Cassini, Dominicus, on the zodiacal light, 139, 140; hypothesis on 141; his discovery of the spheroidal form of Jupiter, 164.
Cautley, Capt, and Dr. Falconer, discovery of gigantic fossils in the
Himalayas.
Cavanilles, first entertained the idea of seeing grass grow, 149.
Cavendish, use of the torsion balance to determine the mean density of the
Earth, 170.
Challis, Professor, on the Aurora, March 19 and Oct. 24th, 1847, see note by
Translator, 195, 199.
Chardin, noticed in Persia the famous comet of 1608, called "nyzek" or "petite lance," 139.
Charpentier, M., belemnites found in the primitive limestone of the Col de la Seigne, 261; glaciers, 329.
Chemistry as distinguished from physics, 62; chemical affinity, 63.
Chevandier, calculations on the carbon contained in the trees of the forests of our temperate zones, 281.
Childrey first described the zodical light in his Britannia Baconica, 138.
Chinese accounts of comets, 99, 100, 101; shooting stars, 128: "fire springs," 158; knowledge of the magnetic needle, 180; electro-magnetism, 188, 189.
Chladni on meteoric stones, etc., 118, 135; on the selenic origin of aerolites, 121; on the supposed phenomenon of ascending shooting stars, 122; on the obscuration of the Sun's disk, 133; sound-figures, 135; pulsations in the tails of comets, 143.
Choiseul, his chart of Lemnos, 246.
Chromatic polarization. See Polarization.
Cirro-cumulus cloud. See Clouds.
Cirrous Strata. See Clouds.
Clark, his experiments on the variations of atmospheric electricity, 335, 336.
Clarke, J. G., of Maine, U.S., on the comet of 1843, 100.
Climatic distribution of heat, 313, 317-328; of humidity, 328, 333, 334.
Climatology, 317-329; climate, general sense of, 317, 318.
Clouds, their electric tension, color, and height, 236, 337; connection of cirrous strata with the Aurora Borealis, 196; cirro-cumulus cloud, phenomena of, 197; luminous, 202; Dove on their formation and appearance, 315, 316; often present on a bright summer sky the "projected image" of the soil below, 316; volcanic, 233.
Coal formations, ancient vegetable remains in, 280, 281.
Coal mines, depth of, 158-160.
Colebrooke on the snow-line of the two sides of the Himalayas, 31.
Colladon, electro-magnetic apparatus, 335.
Columbus, his remark that "the Earth is small and narrow," 164; found the compass showed no variation in the Azores, 181, 182; of lava streams, 245; noticed conifers and palms growing together in Cuba, 282; remarks in his journal on the equatorial currents, 307; of the Sargasso Sea, 308; his dream, 310, 311.
Comets, general description of, 99-112; Biela's 43, 86, 107, 108; Blaupain's 108; Clausen's 108; Encke's, 43, 64, 86, 107-108; Faye's 107, 108; Halley's, 43, 100, 102-109; Lexell's and Burchardt's 108, 110; Messier's 108; Olbera's, 109; Pons's 109; famous one of 1608, seen in Persia, called "nyzek," or "petit lance," 189; comet of 1843, 101; their nucleus and tail, 87, 100; small mass, 100; diversity of form, 100-103; light, 104-106; velocity, 109; comets of short period, 107-109; long period, 109-110; number, 99; Chinese observations on, 99-101; value of a knowledge of their orbits, 43; possibility of collision of Blela's and Encke's comets, 107, 108; hypothesis of a resisting medium conjectured from the diminishing period of the revolution of Encke's comet, 106; apprehensions of their collision with the Earth, 108, 110, 111; their popular supposed influence on the vintage, 111.
Compass, early use of by the Chinese, 180; permanency in the West Indies, 181.
Condamine, La, inscription on a marble tablet at the Jesuit's College, Quito on the use of the pendulum as a measure of seconds, 166, 167.
Conde, notice of a heavy shower of shooting stars, Oct., 902, 119.
Coraboeuf and Delcrois, geodetic operations, 304.
Cordilleras, scenery of, 26, 29, 33; vegetation, 34, 35; intensity of the zodiacal light, 137.
Cosmography, physical, its object and ultimate aims, 57-60; materials, 60.
Cosmos, the author's object, 38, 78; primitive signification and precise definition of the word, 69; how employed by Greek and Roman writers, 69, 60; derivation, 70.
Craters. See Volcanoes.
Curtius, Professor, his notes on the temperature of various springs in
Greece, 222, 223.
Cuvier, one of the founders of the archaeology of organic life, 273; discovery of fossil crocodiles in the tertiary formations, 274. Dainachos on the phenomena attending the fall of the stone of Aegos Potamos, 133, 134.
Dalman on the existence of Chionaea araneoides in polar snow, 344.
Dalton, observed the southern lights in England, 198.
Dante, quotation from, 322.
Darwin, Charles, fossil vegetation in the travertine of Van Diemen's Land, 224; central volcanoes regarded as volcanic chains of small extent on parallel fissures, 238; instructive materials in the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere for the study of the present and past geography of plants, 282, 283; on the fiord formation at the southeast end of America, 293; on the elevation and depression of the bottom of the South Sea, 297; rich luxuriance of animal life in the ocean, 309, 310; on the volcano of Aconcagua, 330.
Daubeney on volcanos. See Translator's notes, 161, 203, 204, 210, 218, 224, 228, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245.
Daussy, his barometric expriments, 208; observations on the velocity of the equatorial current, 307.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, hypothesis on active volcanic phenomena, 235; on the low temperature of water on shoals, 309.
Dead Sea, its depression below the level of the Mediterranean, 296, 297.
Dechen, Von, on the depth of the coal-basin of Liege, 160.
Delcrois. See Coraboeuf.
Descartes, his fragments of a contemplated work, entitled "Monde," 68; on comets, 139.
Deshayes and Lyell, their investigations on the numerical relations of extinct and existing organic life, 275.
Dicaearchus, his "parallel of the diaphragm," 289.
Diogenes Laertius, on the aerolite of Aegos Potamos, 116, 122, 134.
D'Orbigny, fossil remains from the Himalaya and the Indian plains of Cutch, 277.
Dove on the similar action of the declination needle to the atmospheric electrometer, 194; "law of rotation," 315; on the formation and appearance of clouds, 316; on the difference between the true temperature of the surface of the ground and the indications of a thermometer suspended in the shade, 325; hygrometric windrose, 333.
