INDEX.

• ABOU-ZEYD, his account of fish on dry land, 350 n.
• Abyssinia, fishes of, 352.
• Acalephæ, 398. See Radiata.
• Acanthopterygii, 360.
• Accipitres, 245.
• Acherontia Sathanas, 427
• Adam's Peak, elephants on the summit, 109.
• Ælian's account of the mermaid, 69.
  • his statement as to the export of elephants from Ceylon, 77 n., 209n.
  • error as to the shedding of the elephant's tusks, 79 n.
  • describes elephants killing criminals with their knees.87 n.
  • error as to elephants' joints, 102.
  • his account of Ceylon tortoises, 293.
  • his account of the superiority of the elephants of Ceylon, 209 n.
  • his description of the performances of the trained elephants at Rome, 237.
  • his account of the sword-fish, 328.
  • describes a Cheironectes, 331.
• African elephant, its peculiarities, 65.
  • not inferior to the Indian in tractability, 208.
• Albino buffalo, 57.
  • deer, 59.
• Albyrouni, on the pearl oyster, 375.
• Alce, described by Pliny and Cæsar, 101 n.
• Alexandria, story of the dogs at, 34.
• Alligator, 283. See Crocodile.
• Almeida, Manoel de, on burying fishes, 353 n.
• Amboina, mermaids at, 70.
• Ampullaria, its faculty of burying itself, 355.
• Anabas, 354.
  • Daldorf's account of, doubted, 349. 350.
  • accidents from, 351 n.
• Angling bad in Ceylon, 335 n., 341.
• Annelidæ, leeches, 479.
  • land-leech, its varieties, 482.
  • land-leech, its teeth and eyes, 480.
  • its tormenting bite, 482.
  • list of, 485.
• Anseres, 260.
• Ansted, Prof., on the geology of Ceylon, 61.
  • his statement as to the height of Indian elephants, 100 n.
• Antiochus, elephants used by, 208.
• Antipater, the first to bring the Indian elephant to Europe, 207.
• Ant-lion, 411. See Insects.
• Ants, 420 See Insects.
  • red, 420. 422.
  • white, 412. See Termites.
  • their faculty in discovering food, 421.
• Armandi's work on the use of elephants in war, 208 n.
• Aphaniptera, 433.
• Arachnidæ, spiders, 464.
  • extraordinary webs, 464.
  • Olios Taprobanius, 470.
  • Mygale fasciata, 465.
  • erroneously called "tarentula," ib.
  • anecdote of, 466.
  • spiders, the Mygale, 465.
  • birds killed by it, 468.
  • Galeodes, 470.
  • ticks, their multitude, 471.
  • mites, 472.
  • Trombidium tinctorum, 472.
  • list of, 485.
• Argus cowrie, 369.
• Aripo, the sea-shore, 373.
• Aristotle, account of fishes migrating overland, 344.
  • sounds made by elephants, 97.
  • his error as to the elephant's knees, 101.
• Armitage, Mr., story of an elephant on his estate, 139.
• Articulata, list of, 485.
• Athenæus, anecdotes of fishes on dry land, 346.
• Avicula, 373. See Pearl Fishery.
• Avitchia, story of, 244. See Jackdaw.
• Ayeen Akbery, elephant stomach described in, 128.

