds are uncorellated. If we have an acceptable difference (the sounds are considered corellated after modifying slightly the algorithm of generation of the sequence), then we can associate this to music.

The corellation is associated with the capacity of generation of a sequence based on an algorithm.

This automatic activity of continuous modifying the generation algorithm can produce a positive state of mind, which can be called pleasure. This means that the predictions are correct constantly, with high probability, and that the ones, which are not correct, are accepted, after an acceptable change of the algorithm. This activity is called currently music.

The corellation can be supported implicitly, as it happens in classical music or can be supported explicitly (e. g. by rhythm of drums).

If we accept the hypothesis of the existence of a facility associated with image models (a hardware facility) to build an algorithm of generation of corellated information, then we could try to see if this facilty evolved in time or not.

Thus, in spite of the fact that the capacity of the brain to operate with image models diminishes relatively in time, the development of the capacity to operate with symbolic models generated new abilities of operation with image models. In consequence, music evolves based on two somewhat contrary tendencies. The capacity to build and operate image models decreases due to the increase of the capacity to operate symbolic model, and, on the other hand, the symbolic models support the image models in the domain of music.

The symbolic models, which were developed especially in Europe, determined the high level of complexity of the music. The European polyphonic music is one of the results of the "marriage" between image and symbolic models in music. Other civilisations, which did not have an extensive development based on symbolic models, have created in milleniums of evolution only a simple music.

Let's see in the following some elements of the evolution of music in Europe. The symbolic 'recipes' appeared in music composition in the time of J.S. Bach. The maximum complexity of the music was attained during the times of W.A. Mozart. In that period, the music had several simultaneous musical lines, which, according to possibilities, were followed by those who were able to do it. E.g. in the "Great Messa", KV 427 by Mozart, several musical planes exist, which have to be followed simultaneously. Even nowadays, just the recording of this work poses technical problems. This musical work is one of the peak complexity constructions in music.

Approximately after year 1800, due to the increased capacity to operate with symbolic models, the capacity to operate image models decreased. Music continued to be polyphonic, but became simpler, with a single melodic line (L. van Beethoven, contemporary with Mozart).

This simplified music was called romantic music, and was a form of fundamentalism. The majority of the population lost their capacity to operate very complex image models, and so, such a simplified music was generated.

This tendency continued with the increase of the limits of predictions acceptability, due the increase of the capability of construction and operation with symbolic models. E.g. the music composed by Igor Stravinsky. When his music appeared, it was rejected due to surpassing the limits of acceptability. But, in a short time, other musicians and people accepted his music, as a consequence of the increase of the acceptability limits.

It is reminded that the increase of the acceptability limits is due to the increase of the capacity to build generation algorithms. An assumption is that these algorithms are supported by symbolic models.

Nowadays, music is so "advanced" that it contains just a rudimentary rhythm, and an endless text (hip-hop or rap music e.g.).

The children of our times have a reduced capacity to understand music. Around the year 1800, some 4 years old children were able to play the piano or violin, or even to compose music. In our days, this is not met anymore. But, some children are able to build and operate computer-based symbolic models.

As it is shown also, in some other parts of the book, there is a new form of fundamentalism nowadays: the rejection of the symbolic models by a fraction of the population. That is, some people return to harmony (there are many who prefer Mozart e.g.). The present music is balancing between symbolic-type music (hip-hop or rap e.g.) and harmonic music. This tendency will continue for a long time, because it is hard to believe that music will disappear (the brain is based on image models forever), but returning to the year 1800 type harmony is not possible anymore.

Music is defined as a special story-type model associated with sounds. This story-type model has elements generated by an algorithm generator.

The generating algorithm is able to build in a dynamically way the elements which will be recorded by this special type story-type model. Based on the algorithm, the model is able to predict the future sounds based on the sounds already received.