Doyere, his beautiful experiments on the tenacity of life in animalcules, 345.
Drake, shaking of the earth for successive days in the United States (1811-12), 211.
Dufrenoy et Elie de Beaumont, Geologie de la France, 253, 258, 259, 260, 262, 266.
Dumas, results of his chemical analysis of the atmosphere, 311.
Dunlop on the comet of 1825, 103.
Duperrey on the configuration of the magnetic equator, 183; pendulum oscillations, 166.
Duprez, influence of trees on the intensity of electricity in the atmosphere, 335.
Eandi, Vassalli, electric perturbation during the protracted earthquake of
Pignorol, 206.
Earth, survey of its crust, 72; relative magnitude, etc., in the solar system, 95-97; general description of terrestrial phenomena, 154-360; geographical distribution, 161, 162; its mean density, 169-172; internal heat and temperature, 172-176; electro-magnetic activity, 177-193; conjectures on its early high temperature, 172; interior increase of heat with increasing depth, 161; greatest depths reached by human labor, 157-159; methods employed to investigate the curvature of its surface, 165-168; reaction of the interior on the external crust, 161, 202-247; general delineation of its reaction, 204-206; fantastic views on its interior, 171.
Earthquakes, general account of, 204-218; their manifestations, 204-206; of Riobamba, 204, 206, 208, 212, 214; Lisbon, 210, 211, 213, 214; Calabria, 206; their propagation, 204, 212, 213; waves of commotion, 205, 206, 212; action on gaseous and aqueous springs, 210, 222, 224; salses and mud volcanoes, 224-228; erroneous popular belief on, 206-208; noise accompanying earthquakes, 208-210; their vast destruction of life, 210, 211; volcanic force, 214, 215; deep and peculiar impression produced on men and animals, 215, 216.
Ehrenberg, his discovery of infusoria in the polishing slate of Bilin, 150; infusorial deposits, 255, 262; brilliant discovery of microscopic life in the ocean and in the ice of the polar regions, 342; rapid propogation of animalcules and their tenacity of life, 343-345; transformation of chalk, 262.
Electricity, magnetic, 188-202; conjectured electric currents, 189, 190; electric storms, 194; atmospheric 335, 337.
Elevations, comparative, of mountains in the two hemispheres, 28, 29.
Encke, 106; his computation that the showers of meteors, in 1833, proceeded from the same point of space in the direction in which the earth was moving at the time, 119, 120.
Ennius, 71.
Epicharmus, writings of, 71.
Equator, advantages of the countries bordering on, 33, 34; their organic richness and fertility, 34, 35; magnetic equator, 183-185.
Erman, Adolph, on the three cold days of May (11th-13th), 133; lines of declination in Northern Asia, 182; in the southern parts of the Atlantic, 187; observations during the earthquake of Irkutsk, on the non-disturbance of the horary changes of the magnetic needle, 207.
Eruptions and exhalations (volcanic), lava, gaseous and liquid fluids, hot mud, mud mofettes, etc., 161, [other page numbers obscured in paper copy]
p 367 Ethnographical studies, their importance and teaching, 357, 358.
Euripides, his Phaeton, 122.
Falconer, Dr., fossil researches in the Himalayas, 278.
Faraday, radiating heat, electro-magnetism etc., 49, 179, 188; brilliant discovery of the evolution of light by magnetic forces, 193.
Farquharson on the connection of cirrous clouds with the Aurora, 197; its altitude, 199.
Federow, his pendulum experiments, 168.
Feldt on the ascent of shooting stars, 123.
Ferdinandes, igneous island of, 242.
Floras, geographical distribution of, 350.
Forbes, Professor E., reference to his Travels in Lycia, 223; account of the island of Santorino, 241, 242.
Forbes, Professor J., his improved selsmometer, 205; on the correspondence existing between the distribution of existing floras in the British Islands, 348, 349; on the origin and diffusion of the British flora, 353, 354.
Forster, George, remarked the climatic difference of temperature of the eastern and western coasts of both continents, 321.
Forster, Dr. Thomas, monkish notice of "Meteorodes," 123.
Fossil remains of tropical plants and animals found in northern regions, 46, 270-284; of extinct vegetation in the travertine of Van Diemen's Land, 224; fossil human remains, 250.
Foster, Reinhold, pyramidal configuration of the southern extremities of continents, 290, 291.
Fourier, temperature of our planetary system, 155, 172, 176.
Fracastoro on the direction of the tails of comets from the sun, 101.
Fraehn, fall of stars, 119.
Franklin, Benjamin, existence of sandbanks indicated by the coldness of the water over them, 308.
Franklin, Capt., on the Aurora, 197, 199, 200, 201; rarity of electric explosions in high northern regions, 337.
Freycinet, pendulum oscillations, 166.
Fusinieri on meteoric masses, 123.
Galileo, 104, 167.
Galle, Dr., 91.
Galvant, Aloysio, accidental discovery of galvanism, 52.
Gaseous emanations, fluids, mud, and molten earth, 217, 220.
Gasparin, distribution of the quantity of rain in Central Europe, 333.
Gauss, Friedrich, on terrestrial magnetism, 179; his erection. in 1832, of a magnetic observatory on a new principle, 191, 192.
Gay-Lussac, 204, 233, 234, 266, 267, 311, 312, 334, 336.
Geognostic or geological description of the earth's surface, 202-286.
Geognosy (the study of the textures and position of the earth's surface), its progress, 203.
Geography, physical, 288-311; of animal life, 341-346; of plants, 346-351.
Geographics, Ritter's (Carl), "Geography in relation to Nature and the
History of Man," 48, 67; Varenius (Bernhard), General and Comparative
Geography, 66, 67.
Gerard, Capts. A. G. and J. G., on the snow-line and vegetation of the
Himalayas, 31, 32, 331, 332.
German scientific works, their defects, 47.
Geyser, intermittent fountains of, 222.
Gieseke on the Aurora, 200.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, Gulf Stream, 307.
Gilbert, William, of Colchester, terrestrial magnetism, 158, 159, 177, 179, 182.
Gillies, Dr., on the snow-line of South America, 330, 331.
Gioja, crater of, 98.
Girard, composition and texture of basalt, 253.
Glaisher, James, on the Aurora Borealis of Oct. 24, 1847. See Translator's notes, 194, 200.