• Baker, Mr., his theory of the passion for sporting, 142 n.
  • its accuracy questionable, 142 n.
• Badger, the Ceylon, 38. See Mongoos.
• Bandicoot rat, 44.
• Barbezieux, on the elephant, 104.
• Batocera rubus, 406.
• Batrachia, 318.
• Bats, 13 See Mammalia and Cheiroptera.
  • orange-coloured bats, 14.
  • bats do not hybernate in Ceylon, 18.
  • horse-shoe bat, 19.
  • sense of smell and touch, 19.
  • small bat, Scotophilus Coromandelicus, 20.
  • their parasite (Nycteribia), 20-22.
• Batticaloa, musical fish, 380.
• Bears, 22. See Mammalia.
  • ferocity of, 23.
  • charm to protect from, 25 n.
• Beaters for elephants, 150.
• Beaver, on African elephant, 234.
• Beckman's account of fishes on dry land, 346.
• Bees, 419. See Insects.
• Beetles, 405. See Insects.
  • instincts of the scavenger beetle, 405.
  • coco-nut beetle, 407.
  • tortoise beetle, 408.
• Bell, Sir Charles, on the elephant's shoulder, 108.
• Benary, his derivation of the word elephant, 76 n.
• Bengal mode of taking elephants, 164.
• Bennett's account of Ceylon, Introd.
  • work on its Ichthyology, 323.
• Bernier, on the Ceylon elephant, 209.
• Bertolacci, on form of chank shell, 372.
• Bestiaries, 104.
• Bicho de Mar. See Holothuria.
• Birds of Ceylon, 241.
  • their number and character, ib.
  • few songsters, 242.
  • pea-fowl, 244.
  • eagles and hawks, 245.
  • owls, devil bird, 246. 247.
  • swallows, 248.
  • edible bird' nests, 248.
  • kingfisher, sun birds, 249.
  • bulbul, tailor bird, weaver bird, 251.
  • crows, anecdotes of, 253.
  • paroquets, 256.
  • pigeons, 257.
  • jungle-fowl, 259.
  • grallæ, flamingoes, 260.
  • list of Ceylon birds, 265.
• Bird-eating spiders, 469.
• Birds' nests, edible, 248.
• Blainville, De, on the age of the elephant, 232.
• Blair, on the anatomy of the elephant, 123 n.
• Bles, Marcellus, on the elephants of Ceylon, 113 n., 215 n.
• Blood-suckers, 275.
• Blyth, Mr., of Calcutta, his cultivation of zoology, 4.
  • his revision of this work, Introd.
• Boa, 303. See Python.
• Boar, wild, 59.
• Bochart, 68.
  • his derivation of the word "elephant," 76 n.
• Bora-chung, a curious fish, 367.
• Bosquez, Demas, account of a mermaid, 70.
• Bowring, Sir John, on the fishes of Siam, 348.
• Broderip, on the elephant, 122.
• Browne, Sir Thomas, vulgar errors, 100. 105.
  • error as to elephants' joints, 102.
• Brun, Le, account of the elephants at Colombo, 77 n.
• Bruno or Braun, his account of the Guinea worm, 397.
• Buchanan, story of buffalo "rogues," 115 n.
• Buffalo, 54. See Mammalia.
  • its temper, 54.
  • sporting buffaloe, 55.
  • peculiar structure of its foot, 56.
  • rogue buffalo, 115 n.
  • buffalo's stomach and its water-cells, 129 n.
• Buffon, on the elephant, 113 n., 215.
• Bugs, 433. See Insects and Coffee-bug.
• Buist, Dr., account of fish fallen from clouds, 362.
• Bulbul, 251. See Birds.
• Bulimi, their vitality, 357.
• Bullia, curious property of, 370.
• Bullocks for draught, 50.
• Burying fishes, 351.
• Butterflies, 403. 425. See Insects.
  • migration of, 403 n.
  • the spectre butterfly, 426.