Sometimes the algorithm generator is able to make a correct prediction of the sound which comes (a hit), sometimes not (a miss). If the prediction fails, then the generator will modify the algorithm and continue to predict what follows. When the number of misses is low, this could produce pleasure to the brain. When the number of misses is zero, there is no pleasure (e.g. a boring music). When the number of hits is zero, there is no music (no correlation between the sounds).

As this special story-type model is an image-model, its power is decreasing as the brain is evolving to symbolic models. On the other hand, it seems that the symbolic models support the algorithm generator. That is, there are two tendencies that act in contrary directions. One tendency is to make a simplified music, based mainly on symbolic models (texts) in the frame of a rudimentary rhythm (e.g. drums), as hip-hop and rap music and on the other hand, to make music based on complex algorithms (to enlarge the limits of acceptability). The present music is evolving between these two large limits.

The main tendencies of the present music are:

- The evolution based on symbolic models. This tendency increases the limits of acceptability of what are and what are not correlated sounds.

- The rejection of the symbolic models by a fraction of the population, i.e. people want harmonic music.

- The return to harmony is possible only partially because many abilities associated with the main story-type model are lost, due to the general tendency of conceptualization of the image models. That is, the algorithm generator is better and better, but it acts on recorded data, which are a simplified copy of the external reality.

Let's see what is the situation with other arts. Almost all classical arts are in decline. Painting and sculpture are based on pure image models. The general tendency is to make concept models, and so people are not able anymore to perceive fine details. This tendency is very easily seen in contemporary arts. The tendency in visual arts is to make works based on symbolic models, and to increase the complexity. Some arts as poetry, painting and sculpture are on the way to disappearance as stand-alone arts. Theatre, because it is based on symbolic models, is surviving, as it tries to keep the contact with the tendencies of the society. Music is still in a good shape, as we already saw. The main ascending art is cinematography.

ETA 8: Cinematography

Let's make a symbolic model to understand the subject as follows:

- The importance of the symbolic models (thinking e.g.) increases

- A big fraction of the population has difficulties to evolve based on symbolic models (fundamentalism)

- Fundamentalism means to return to image models

- This return is possible only partially.

Because returning to image models affects an important fraction of the population, why is it not seen in painting and sculpture? The explanation is that the brain has lost a lot of its capacity to make and operate pure image models. The brain returns to image models, but it stops at the level of concept models.

Cinematography is one of the responses suitable to this situation. Thus, there are cartoons, based on concept image models. They are strongly attached to symbolic models. There are cartoons, in which symbolic models are more important than the concept image models.

Today's successful movies are image models, which try to develop and extend some of the incipient image models preexisting in the mind of the viewer.

We remind here that people have the tendency to expand their structure of models outside their mind. When the models can't be expanded to the external reality, there is the tendency to expand these models into a virtual reality. This is speculated by cinematography, depending on the profile of image models in different cultural zones.

From this point of view, movies can be very dangerous. They make these developments based on what people would like to happen and on the other hand, they favorize the fundamental tendencies of various social groups.

However, as they are attached to symbolic models, some movies are used to develop symbolic models and fight fundamentalist tendencies and as such, have a positive impact on society.

A huge danger associated to art movies is blocking the capacity of people to think independently (tendency towards induced schizophrenia XS1B). Each script is a long-range symbolic model; thus, the movie as a whole is logical. This long-range symbolic model is translated or associated to a long-range image model. If the translation is correct, the image model will be harmonic as well. Thus, an art movie is a logical and harmonical long-range image model. The fundamental problem is that it is not enough for a model to be logical and harmonical in order for it to have a good connection with the external reality.

There are movies that try to reconstruct an external reality that no longer exists, an 'external reality' which will never exist, or anything else in between these very broad limits. The only condition is that the model is harmonic and logical. We cannot see the degree of connection with external reality from within the model. This is where the danger originates. Independent thinking will be blocked by the large quantity of information structured harmonically and logically.

Many art films contribute largely to the aggravation of the level of induced schizophrenia (XS1B). At the same time, there are many movies which contribute to the construction of long-range models that stabilize society.