Goldfuss, Professor, examination of fossil specimens of the flying saurians, 274.
Goppert on the conversion of a fragment of amber-tree into black coal, 281; eyeadeae, 283; on the amber-tree of the Baltic, 283, 284.
Gothe, 41, 47, 53.
Greek philosophers, their use of the term Cosmos, 69, 70; hypotheses on aerolites, 122, 123, 134.
Grimm, Jacob, graceful symbolism attached to falling stars in the Lithuanian mythology, 112, 113.
Gulf Stream, its origin and course, 307.
Gumprecht, pyroxenic nepheline, 253.
Guanaxuato, striking subterranean noise at, 209.
Hall, Sir James, his experiments on mineral fusion, 262.
Halley, comet, 43, 100, 102-109; on the meteor of 1686, 118, 133; on the light of stars, 152; hypothesis of the earth being a hollow sphere, 171; his bold conjecture that the Aurora Borealis was a magnetic phenomenon, 193.
Hansteen on magnetic lines of declination in Northern Asia, 182.
Hausen on the material contents of the moon, 96.
Hedenstrom on the so-called "Wood Hills" of New Siberia, 281.
Hegel, quotation from his "Philosophy of History," 76.
Heine, discovery of crystals of feldspar in scoriae, 268.
Hemmer, falling stars, 119.
Hencke, planets discovered by. See note by Translator, 90, 91.
Henfrey, A., extract from his Outlines of Structural and Physiological
Botany. See notes by Translator, 341, 342, 351.
p 368 Hensius on the variations of form in the comet of 1744, 102.
Herodotus, described Scythia as free from earthquakes, 204; Scythian saga of the sacred gold, which fell burning from heaven, 115.
Herschel, Sir William, map of the world, 66; inscription on his monument at Upton, 87; satellites of Saturn, 96; diameters of comets, 101; on the comet of 1811, 103; star guagings, 150; starless space, 150, 152; time required for light to pass to the earth from the remotest luminous vapor, 154.
Herschel, Sir John, letter on Magellanic clouds, 85; satellites of Saturn, 98; diameter of nebulous stars, 141; stellar Milky Way, 150, 151; light of isolated starry clusters, 151; observed at the Cape, the star pi in Argo increase in splendor, 153; invariability of the magnetic declination in the West Indes, 181.
Hesiod, dimensions of the universe, 154.
Hevellus on the comet of 1618, 106.
Hibbert, Dr., on the Lake of Laach. See note by Translator, 218.
Himalayas, the, their altitude, 28; scenery and vegetation, 29, 30; temperature, 30, 31; variations of the snow-line on their northern and southern declivities, 30-33, 331.
Hind, Mr., planets discovered by. See Translator's note, 90, 91.
Hindoo civilization, its primitive seat, 35, 36.
Hippalos, or monsoons, 316.
Hippocrates, his erroneous supposition that the land of Scythia is an elevated table-land, 346.
Hoff, numerical inquiries on the distribution of earthquakes throughout the year, 207.
Hoffman, Friedrich, observations on earthquakes, 206-207; on eruption fissures in the Lipari Islands, 238.
Holberg, his Satire, "Travels of Nic. Klimius, in the world under ground."
See Translator's note, 171, 172.
Hood on the Aurora, 200, 201.
Hooke, Robert, pulsations in the tails of comets, 143; his anticipation of the application of botannical and zoological evidence to determine the relative age of rocks, 270-272.
Ho-tsings, Chinese fire-springs, their depth, 158; chemical composition, 217.
Howard on the climate of London, 125; mean annual quantity of rain in
London, 333.
Hugel, Carl von, on the elevation of the valley of Kashmir, 32, 33; on the snow-line of the Himalayas, 331.
Humboldt, Alexander von, works by referred to in various notes:
Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 31, 305.
Annales des Science Naturelles, 28.
Ansichten der Natur, 342, 344, 347.
Asie Centrale, 28, 31, 33, 115, 158, 159, 160, 204, 217, 219, 225, 245,
251, 252, 260, 289, 290, 291, 292, 296, 300, 301, 303-306, 320, 323, 324,
330, 331, 334, 350, 356.
Atlas Geographique et Physique du Nouveau Continent, 33, 249.
De distributione Geographica Plantrum, secundum coeli temperiem, et
altitudinem Montium, 33, 291, 324.
Examen Critique de l'Histoire de la Geographie, 58, 180, 181, 227, 289,
292, 307, 308, 310, 316, 356.
Essai Geognostique sur le Gisement des Roches, 230, 252, 266, 300.
Essai Politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne, 129, 240.
Essai sur la Geographie des Plantes, 33, 230, 315.
Flora Friburgensis Subterranea, 340, 346.
Journal de Physique, 178, 292.
Lettre au Duc de Sussex, sur les Moyens propres a perfectionner la
connaissance du Magnetisme Terrestre, 178, 192.
Monumens des Peuples Indigenes de l'Amerique, 140.
Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 307.
Recueil d'Observations Astronomiques, 28, 167, 218, 327.
Recueil d'Observations de Zoologi et d'Anatomie Comparee, 232.
Relation Historique du Voyage aux Regions Equinoxiales, 113, 119, 123,
127, 130, 186, 206, 207, 220, 221, 225, 252, 292, 299, 300, 302, 305-307,
314, 315, 327, 329, 334, 336.
Tableau Physique des Regions Equinoxiales, 33, 230.
Vues des Cordilleres, 225, 230.
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, on the primitive seat of Hindoo civilization, 36; sonnet, extract from, 154; on the gradual recognition by the human race of the bond of humanity, 358, 359.
Humidity, 313, 332-335.
Hutton, Capt. Thomas, his paper on the snow-line of the Himalayas, 331, 332.
Huygens, polarization of light, 52; nebulous spots, 138.
Hygrometry, 332, 333; hygrometric wind-rose, 333.
Imagination, abuse of, by half-civilized nations, 37.
Imbert, his account of Chinese "fire-springs," 158.
Ionian school of natural philosophy, 65, 77, 84, 134.
Isogenic, isoclinical, isodynamic, etc. See Lines.
Jacquemont, Victor, his barometrical observations on the snow-line of the
Himalayas, 32, 231.
Jasper, its formation, 259-261.
Jessen on the gradual rise of the coast of Sweden, 295.