• Cæcilia, 317. See Reptiles.
• Cæsar's description of the "alce," 100 n.
• Cajan, 373 n.
• Caldera, in Chili, musical sounds under water, 383.
• Calotes, the green, 276.
• Camel, attempt to domesticate in Ceylon, 53 n.
  • stomach of, 128.
  • antipathy to the horse, 83 n.
• Camper, on the anatomy of the elephant's stomach, 125.
• Carawala, 296. See Reptiles.
• Carnivora, 74.
• Carpenter bee, 418. See Insects.
• Caterpillars, stings of, 429.
• Cats attracted by the Cuppa-may-niya, 33.
• Centipede, 474. See Myriapoda and Scolopendræ.
• Ceratophora, 279.
• Cerithia, 381.
  • probably musical, 381 n.
• Cermatia, 473. See Myriapoda.
• Cetacea, 68. 74.
  • described by Megasthenes and Ælian, 69.
• Chameleon, 278. See Reptiles.
• Chank shell, Turbinella rapa, 371. See [Greek: Kochlious] and Schenek.
• Cheetah, 26. See Leopard.
• Cheironectes, described by Ælian, 331.
• Cheiroptera, 13. 74.
• Chelifer, 475.
• Chelonia, 322.
• Chena cultivation, 130.
• Cicada, 432. See Insects.
• Cirrhipeda, 486.
• Cissa, 252.
• Civet, 32. See Genette.
• Climbing fish (Anabas scandens), 349.
• Cluverius, 68.
• Cobra de Capello, anecdotes of, 297.
  • legend of, 297 n.
  • a white cobra, 298 n.
  • a tame cobra, 299 n.
  • cobra crossing the sea, 300.
  • curious belief as to the cobra, 300. 301.
  • worship of, 303.
• Cobra-tel, poison, 272. See Kabara-tel.
• Coecilia glutinosa, 317.
  • attacked and killed by ants, 422.
• Coco-nut beetle, 407.
• Coffee-bug, Lecanium Caffeæ, 436.
• Coffee rat, 43.
• Coleoptera, 405.
• Columbidæ, 257.
• Conchology. See Shells.
• Cooroowe, elephant catchers, 181.
• Corral for taking elephants, 156. 164. See Elephant.
  • process of its construction, 170.
  • mode of conducting the capture, 156. 169.
• Corse, Mr., account of elephants, 114.
• Cosmas Indico pleustes, his reference to chanks at Marallo, 371.
• Cotton-thief, 250. See Tchitrea.
• Crabs, 477. See Crustacea.
• Cripps, Mr., on sounds produced by elephants, 98.
  • his story of an elephant which feigned death, 135.
  • his account of fishes after rain, 343.
• Crocodile, 282. See Reptiles.
  • its sensibility to tickling, 285.
  • habit of the crocodile to bury itself in the mud, 286.
  • its flesh eaten, 284 n.
  • their vitality, 288 n.
  • one killed at Batticaloa, 287.
• Crows, 233. See Birds.
  • anecdotes of, 254.
  • story of a crow and a dog, 255.
• Cruelty to turtle, &c., 291.
• Crustacea, calling crabs, 477.
  • Sand crabs (ocypode), 478.
  • Painted crabs, 478.
  • Paddling crabs, 478.
  • Hermit crabs, 478.
  • Pea crabs, 479.
  • List of Ceylon Crustacea, 486.
• Ctesias' error as to the elephant's knee, 101.
• Cumming, Mr. Gordon, on the power of the elephant in overturning trees, 218 n.
• Cuppa-moy niya plant, its attraction for cats, 33 n.
• Cuvier, on the elephant, 133.
  • on the structure of its tusks, 228.
  • on the elephant's age, 232.

• Daldorf's account of climbing fish, 350.
  • his story doubted, 350.
• Darwin, burying-place of llamas and goats, 236 n.
  • on the coleoptera of Brazil, 405.
• Davy, Dr. John, describes the reptiles of
  • Ceylon, 3.
  • stimulates study of natural history, 3.
  • operation on a diseased elephant, 224.
• Dawson, Captain, story of an elephant, 107.
• Deafness frequent in elephants, 98.
• Death's-head moth, 427.
• Decoy elephants, 157.
• Decapoda brachyura, 486.
  • anomura, 486.
  • macrura, 486.
• Deer, 57.
  • meminna, 58.
  • Ceylon elk, 59.
  • milk-white, 59 n.
• Demon-worship, anecdote of, 408.
• Denham, error as to height of elephants, 99.
• Devil-bird, 246. See Owls.
  • Mr. Mitford's account of, 247 n.
• Diard, M., sends home an elephant for dissection, 123 n.
• Dicuil on the elephant, 103.
• Diptera, 434.
• Dogs, 33.
  • device of, to escape fleas, 433. 434.
  • dog-tax, 33.
  • republican instincts, 34.
  • disliked by elephants, 82. 84.
• Donne, on the elephant, 105.
• Doras, fish of Guiana, 347.
• Dragon-flies, 411. See Insects.
• Dugong, 68. 69.
  • abundant at Manaar, 69.
  • origin of the fable of the mermaid, 69.
• Dutch belief in the mermaid, 70.