ETA 9: The fundamentalisms of the world we live in

The main fundamentalism is the return to image models, and thus, the refusal of symbolic models. Symbolic models are based on extremely complex functions, which are not easily maintained operational. For a 'regular' brain, the energy consumption is higher for symbolic models than for image models. However, there is a fraction of the population of developed countries working more easily with symbolic models than with image models.

Example: There was a time in the evolution of the brain, when extremely complex image models were built and translated to a symbolic form. It was the time of the great novels (Balzac, Dostoievski etc.). Reading such works was a sign of cultural superiority. These books are not read nowadays. The main reason is the evolution towards symbolic models. The effort of the brain to understand and integrate the use of remote controls, cellphones or text editors is perfectly comparable as intellectual effort with the understanding of the great works of universal literature.

There are too many who have difficulties to operate symbolic models. There is a fraction of the population who refuses symbolic models; this fraction seems to be increasing.

Example: Microprocessors (the central part of a computer) have been invented in USA. At that time there was a tendency all over the world to produce or reproduce such microprocessors. The first microprocessor was called 8080. It was upgraded to 80286. These microprocessors were reproduced in Europe, former USSR and Japan. 80386 followed, which was reproduced with great difficulties, but starting with 80486 the tendency to reproduce such devices was extremely low. Presently there are two families of microprocessors, both designed and produced in USA. This is interpreted by MDT as a danger of a break between the most advanced in the domain of symbolic models, and the slighly less advanced ones (make your own comparison with the automobile industry). Even the advanced cultural zones (Europe, Russia, Japan) make big efforts to keep the contact with the most advanced (USA), but the danger of a break exists here as well.

The fundamentalist reactions of the individuals, nations or even cultural zones are a great danger for human civilisation. If the fraction of fundamentalists will increase too much, then, at the limit, two things might happen:

1. The world will fragment into nations/ cultural regions which can maintain the rhythm of assimilation and development of symbolic models, and nations/cultural regions which will return to image models (fundamentalist reaction)

2. The same type of break will appear inside a nation/ cultural region.

The evolution shown at no.1, pushed to extreme, could generate terrorism, and the one at 2 already generates 'escape' movements towards religions, antiglobalisation, ecology etc.

ETA 10: Terrorism

The evolution of society leads, for some nations, to an incapacity of further development based on symbolic models. These nations feel that the world is going towards something they can't follow and understand. The solution for them is to adhere to an invariant or universally accepted model, like a religion or a nature/tradition conservation movement, to orient their activity, and to offer them an easily understandable and attainable goal in predictible time (fundamentalist reaction).

Some individuals, who have strong fundamentalist reactions, could try to modify the society by direct action. A class of such reactions is terrorism.

The definition for terrorism considered here is: terrorism is an antisocial phenomenon, which implies attacking some persons without an explicit reason. It also means destruction of material goods without explicit reasons, when these goods do not belong to a state.

If the persons attacked are the representatives of a government and the goods attacked belong to the government, then we have acts of war. A state can defend itself from acts of war, but in front of a terror attack, the protection offered by the state is limited. The main reason is that the government officials accept the limitation of their rights, and they accept a certain discipline. These persons are well enough informed to understand that they could be the targets of an attack. The same is valid fo defending the goods belonging to a state.

Many terrorist movements have tried to commit war acts and not terror acts. Thus, they try to obtain a legitimity as liberation movements, who fight for liberty or independence against a state.

Example: ETA in Spain tries to attack only the representatives of the state or local administration, and the goods belonging to them. It is difficult however for ETA to comply with these rules, all of the time. IRA acts the same way, trying to delimit itself from terrorism. Both movements make notable efforts to be considered liberation movements at war with an opressive state, and not terrorist movements.

Al Quaida tried at some time to attack only American military targets (thus delimiting itself from terrorism), but the attack on WTC in New York is clearly a terror act. The people killed were not representatives of the state, the planes used were not military, and the buildings did not belong to the state). However the attack on the Pentagon was not a terror act, but a war act.