Jorullo, hornitos de, 230.
p 369 Justinian, conjectures on the physical causes of volcanic eruptions, 243.
Kamtz, isobarometric lines, 315; doubts on the greater dryness of mountain air, 334.
Kant, Emmanuel, "on the theory and structure of the heavens," 50, 65; earthquake at Lisbon, 210.
Kelihau on the ancient sea-line of the coast of Spitzbergen, 296.
Kepler on the distances of stars, 88; on the density of the planets, 93; law of progression, 95; on the number of comets, 99; shooting stars, 113; on the obscuration of the sun's disk, 132; on the radiations of heat from the fixed stars, 136; on a solar atmosphere, 139.
Kloden, shooting stars, 119, 124.
Knowledge, superficial, evils of, 43.
Krug of Nidda, temperature of the Geyser and the Strokr intermittent fountains, 222.
Krusenstern, Admiral, on the train of a fire-ball, 114.
Kuopho, a Chinese physicist on the attraction of the magnet, and of amber, 168.
Kupffer, magnetic stations in Northern Asia, 191.
Lamanon, 187.
Lambert, suggestion that the direction of the wind be compared with the height of the barometer, alterations of temperature, humidity, etc., 315.
Lamont, mass of Uranus, 93; satellites of Saturn, 96.
Language and thought, their mutual alliance, 56; author's praise of his native language, 56.
Languages, importance of their study, 357, 359.
Laplace, his "Systeme du Monde," 48, 62, 92, 141; mass of the comet of 1770, 107; on the required velocity of masses projected from the Moon, 121, 122; on the altitude of the boundaries of the atmosphere of cosmical bodies, 141; zodiacal light, 141; lunar inequalities, 166; the Earth's form and size inferred from lunar inequalities, 168, 169; his estimate of the mean height of mountains, 301; density of the ocean required to be less than the earth's for the stability of its equilibrium, 305; results of his perfect theory of tides, 306.
Latin writers, their use of the term "Mundus," 70, 71.
Latitudes, Northern, obstacles they present to a discovery of the laws of Nature, 36; earliest acquaintance with the governing forces of the physical world, there displayed, 36; spread from thence of the germs of civilization, 36.
Latitudes, tropical, their advantages for the contemplation of nature, 33; powerful impressions, from their organic richness and fertility, 34; facilities they present for a knowledge of the laws of nature, 35; brilliant display of shooting stars, 113.
Laugier, his calculations to prove Halley's comet identical with the comet of 1378, described in Chinese tables, 109.
Lava, its mineral composition, 234.
Lavoisier, 62.
Lawrence (St.), fiery tears, 124; meteoric stream, 125.
Leibnitz, his conjecture that the planets increase in volume in proportion to their increase of distance from the Sun, 93.
Lenz, observations on the mean level of the Caspian Sea, 297; maxims of density of the oceanic temperature, 304; temperature and density of the ocean under different zones of latitude and longitude, 306.
Leonhard, Karl von, assumption on formations of granular limestone, 263.
Leverrier, planet Neptune. See Translator's note, 90, 91.
Lewy, observations on the varying quantity of oxygen in the atmosphere, according to local conditions, or the seasons, 311, 312.
Lichtenberg, on meteoric stones, 118.
Liebig on traces of ammonical vapors in the atmosphere, 311.
Light, chromatic polarization of, 52; transmission, 88; of comets, 104-106; of fixed stars, 105; extraordinary lightness, instances of, 142-144; propagation of 153; speed of transit, 153, 154. See Aurora, Zodiacal Light, etc.
Lignites or beds of brown coal, 283, 284.
Lines, isogonic (magnetic equal deviation), 177, 181-185; isoclinal (magnetis equal inclination), 178, 179, 181-185; isodynamic (or magnetic equal force), 181, 185-194; isogeothermal (chthonisothermal), 219; isobarometric, 315; isothermal, isotheral, and isochimenal, 317, 327, 328, 358.
Line of no variation of horary declination, 183; lower limit of perpetual snow, 329-332; phosphorescent, 113.
Lisbon, earthquake of, 210, 211, 213, 214.
Lord on the limits of the snow-line on the Himalayas, 32.
Lottin, his observations of the Aurora, with Bravais and Siljerstrom, on the coast of Lapland, 195, 200, 201.
Lowenorn, recognized the coruscation of the polar light in bright sunshine, 196.
Lyell, Charles, investigations on the numerical relations of extinct and organic life, 274, 275; nether-formed or hypogene rocks, 249; uniformity of the production of erupted rocks, 257. See notes by Translator, 203, 244, 257.
Mackenzie, description of a remarkable eruption in Iceland, 236.
Maclear on a Centauri, 88; parallaxes and distances of fixed stars, 153; increase in brightness of 'pi' Argo, 153.
Madler, planetary compression of Uranus, 96; distance of the innermost satellite of Saturn from the centre of that planet, 97; material contents of the Moon, 96; its libration, 98; mean depression of temperature on the three cold days of May (11th-13th), 133; conjecture that the average mass of the larger number of binary stars exceeds the mass of the Sun, 149.
Magellanic clouds, 85.
Magnetic attraction, 188; declination, 181-183; horary motion, 177-180; horary variations 183, 190; magnetic storms, 177, 179, 195, 199; their intimate connection with the Aurora, 193-201; represented by three systems of lines, see Lines; movement of oval systems, 182; magnetic equator, 183-185; magnetic poles, 183, 184; observatories, 190-192; magnetic stations, 190, 191, 317.
Magnetism, terrestrial, 177-193, 201; electro, 177-191.
Magnussen, Soemund, description of remarkable eruption in Iceland, 236.
Mahlmann, Wilhelm, south west direction of the aërial current in the middle latitudes of the temperate zone, 317.
Mairan on the zodiacal light, 138, 139, 142; his opinion that the Sun is a nebulous star, 141.
Malapert, annular mountain, 98.
Malle, Dureau de la, 223.
Man, general view of, 351-359; proofs of the flexibility of his nature, 27; results of his intellectual progress, 53, 54; geographical distribution of races, 351-356; on the assumption of superior and inferior races, 351-358; his gradual recognition of the bond of humanity, 358, 359.
Mantell, Dr., his "Wonders of Geology," see notes by Translator, 45, 64, 203, 274, 278, 281, 283, 284, 287; "Medals of Creation," 46, 271, 283, 287.
Margarita Philosophica by Gregory Reisch, 58.