• Eagles, 245. See Birds.
• Edentata, 46. 74.
• Edrisi, the Arabian geographer, his account of musk, 32 n.
• Eels, 337. 347 n.
• Eginhard, life of Charlemagne, 103.
• Elephant, 64. 75.
  • Sumatran species, 64.
  • points of distinction, 65.
  • those of Ceylon extolled, 209.
  • elephants on Adam's Peak, 109.
  • numbers in Ceylon, 76.
  • [Greek: Elephas], derivation of the word, 76 n.
  • antiquity of the trade in, 77.
  • numbers diminishing, 77.
  • mode of poisoning, 77 n.
  • tusks and their uses, 78.
  • disposition gentle, 81.
  • accidents from, 81.
  • antipathy to other animals, 82; to the horse, 83.
  • jealousy of each other, 86.
  • mode of attacking man, 87.
  • anecdote of a tame elephant, 89.
  • African elephant differs from that of Ceylon, 64.
  • skin, 91.
  • white elephant, 92.
  • love of shade, 94.
  • water, not heat, essential to them, 94.
  • sight limited—smell acute, 95.
  • anatomy of the brain, 95.
  • power of smell, 96.
  • sounds uttered by, 96.
  • subject to deafness, 98.
  • exaggeration as to size, 98.
  • source of this mistake, 98 n.
  • stealthy motions, 100.
  • error as to the elephant's want of joints, 100.
  • probable origin of this mistake, 106.
  • mode of lying down, 107.
  • ability to climb acclivities, 108.
  • mode of descending a mountain, 110.
  • a herd is a family, 111.
  • attachment to young, 112.
  • young suckled by all the females in a herd, 113.
  • theory of this, according to White, 113 n.
  • a rogue, what, 114.
  • savage attacks of rogues, 116.
  • character of the rogues, 116. 147.
  • habits of the herd, 117.
  • anecdote of, 118.
  • elephant's mode of drinking, 120.
  • their method of swimming, 121.
  • wells sunk by, 122.
  • receptacle in the stomach, 122.
  • stomach, anatomy of, 124.
  • food of the elephant, 129.
  • instinct in search of food, 130.
  • dread of fences, 131.
  • their caution exaggerated, 132.
  • spirit of curiosity in elephants, 132.
  • anecdote of Col. Hardy, 132. 133.
  • sagacity in freedom over-estimated, 134.
  • leave the forests during thunder, 134.
  • cunning, feign death, 135.
  • stories of encounters with wild elephants, 136.
  • sporting, numbers shot, 142.
  • butchery by expert shots, 142 n.
  • fatal spots in the head, 144. 145.
  • peculiar actions of elephants, 148.
  • love of retirement, 149.
  • elephant-trackers, 150.
  • herd charging, 151.
  • carcase useless, 153.
  • remarkable recovery from a wound, 154. See Lieut. Fretz.
  • mode of taking in India, 157-162.
  • height measured by the circumference of the foot, 159.
  • mode of shipping elephants at Manaar, 162.
  • mode of shipping elephants at Galle, in 1701, 163 n.
  • keddah for taking elephants in Bengal, 164.
  • a corral (kraal) described, 165. 166.
  • derivation of the word corral, 165 n.
  • corral, its construction, 167. 172.
  • corral, driving in the elephants, 173.
  • the capture, 177.
  • mode of securing, 181.
  • the "cooroowe," or noosers, 181.
  • tame elephants, their conduct, 182. 191.
  • captives, their resistance and demeanour, 184.
  • dread of white rods, 186.
  • their contortions, 190.
  • a young one, 206.
  • conduct in captivity, 207.
  • mode of training, 211.
  • their employment in ancient warfare, 207.
  • superiority of Ceylon, a fallacy, 209.
  • elephant driver's crook (hendoo), 212.
  • hairy elephants in Ceylon, 215 n.
• Elephants, capricious disposition of, 215.
  • first labour intrusted to them, 217.
  • his comprehension of his duties, 218.
  • exaggeration of his strength in uprooting trees, 218 n.
  • Mahouts and their duties, 221.
  • Their cry of urre!, 222 n.
  • elephant's sense of musical notes, 223.
  • its endurance of pain, 224.
  • diseases in captivity, 225.
  • subject to tooth-ache, 227.
  • questionable economy of keeping trained elephants for labour, 229.
  • their cost, 230.
  • their food, 230 n.
  • fallacy of their alleged reluctance to breed in captivity, 231.
  • duration of life in the elephant, 232.
  • theory of M. Fleurens, 232.
  • instances of very old elephants in Ceylon, 233.
  • dead elephant never found, 234.
  • Sinbad's story, 236.
  • passage from Ælian regarding the, 237.
• Elk, 59. See Deer; Mammalia.
• Emydosauri, 321.
• Emys trijuga, 290.
• Englishman, anonymous, his story of a fight between elephants and horses, 84.