A practical aspect should be noted connected to the tendencies of terrorism: who has vocation to build, has no 'vocation' for terrorism. To build planes, buildings and so many other material goods supposes an immense effort on scientific and technological levels, in labour organisation, on the social and cultural level. Those who know how difficult these things are done, and how many causes can block easily this process, will not have the tendency to destroy material goods.

We change now the discussion and will refer to the individual terrorists existing in any society. Serial killers exist, and others, who kill randomly innocent people. By definition, they are also terrorists, even if they act alone, without any connection to a group.

It is clear that a society can't protect itself against terrorism through stricter laws. The tougher laws will determine the disappearance of exactly those facilities, which permitted the progress of the society. Multiple levels of security will produce the fragmentation of the society. Thus, due to the reduction of the capability to communicate, the level of generalised schizophrenia increases. This could lead to a disaster on long-term.

Not any person who refuses symbolic models will have terrorist tendencies. There are adaptation forms to a world that evolves in another direction than the one desired by some. In the attempt to find the individuals with tendencies towards terrorism, one can consider a few aspects:

1. Children who have been normal at birth, but have been abused during childhood, are on the highest level of risk. Individuals aggressed explicitly or implicitly by the environment, can build illegal models, which enter their PSM; the ones with difficulties of communication have the tendency to build too short-range models for understanding the world they live in (schizophrenia XS 1 and 2). 2. The stresses generating shielding models and illegal models can affect any person, as society is very complex. For persons from 'imagistic' countries, an important source of stress is the assimilation and operation of advanced symbolic models. Forcing them to evolve from an image platform to high level symbolic models can destabilize the structure of models. For the 'symbolic' countries, the same can happen on a more reduced scale. 3. The isolation or elimination from society of the individuals with clear tendencies towards the destruction of the democratic system. 4. Relaxation in the protection of privacy. The so-called right to privacy hides important sources of stress both for the people protected by this right, and the ones around him/her. If everybody would accept the opening of their privacy, the society as a whole would have less real problems.

The working principle of democracy should be somewhat modified, i.e. a democratic system protects only those who respect democracy. Thus, the individuals who fight against democracy should not be protected by the democratic system.

Conclusion: The evolution of society is based on symbolic models. Those who have not the capacity to follow this trend will 'run for shelter' into image models. Slowly a break will occur between 'symbolic' and 'image' people. The 'image' people, who are not those who push the society forward, will see that, from their point of view, society goes into a wrong direction. One of the extreme answers to this situation is terrorism.

Warning: The individuals based on image models do not accept logical argumentation, because logic is an exclusive characteristic of symbolic models.

ETA 11: Problems of human brain evolution

This problem is already developed in the general theory. A few additions will be given here. As we know from the general theory, we have an ability to build and operate image models [I], and one to build and operate symbolic models [S]. Generally speaking, [I] increased up to about the year 1800. [S] had a first increase with the spoken language. It increased further with the emergence of the written language. An important step was the development of geometry as a symbolic model by Euclid, about 2300 years ago. Then [S] stayed unchanged about up to the year 1666, when Newton's Mechanics marked the evolution of the brain, as the second important fundamental symbolic model appeared. From that moment, [S] started an accelerated increase which continues.

In spite of the fact that [I] decreased in percentage compared to [S], in an absolute mode, it continued to increase due to the support of [S].

Unfortunately, this evolution, which is true e.g. for Europe, is not true for some other cultural regions. Some nations refuse basically symbolic models, but are forced to use them.

There is a risk of splitting the world, due to the more and more reduced capacity of communication between the two parts of it. The same situation may happen inside one country with groups of people.

The two parts are not symmetrical. The ones based on [S] are the vectors of progress and power, in any sense. The others are unable to maintain a rhythm of evolution, but are, however, helped by the [S] nations, for stability reasons, and due to the lack of other solutions. The [I] nations accept this help, especially for practical reasons and opportunism. On long range, this problem has no solution within the frame of the generally accepted democratic system.