Marius, Simon, first described the nebulous spots in Andromeda and Orion, 138.
Martins, observations on polar bands, 198; found that air collected at Faulhorn contained as much oxygen as the air of Paris, 312; on the distribution of the quantity of rain in Central Europe, 333; doubts on the greater dryness of mountain air, 334.
Matthessen, letter to Arago on the zodiacal light, 142.
Mathieu on the augmented intensity of the attraction of gravitation in volcanic islands, 167.
Mayer, Tobias, on the motion of the solar system, 146, 148.
Mean numerical values, their necessity in modern physical science, 81.
Melloni, his discoveries on radiating heat and electro-magnetism, 49.
Menzel, unedited work by, on the flora of Japan, 347.
Messier, comet, 108; nebulous spot resembling our starry stratum, 151.
Metamorphic Rocks. See Rocks.
Meteorology, 311-339.
Meteors, see Aërolites; meteoric infusoria, 345, 346.
Methone, Hill of, 240.
Meyen on forming a thermal scale of cultivation, 324; on the reproductive organs of liverworts and algae, 341.
Meyer, Hermann von, on the organization of flying saurians, 274.
Milky Way, its figure, 89; views of Aristotle on, 103; vast telescopic breadth, 150; Milky Way of nebulous spots at right angles with that of the stars, 151.
Minerals, artificially formed, 268, 269.
Mines, greatest depth of, 157, 159; temperature, 158.
Mist, phosphorescent, 142.
Mitchell, protracted earthquake shocks in North America, 211.
Mitscherlich on the chemical origin of iron glance in volcanic masses, 234; chemical combinations, a means of throwing a clear light on geognosy, 256; on gypsum, as a uniaxal crystal, 259; experiments on the simultaneously opposite actions of heat on crystalline bodies, 259; formation of crystals of mica, 260; on artificial mineral products, 268, 271.
Mofettes (exhalations of carbonic acid gas), 215-219.
Monsoons (Indian), 316, 317.
Monticelli on the current of hydrochloric acid from the crater of Vesuvius, 235; crystals of mica found in the lava of Vesuvius, 260.
Moon, the, its relative magnitude, 96; density, 96; distance from the earth, 97; its libration, 98, 163; its light compared with that of the Aurora, 201, 202; volcanic action in, 228.
Moons or satellites, their diameter, distances, rotation, etc., 95-99.
Morgan, John H. "on the Aurora Borealis of Oct. 24, 1847." See Translator's notes, 194, 199.
Morton, Samuel George, his magnificent work on the American Races, 362.
Moser's images, 202.
Mountains, in Asia, America, and Europe, their altitude, scenery, and vegetation, 27-30, 238, 347; their influence on climate, natural productions, and on the human race, its trade, civilization, and social condition, 291, 292, 299, 300, 327; zones of vegetation on the declivities of 29, 30, 327-329; snow-line of, 30-33, 330, 331.
Mud volcanoes. See Salses and Volcanoes.
Muller, Johannes, on the modifications of plants and aniimals within certain limitations, 353.
Muncke on the appearance of Auroras in certain districts, 198.
Murchison, Sir R., account of a large fissure through which melaphyre had been ejected, 258; classification of fossiliferous strata, 277; on the age of the Palaeosaurus and Thecodontosaurus of Bristol, 274.
Muschenbroek on the frequency of meteors in August, 125.
Myndius, Apollonius, on the Pythagorean doctrine of comets, 103, 104.
Nature, result of a rational inquiry into, 25; emotions excited by her contemplation, 25; striking scenes, 26; their sources of enjoyment, 26, 27; magnificence of the tropical scenery, 33, 34, 35, 344; religious impulses from a communion with nature, 37; obstacles to an active spirit of inquiry, 37; mischief of inaccurate observations, 38; higher enjoyments of her study, 38; narrow-minded views of nature, 38; lofty impressions produced on the minds of laborious observers, 40; nature defined, 41; her studies inexhaustible, 41; general observations, their great advantages, 42; how to be correctly comprehended, 72; her most vivid impressions earthly, 82.
Nature, philosophy of, 24, 37; physical description of, 66, 67, 73.
Nebulae, 84-86; nebulous Milky Way at right angles with that of the stars, 150-153; nebulous spots, conjectures on, 83-86; nebulous stars and planetary nebulae, 85, 151, 152; nebulous vapor, 83-86, 87, 152; their supposed condensation in conformity with the laws of attraction, 84.
Neilson, gradual depression of the southern part of Sweden, 295.
Nericat, Andrea de, popular belief in Syria on the fall of aerolites, 123.
Newton, discussed the question on the difference between the attraction of masses and molecular attraction, 63; Newtonian axiom confirmed by Bessel, 64; his edition of the Geography of Varenius, 66; Principia Mathematica, 67; considered the planets to be composed of the same matter with the Earth, 132; compression of the Earth, 165.
Nicholl, J. P., note from his account of the planet Neptune, 90, 91.
Nicholson, observations of lighting clouds, unaccompanied by thunder or indications of storm, 337.
Nobile, Antonio, experiments of the height of the barometer, and its influence on the level of the sea, 298.
Noggerath counted 792 annual rings in the trunk of a tree at Bonn, 283.
Nordmann on the existence of animalcules in the fluids of the eyes of fishes, 345.
Norman, Robert, invented the inclinatorium, 179.
Observations, scientific, mischief of inaccurate, 38; tendency of unconnected, 40.
Ocean, general view of, 292-311; its extent as compared with the dry land, 288, 289; its depth, 160, 302; tides, 304, 305; decreasing temperature at increased depths, 302; uniformity and constancy of temperature in the same spaces, 303; its currents and their various causes, 306-309; its phosphorescence in the torrid zone, 202; its action on climate, 303, 319-320; influence on the mental and social condition of the human race, 162, 291, 292, 294, 310; richness of its organic life, 300, 310; oceanic microscopic forms, 342, 343; sentiments excited by its contemplation, 310.
Oersted, electro-magnetic discoveries, 188, 191.
Olbers, comets, 104, 109; aerolites, 114, 118; on their planetary velocity, 121; on the supposed phenomena of ascending shooting stars, 123; their periodic return in August, 125; November stream, 126; prediction of a brilliant fall of shooting stars in Nov., 1867, 127; absence of fossil meteoric stones in secondary and tertiary formations, 131; zodiacal light, its vibration through the tails of comets, 143; on the transparency of celestial space, 152.