• Falconer, Dr., height of Indian elephant, 99 n.
• Falkland Islands, peculiarity in the cattle there, 372 n.
• Fauna of Ceylon, not common to India, Introd., 62.
  • peculiar and independent, Introd., 62.
  • have received insufficient attention, 3.
  • first study due to Dr. Davy, 3.
  • subsequent, due to Templeton, Layard, and Kelaart, 3. 4.
• Fishes of Ceylon, little known, 323.
  • seir fish, and others for table, 324.
  • abundance of perch, soles, and sardines, 324.
  • explanation of Odoric's statement, 324 n.
  • sardines, said to be poisonous, 324.
  • shark, and sawfish, 325.
  • sawfish, 325.
  • ray, 326.
  • swordfish, 328.
  • cheironectes of Ælian, 331.
  • fishes of rare forms, and of beautiful colours, 332.
  • fresh-water fishes, their peculiarities, 335.
  • fresh-water, little known, ib.; reason, 335 n.
  • eels, 337.
  • reappearance of fishes after the dry season, 340.
• Fishes, similar mysterious re-appearances elsewhere, 342 n.
  • method of taking them by hand, 340.
  • a fish decoy, 342.
  • fish filling from clouds, 342 n., 362.
  • buried alive in mud, 347.
  • Mr. Yarrell's theory controverted, 344.
  • travelling overland, 345.
  • the fact was known to the Greeks and Romans, 345.
  • instances in Guiana and Siam, 347.
  • faculty of all migratory fish for discovering water, 347 n.
  • on dry land in Ceylon, 348.
  • fish ascending trees, 349.
  • excerpt from letter by Mr. Morris, 348 n.
  • Anabas scandens, 349. 350.
  • Daldorf's statement, anticipated by Abou-zeyd, 350 n.
  • accidents when fishing, 351 n.
  • burying fishes and travelling fish, 351.
  • occurrence of similar fish in Abyssinia and elsewhere, 352.
  • statement of the patriarch Mendes, 353 n.
  • knowledge of habits of Melania employed judicially by E.L. Layard, 355n.
  • illustrations of æstivating fish and animals, 356.
  • æstivating shell-fish and water-beetlea, 351.
  • fish in hot water, 358.
  • list of Ceylon fishes, 359.
  • Professor Huxley's memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, 364.
  • Dr. Gray's memorandum, 366.
  • Note on the Bora-chung, 367.
• Fishing, native mode of, 340.
• Fish insect, 475.
• Flamingoes, 261. See Birds.
• Fleas, 433. See Insects.
• Fleurens, on the duration of life in the elephant, 232.
• Flies, their instinct in discovering carrion, 196 n.
  • mosquitoes, the plague of, 434.
• Flowers, fondness of monkeys for, 7.
• Flying Fox. Pteropus Edwardsii, 14. See Mammalia.
  • its sizes, 14.
  • skeleton of, 15.
  • food, 16.
  • habits, 16.
  • numbers, 16.
  • strange attitudes, 17.
  • food and habits, 18.
  • drinking toddy, 18.
• Flying squirrels, 41.
• Fresh-water fishes, 335.
• Fretz, Lieut., his singular wound, 154.
• Frogs, 318.
  • tree frogs, 319. 320.

• Galle, elephants shipped in 1701, 163 n.
• Gallinæ, 259.
• Galloperdix bicalcaratus, 259.
• Gallwey, Capt. P.P., great number of elephants shot by him, 142.
• Game birds, 265.
• Gardner, Dr., his account of the coffee bug, 436-441.
• Gaur, 49 See Mammalia.
  • Knox's account of the gaur, 49.
• Geckoes, 281.
• Gemma Frisius, 68.
• Genette, 32.
• Geology of Ceylon, errors as to, 60.
  • previous accounts, 61.
  • traditions of ancient submersion, 61. 67.
  • Ceylon has a fauna distinct from India, 62.
• "Golden Meadows," 211 n. See Massoude.
• Golunda rat, 43.
• Goondah, 114. See Rogue.
• Gooneratne, Mr., Introd.
  • his story of the jackal, 35.
• Gordon Cumming, his butchery of elephants in Africa, 146 n.
• Gowra-ellia, 49.
• Grallæ, 260.
• Gray, Dr. J.E., Brit. Mus., Introd.
  • notice of Ceylon fishes, 366.
• Great fire-fish, 332.
• Guinea worm, 397.
• Günther, Dr. A., on Ceylon reptiles, 275 n., 304.
• Gwillim's Heraldry, error as to elephants, 105 n.

• Hambangtotte, elephants of, 99.
• Hardy, Col, anecdote of, when chased by an elephant, 133.
• Hardy, Rev. Spence, describes a white monkey, 8.
• Haroun Alraschid, sends an elephant to Charlemagne, 103.
• Harrison, Dr., 95.
  • his anatomy of the elephant, 123 n., 126.
  • his account of elephant's head, 142.
  • of the elephant's ear, 223.
• Hastisilpe, a work on elephants, 87 n., 91.
• Hawking, 246.
• Hawks. See Birds, 246.
• Hedge-hog, 46.
• Helix hæmastoma, its colouring, 372.
• Hemiptera, 433. 462.
• Hendoo, crook for driving elephants, 212.
• Herd, a, of elephants, is a family, 111.
  • its mode of electing a leader, 117.
• Herodotus, on mosquitoes, 435.
  • antipathy of the elephant to the camel, 83 n.
• Herpestes, 38.
• Herport, Albrecht, his work on India, 71 n.
• Hesperidæ, 426.
• Hill, Sir John, error as to elephants, 98.
• Hippopotamus rogues, 115 n.
• Histiophorus, 330. See Sword-fish.
• Holland, Dr., his theory as to the formation of tusks, 89 n.
• Holothurin, sea-slug and Trepang, 396.
• Home, Sir Everard, on the elephant's stomach, 124.
  • error as to the elephant's ear, 223.
• Home, Randal, error as to elephant, 105 n.
• Homoptera, 462. 463.
• Honey-comb, great size of, 418.
• Hooker, Dr. J.D., on the elephants of the Himalaya, 110 n.
  • error as to white ants' nests, 413.
  • on ticks in Nepal, 471 n., 472.
• Hora, 115. See Rogue.
• Horace, alludes to a white elephant, 92 n.
• Hornbill, Buceros, 242. 243.
• Horse, alleged antipathy to the elephant, 83.
  • to the camel, 83 n.
  • story of, and an elephant, 89.
  • horses taught to fight with elephants, 84.
• Hotambeya, 40. See Mongoos.
• Hot-water fishes, 358.
• Hunt, mode of conducting an elephant-hunt, 157.
• Hunter, Dr. John, his theory of æstivation, 356.
• Hurra! 223 n.
• Huxley, Prof., Introd.
  • his memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, 364.
• Hydrophobia in jackals, 36.
• Hymenoptera, 416.

• Ianthina, 370.
• Ichneumon, 39. See Mongoos.
• Iguana, 271. See Reptiles.
• Infusoria, Red, in the Ceylon seas, 400.
• Insects of Ceylon, 403.
  • their profusion and beauty, 403.
  • hitherto imperfectly described, 404.
  • coleoptera, 405.
  • Beetles, scavengers, 405.
  • coco-nut beetle, tortoise beetle, 407.
  • tortoise beetle, 408.
  • Orthoptera, 408.
  • the soothsayer, leaf-insect, 410.
  • Neuroptera, 411.
  • dragon-flies, 411.
  • ant-lion, 411.
  • white ant, termites, 411.
• Insects, Hymenoptera, mason-wasp, 416.
  • wasps, bees, wasps' nest, 418.
  • carpenter bee, 418.
  • ants, 420.
  • value of scavenger ants to conchologists, 421.
  • dimiya or red ant, 422.
  • introduced to destroy coffee-bug, 423.
  • Lepidoptera, butterflies, 424.
  • lycænidæ, hesperidæ, 426.
  • acherontia sathanas, 427.
  • moths, silk-worm, 427.
  • stinging caterpillars, 429.
  • oiketicus, 430.
  • Homoptera, cicada, the "knife-grinder," 432.
  • Flata, 433.
  • Aphaniptera—fleas, 433.
  • Diptera—mosquitoes, 434.
  • Coffee bug, 436-441.
  • Mr. Walker's memorandum on Ceylon insects, 442.
  • list, 447.
• Ivory, annual consumption, 78 n.
  • superiority of Chinese, ib.