Olmsted, Denison of New Haven, Connecticut, observations of aerolites, 113, 118, 119, 124.
Oltmanns, Herr, observed continuously with Humboldt, at Berlin, the movements of the declination needle, 190, 191.
Ovid, his description of the volcanic Hill of Methone, 240.
Oviedo describes the weed of the Gulf Stream as Praderias de yerva (sea weed meadows), 308.
Palaeontology, 270-284.
Pallas, meteoric iron, 131.
Palmer, New Haven, Connecticut, on the prodigious swarm of shooting stars,
Nov. 12 and 13, 1833, 124; on the non-appearance in certain years of the
August and November fall of aerolites, 129.
Parallaxes of fixed stars, 88, 89; of the solar system, 145, 146.
Perry, Capt., on Auroras, their connection with magnetic perturbations, 197, 201; whether attended with any sound, 200; seen to continue throughout the day, 197; barometric observation at Port Bowen, 314, 315; rarity of electric explosions in northern regions, 337.
Patricius, St., his accurate conjectures on the hot springs of Carthage, 223, 224.
Peltier on the actual source of atmospheric electricity, 335, 336.
Pendulum, its scientific uses, 44; experiments with, 64, 166, 169, 170; employed to investigate the curvature of the earth's surface, 165; local attraction, its influence on the pendulum, and geognostic knowledge deduced from, 44, 45, 167, 168; experiments of Bessel, 64.
Pentland, his measurements of the Andes, 28.
Percy, Dr., on minerals artifically produced. See note by Translator, 268.
Permian system of Murchison, 277.
Perouse, La, expedition of, 186.
Persia, great comet seen in (1608), 139, 140.
Pertz on the large aerolite that fell in the bed of the River Narni, 116.
Peters, Dr., velocity of stones projected from Aetna, 122.
Peucati, Count Mazari, partial infection of calcareous beds by the contact of syenitic granite in the Tyrol, 262.
Phillips on the temperature of a coalmine at increasing depths, 174.
Philolaus, his astronomical studies, 65; his fragmentary writings, 68-71.
Philosophy of nature, first germ, 37.
Phosphorescence of the sea in the torrid zones, 202.
Physics, their limits, 50; influence of physical science on the wealth and prosperity of nations, 53; province of physical science, 59; distinction betweeen the physical 'history' and physical 'description' of the world, 71, 72; physical science, characteristics of its modern progress, 81.
Pindar, 227.
Plans, geodesic experiments in Lombardy, 168.
Planets, 89-99; present number discovered, 90. (See note by Translator on the most recent discoveries, 90, 91); Sir Isaac Newton on their composition, 132; limited physical knowledge of, 156, 157; Ceres, 64-92; Earth, 88-99; Juno, 64, 92-97, 106; Jupiter, 64, 87, 92-98, 202; Mars, 87, 91-94, 132; Mercury, 87, 92-94; Pallas, 64, 92; Saturn, 87, 92-94; Venus, 91-94, 202; Uranus, 90-94; planets which have the largest number of moons, 95, 96.
Plants, geographical distribution of, 346-350.
Plato on the heavenly bodies, etc., 69; interpretation of nature, 163; his geognostic views on hot springs, and volcanic igneous streams, 237, 238.
Pliny the elder, his Natural History, 73; on comets, 104; aerolites, 122, 123, 130; magnetism, 180; attraction of amber, 188; on earthquakes, 205, 207; on the flame of inflammable gas, in the district of Phasells, 223; rarity of jasper, 261; on the configuration of Africa, 292.
Pliny the younger, his description of the great eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and the phenomenon of volcanic ashes, 235.
Plutarch, truth of his conjecture that falling stars are celestial bodies, 133, 134.
Poisson on the planet Jupiter, 64; conjecture on the spontaneous ignition of meteoric stones, 118; zodiacal light, 141; theory on the earth's temperature, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177.
Polarization, chromatic, results of its discovery, 52; experiments on the light of comets, 105, 106.
Polybius, 291.
Posidonius on the Ligyran field of stones, 115, 116.
Pouilet on the actual source of atmospheric electricity, 335.
Prejudices against science, how originated, 38; against the study of the exact sciences, why fallacious, 40-52.
Prichard, his physical history of Mankind, 352.
Pseudo-Plato, 54.
Psychrometer, 332, 338.
Pythagoras, first employed the word Cosmos in its modern sense, 69.
Pythagoreans, their study of the heavenly bodies, 65; doctrine on comets, 103.
Quarterly Review, article on Terrestrial Magnetism, 192.
Quetelet on aerolites, 114; their periodic return in August, 125.
Races, human, their geographical distribution, and unity, 351, 359.
Rain drops, temperature of, 220; mean annual quantity in the two hemispheres, 333, 334.
Reich, mean density of the earth, as ascertained by the torsion balance, 170; temperature of the mines in Saxony, 174.
Reisch, Gregory, his "Margarita Philosophica," 58.
Remusat, Abel, Mongolian tradition on the fall of an aerolite, 116; active volcanoes in Central Asia, at great distances from the sea, 245.
Richardson, magnetic phenomena attending the Aurora, 197; whether accompanied by sound 200; influence on the magnetic needle of the Aurora, 201.
Riohamba, earthquake at, 204, 205, 208, 213, 214.
Ritter, Carl, on his "Geography in relation to Nature and the History of
Man," 48, 67.
Robert, Eugene, on the ancient sea-line on the coast of Spitzbergen, 296.
Robertson on the permanency of the compass in Jamaica, 181.
Rocks, their nature and configuration, 228; geognostical classification into four groups, 248-251; i. rocks of eruption, 248, 251-253; ii. sedimentary rocks, 248, 254, 255; iii. transformed, or metamorphic rocks, 248, 259, 255, 256-269; iv. conglomerates, or rocks of detritus, 269, 270; their changes from the action of heat, 258, 259; phenomena of contact, 258-269; effects of pressure and the rapidity of cooling, 258, 267.
Rose, Gustav, on the chemical elements, etc., of various aerolites, 131; on the structural relations of volcanic rocks, 254; on crystals of feldspar and albite found in granite, 251; relations of position in which granite occurs, 252-269; chemical process in the formation of various minerals, 265-269.