• Jackal, 35.
  • its cunning, 35.
  • probably the "fox" of Scripture, 35.
  • its sagacity in hunting, 36.
  • subject to hydrophobia, 36.
  • jackal's horn, the narric comboo, 37.
  • superstitions connected with, 37.
• Jackdaw, fable of, 244. See Avitchia.
• Jardine, Sir W., error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 n.
• Jay, the mountain, 252. See Cissa.
• Joinville, on the parasite of the bat, 20.
• Julus, 477.
• Jungle fowl, 259. See Birds.
• Juvenal's allusion to fishes on land, 346.

• Kabragoya, 272. 273. See Iguana.
  • Kabara-tel, poison, 274.
  • Kanats in Persia, 339 n.
• Keddah, for taking elephants, 164.
• Kelaart, Dr., work on the Zoology of Ceylon, 4.
  • examination of the Radiata, 395.
  • discoveries as to the pearl oyster, 375.
• Kingfisher, 249. See Birds.
• Kinnis, Dr., cultivates zoology, 4.
• Kite, on Egyptian sculpture, 246 n.
• Knife-grinder, 432. See Cicada.
• Knox, R., account of Ceylon fauna, Introd.
  • his description of the Wanderoo, 5.
  • of elephants executing criminals, 87.
  • of the mode of catching elephants, 157.
• Knox, his description of natives fishing, 340.
• [Greek: Kochlious], 371.
• Kombook tree, its bark, 170.
• Korahl, 165. See Kraal and Corral.
  • derivation of the word, 165 n.
• Kornegalle, beauty of the place, 167.
• Kottiar, immense oysters, 371 n. See Cottiar.
• Kraal, 165. See Corral and Korahl.
• Krank-bezoeker, 71 n.

• Layard, E.A., his knowledge of Ceylon zoology, 4.
  • his collections of Ceylon birds, 241.
  • story of fish on dry land, 318.
  • anecdote of burying molluscs, 355.
• Leaf insect. 408-410. See Insects.
• Leaping fish, 332. See Salarias alticus.
• Lecanium Caffeæ, 436.
• Leeches, 479. See Annelidæ.
  • land leech, 479.
  • medicinal leech, 483.
  • cattle leech, 344.
• Leopard, 25.
  • in Ceylon confounded with the cheetah, 26.
  • superstitions regarding, 26.
  • anecdotes of their ferocity, 27.
  • attracted by the small-pox, 28.
  • story of Major Skinner, 29.
  • monkeys killed by leopards, 31.
• Lepidoptera, 424.
• Lepisma, the fish insect, 474.
• Lima, General de, his account of the weight of elephants' tusks at
  • Mozambique, 79 n.
• Livingstone's account of the "rogue" hippopotamus, 115 n.
• Llama of the Andes, its stomach, 128 n.
• Livy, account of fishes on dry land, 346.
• Lizards, 271. See Reptiles.
• Lophobranchi, 362.
• Loris, 12. See Mammalia.
  • two varieties in Ceylon, 12.
  • torture inflicted on it, 13.
• Lucan, description of the ichneumon, 39.
• Lycænidæ, 426.
• Lyre-headed lizard, 277.