Ross, Sir James, his soundings with 27,000 feet of line, 160; magnetic observations at the South Pole, 187; important results of the Antarctic magnetic expedition in 1839, 192; rarity of electric explosions in high northern regions, 337.
Rossell, M. de, his magnetic oscillation experiments, and their date of publication, 186, 187.
Rothmann, confounded the setting zodiscal light with the cessation of twilight, 143.
Rozier, observation of a steady luminous appearance in the clouds, 202.
Rumker, Encke's comet, 106.
Ruppell denies the existence of active volcanoes in Kordofan, 245.
Sabine, Edward, observations on days of unusual magnetic disturbances, 178; recent magnetic observations, 184, 185, 187, 188.
Sagra, Ramon de la, observations on the mean annual quantity of rain in the
Havana, 333.
Saint Pierre, Bernardin de, Paul and Virginia, 26; Studies of Nature, 347.
Salses or mud volcanoes, 224-228; striking phenomena attending their origin, 224, 225.
Salt works, depth of 158, 159; temperature, 174.
Santorino, the most important of the islands of eruption, 241, 242; description of. See note by Translator, 241.
Sargasso Sea, its situation, 308.
Satellites revolving round the primary planets, their diameter, distance, rotation, etc., 94, 99; Saturn's 96-98, 127' Earth's see Moon, Jupiter's, 96, 97; Uranus, 96-98.
Saurians, flying, fossil remains of, 274, 275.
Saussure, measurements of the marginal ledge of the crater of Mount Vesuvius, 232; traces of ammoniacal vapors in the atmosphere, 311; hygrometric measurements with Humboldt, 334-336.
Schayer, microscopic organisms in the ocean, 342, 343.
Scheerer on the identity of eleolite and nepheline, 253.
Schelling on nature, 55; quotation from his Giordino Bruino, 77.
Scheuchzner's fossil salamander, conjectured to be an antediluvian man, 274.
Schiller, quotation from, 36.
Schnurrer on the obscuration of the sun's disk, 133.
Schouten, Cornelius, in 1616 found the declination null in the Pacific, 182.
Schouw, distribution of the quantity of rain in Central Europe, 333.
Schrieber on the fragmentary character of meteoric stones, 117.
Scientific researches, their frequent result, 50; scientific knowledge a requirement of the present age, 53, 54; scientific terms, their vagueness and misapplication, 58, 68.
Scina, Abbate, earthquakes unconnected with the state of the weather, 206, 207.
Scoresby, rarity of electric explosions in high northern regions, 337.
Sea. See Ocean.
Seismometer, the, 205.
Seleucus of Erythrea, his astronomical studies, 65.
Seneca, noticed the direction of the tails of comets, 102; his views on the nature and paths of comets, 103, 104; omens drawn from their sudden appearance, 111; the germs of later observations on earthquakes found in his writings, 207; problematical extinction and sinking of Mount Aetna, 227, 240.
Shoals, atmospheric indications of their vicinity, 309.
Sidereal systems, 89, 90.
Siljerstrom, his observations on the Aurora, with Lottin and Bravais, on the coast of Lapland, 195.
Sirowatskoi, "Wood Hills" in New Siberia, 281.
Snow-line of the Himalayas, 30-33, 331, 334; of the Andes, 330; redness of long-fallen snow, 344.
Solar system, general description, 90-154; its position in space, 89; its transistory motion, 145-150.
Solinus on mud volcanoes, 225.
Sommering on the fossil remains of the large vertebrata, 274.
Somerville, Mrs., on the volume of fire-balls and shooting stars, 116; faintness of light of planetary nebulae, 141.
Southern celestial hemisphere, its picturesque beauty, 85, 86.
Spontaneous generation, 345, 346.
Springs, hot and cold, 219-225; intermittent, 219; causes of their temperature, 220-222; thermal, 222, 345; deepest Artesian wells the warmest, observed by Arago, 223; salses, 224-226; influence of earthquake shocks on hot springs, 210, 222-224.
Stars, general account of, 85-90; fixed 89, 90, 104; double and multiple, 89, 147; nebulous, 85, 86, 151, 152; their translatory motion, 147-150; parallaxes and distances, 147-149; computations of Bessel and Herschel on their diameter and volume, 148; immense number in the Milky Way, 150, 151; star dust, 85; star gaugings, 150; starless spaces, 150, 152; telescopic stars, 152; velocity of the propagation of light of, 153, 154; apparition of new stars, 153.
Storms, magnetic and volcanic. See Magnetism, Volcanoes.
Strabo, observed the cessation of shocks of erthquake on the eruption of lava, 215; on the mode in which islands are formed, 227; description of the Hill of Methone, 240; volcanic theory, 243; divined the existence of a continent in the northern hemisphere between Theria and Thine, 289; extolled the varied form of our small continent as favorable to the moral and intellectual development of its people, 291, 292.
Struve, Otho, on the proper motion of the solar system, 146; investigations on the propagation of light, 153; parallaxes and distances of fixed stars, 153; observations on Halley's comet, 105.
Studer, Professor, on mineral metamorphism. See note by Translator, 248.
Sun, magnitude of its volume compared with that of the fixed stars, 136; obscuration of its disk, 132; rotation round the center of gravity of the whole solar system, 145; velocity of its translatory motion, 145; narrow limitations of its atmosphere as compared with the nucleus of other nebulous stars, 141; "sun stones" of the ancients, 122; views of the Greek philosophers on the sun, 122.
Symond, Lieut., his trigonometrical survey of the Dead Sea, 296, 297.
Tacitus, distinguished local climatic relations from those of race, 352.
Temperature of the globe, see Earth and Ocean; remarkable uniformity over the same spaces of the surface of the ocean, 303; zones at which occur the maxima of the oceanic temperature, 319; causes which lower the temperature, 319, 320; temperature of various places, annual, and in the different seasons, 322, 323-328; thermic scale of temperature, 324, 325; of continental climates as compared with insular and littoral climates, 321, 322; law of decrease with increase of elevation, 327; depression of, by shoals, 309; refrigeration of the lower strata of the ocean, 303.
Teneriffe, Peak of its striking scenery, 26.
Theodectes of Phaselis on the color of the Ethiopians, 353.
Theon of Alexandria described comets as "wandering light clouds," 100.
Theophylactus described Scythia as free from earthquakes, 204.
Thermal scales of cultivated plants, 324, 325.
Thermal springs, their temperature, constancy, and change, 221-224; animal and vegetable life in, 345.
Thermometer, 338.
Thibet, habitability of its elevated plateaux, 331, 332.
Thienemann on the Aurora, 197, 200.
Thought, results of its free action, 53, 54; union with language, 56.
Tiberias, Sea of, its depression below the level of the Mediterranean, 296.
Tides of the ocean, their phenomena, 305, 306.
Tillard, Capt., on the sudden appearance of the island of Sabrina, 242.
Tournefort, zones of vegetation on Mount Ararat, 347.
Tralles, his notice of the negative electricity of the air near high waterfalls, 336.
Translator, notes by, 29; on the increase of the earth's internal heat with increase of depth, 45; silicious infusoria and animalculites, 46; chemical analysis of an aerolite, 64; on the recent discoveries of planets, 90, 91; observed the comet of 1843, at New Bedford, Massachusetts, in bright sunshine, 101; on meteoric stones, 111; on a MS., said to be in the library of Christ's College, Cambridge, 124; on the term "salses," 161; on Holberg's satire, "Travels in the World under Ground," 171; on the Aurora Borealis of Oct. 24, 1847, 194, 195, 199; on the electricity of the atmosphere during the Aurora, 200; on volcanic phenomena, 203, 204; description of the seismometer, 205; on the great earthquake of Lisbon, 210; impression made on the natives and foreigners by earthquakes in Peru, 215; earthquakes at Lima, 216, 217; on the gaseous compounds of sulphur, 217, 218; on the Lake of Lasch, its craters, 218; on the emissions of inflammable gas in the district of Phasells, 233; on true volcanoes as distinguished from salses, 224; on the volcano of Pichincha, 228; on the hornitos de Jorullo, as seen by Humboldt, 230; general rule on the dimensions of craters, 230; on the ejection of fish from the volcano of Imbaburn, 223; on the little isle of Volcano, 234; volcanic steam of Pantellaria, 235; on Daubeney's work "On Volcanoes," 236; account of the island of Santorino, 241; on the vicinity of extinct volcanoes to the sea, 244; meaning of the Chinese term "li," 245; on mineral metamorphism, 248; on fossil human remains found in Guadaloupe, 250; on minerals artifically produced 267, 268; fossil organic structures, 271, 272; on Coprolites, 271; geognostic distribution of fossils, 276; fossil fauna of the Sewalik Hills, 278; thickness of coal measures, 281; on the amber pine forests of the Baltic, 283, 284; elevation of mountain chains, 286, 287; the dinornis of Owen, 287; depth of the atmosphere, 302; richness of organic life in the ocean, 309; on filaments of plants resembling the spermatozoa of animals, 341; on the Diatomaceae in the South Arctic Ocean, 343; on the distribution of the floras and faunas of the British Isles, 348, 349; on the origin and diffusion of the British flora, 353, 354.
Translatory motion of the solar system, 145-150.
Trogus, Pompeius, on the supposed necessity that volcanoes were dependent on their vicinity to the sea for their continuance, 243, 244; views of the ancients on spontaneous generation, 346.
Tropical latitudes, their advantages for the contemplation of nature, 33; powerful impressions from their organic richness and fertility, 34; facilities they present for a knowledge of the laws of nature 35; transparency of the atmosphere, 114; phosphorescence of the sea, 202.
Tschudi, Dr., extract from his "Travels in Peru." See Translator's note, 215, 216, 217.
Turner, note on Sir Isaac Newton, 132.
Universality of animated life, 342, 343.
Valz on the comet of 1618, 106.
Varenius, Bernhard, his excellent general and comparative Geography, 66, 67; edited by Newton, 66.
Vegetable world, as viewed with microscopic powers of vision, 341; its predominance over animal life, 343.
Vegetation, its varied distribution on the earth's surface, 29-31, 62; richness and fertility in the tropics, 33-35; zones of vegetation on the declivities of mountains, 29-32, 346-350. See Aetna, Cordilleras, Himalayas, Mountains.
Vico, satellites of Saturn, 96.
Vigne, measurement of Ladak, 322.
Vine, thermal scale of its cultivation, 324.
Volcanoes, 28, 30, 35, 159, 161, 214, 215, 224-248; author's application of the term volcanic, 45; active volcanoes, safety-valves for their immediate neighborhood, 214; volcanic eruptions, 161, 210-270; mud volcanoes or salses, 224-228; traces of volcanic action on the surface of the earth and moon, 228; influence of relations of height on the occurrence of eruptions, 228-233; volcanic storm, 233; volcanic ashes, 233; classification of volcanoes into central and linear, 238; theory of the necessity of their proximity to the sea, 243-246; geographical distribution of still active volcanoes, 245-247; metamorphic action on rocks, 247-249.
Vrolik, his anatomical investigations on the form of the pelvis, 352, 353.
Wagner, Rudolph, notes on the races of Africa, 352.
Walter on the decrease of volcanic activity, 215.
Wartmann, meteors, 113, 114.
Weber, his anatomical investigations on the form of the pelvis, 353.
Webster, Dr. (of Harvard College, U.S.), account of the island named
Sabrina. See note by Translator, 242.
Winds, 315-321; monsoons, 316, 317; trade winds, 32-, 321; law of rotation, importance of its knowledge, 315-317.
Wine on the temperature required for its cultivation, 324; thermic table of mean annual heat, 325.
Wolleston on the limitation of the atmosphere, 302.
Wrangel, Admiral, on the brilliancy of the Aurora Borealis, coincident with the fall of shooting stars, 126, 127; observations of the Aurora, 197, 200; wood hills of the Siberian Polar Sea, 281.
Xenophanes of Colophon, described comets as wandering light clouds, 100; marine fossils found in marble quarries, 263.
Young, Thomas, earliest observer of the influence different kinds of rocks exercise on the vibrations of the pendulum, 168.
Yul-sung, described by Chinese writers as "the realm of pleasure," 332.
Zimmerman, Carl, hypsometrical remarks on the elevation of the Himalayas, 32.
Zodiacal light, conjectures on, 86-92; general account of, 137-144; beautiful appearance, 137, 138; first described in Childrey's Britannia Baconica, 138; probable causes, 141; intensity in tropical climates, 142.
Zones, of vegetation, on the declivities of mountains, 29-33; of latitude, their diversified vegetation, 62; of the southern heavens, their magnificence, 85, 86; polar, 197, 198.