• Macabbees iii. Book, allusion to elephants, 87 n., 211 n.
• Macacus monkey, 5.
• Machlis described by Cæsar, 101.
• Macready, Major, account of a noise made by elephants, 97.
  • his opinion as to the vulnerable point in the elephant's head. 145 n.
• Mahawanso, mentions a white elephant, 93.
• Mahout, an elephant driver, 181. See Ponnekella.
• Mahout, alleged short life, 222.
• Malacopterygii abdominales, 362.
  • sub-branchiati, 362.
  • apoda, 362.
• Mammalia, 3.
  • Monkeys, 5.
  • Rilawa, 5.
  • Wanderoo, 6.
  • error as to the Ceylon Wanderoo, 6 n.
  • Wanderoo, mode of flight among trees, 9.
  • monkeys never found dead, 11.
  • Loris, 12.
  • tortures inflicted on it, 13.
  • Bat, flying fox, 14.
  • skeleton of, 14.
  • attracted by toddy to the coco-nut palms, 18.
  • horse-shoe bat, 18.
  • parasite of the bat, Nycteribia, 20. 21.
  • bears, 22.
  • bears dreaded in Ceylon, 24.
  • leopards, 25.
  • attracted by the odour of small pox, 28.
  • anecdote of a leopard, 29.
  • lesser felines, 32.
  • dogs, Pariah, 34.
  • jackal, 34.
  • the jackal's horn, 36.
  • Mongoos, 37.
  • assaults of Mongoos on the serpent, 38.
  • squirrels, 41.
  • the flying squirrel, 41.
  • rats, the rat snake, 42.
  • coffee rat, 43. 44.
  • bandicoot, 44. 45.
  • porcupine, 45.
  • pengolin, 46-48.
  • the gaur, 49.
  • the ox, 50.
  • anecdote of, 51.
  • draft oxen, 51-53.
  • the buffalo, 54.
  • sporting buffaloes, 55.
  • peculiarity of the buffalo's foot, 56.
  • deer, 57.
  • meminna, 57. 58.
  • Ceylon elk, 59.
  • wild boar, 59.
  • elephant, 69. 75.
  • whale and dugong, 68. 69.
  • peculiarities of Ceylon mammalia, 73.
  • list of, 73.
• Manaar, mermaid taken at, 69.
  • elephants shipped at, 162.
  • pearl fishery, 373.
• Manis. See Pengolin, 46.
• Mantis, 410.
• Massoudi, on the use of elephants in war, 211 n.
  • his account of pearl-diving, 377 n.
• Mastacembelus, 338. See Eels.
• Megasthenes' account of the mermaid, 69.
• Mehemet Ali, story of, 34.
• Melania Paludina, its habit of burying itself, 355.
  • its hybernation, 355.
• Melania, story of a law suit decided by, 355 n.
• Meleagrina, 373 n. See Pearl fishery.
• Meminna deer, 58.
• Mercator, 68.
• Mercer, Mr., his story of an elephant fight, 86.
• Mermaid, 68. See Dugong.
• Mermaids, at Manaar, 69.
  • at Amboina, 70.
  • at Booro, 71.
  • at Edam, 72.
• Millipeds, Julus, 477.
• Mites, 472.
• Mollusca. See Shells.
• Molyneux, on the anatomy of the elephant, 122 n.
• Mongoos, 38. See Ichneumon.
  • species at Neuera-ellia, Herpestes Vitticollis, 38.
  • story of its antidote against the bite of serpents, 39.
  • its mode of killing snakes, 39.
• Monkeys, 5.
  • never found dead, 11.
  • a white monkey, 8.
• Moors of Galle, make ornaments of the elephant's teeth, 153.
• Moors, as caravan drivers, 53.
• Moose deer, 58. See Meminna.
• Morris, Mr., account of fishes on land, 348.
• Mosquitoes, their cunning, 434.
  • Herodotus, account of, 436.
  • probably the plague of flies, 434 n.
• Moths, 427. See Insects.
• Munster, Sebastian, 68.
• Musical fishes, 380.
  • account of, at Batticaloa, 380.
  • similar phenomena at other places, 383 n.
  • fishes known to utter sounds, 384.
  • Tritonia arborescens, 385.
• Musk, 32.
• Mygale, spider, 465.
• Myriapods, 472.

• Narric-comboo, 37. See Jackal's Horn.
• Natural history neglected in Ceylon, 3.
• Neela-cobeya, pigeon, 258.
• Neuroptera, 411.
• Nietner, on Ceylon insects, Introd.
• Nycteribia, parasite of the bat, 20. 21.
  • its extraordinary structure, 22.

• Odoric of Portenau, his cure for leech bites, 481.
  • his account of birds with two heads, 243.
  • his account of fishes in Ceylon, 324 n.
• Oiketicus, 430.
• Oil-bird, 269.
• Ophidia, 321.
• Ortelius, 68.
• Orthoptera, 408.
• Ouanderoo. See Wanderoo.
• Owen, Professor, on the structure of the elephant's tusk, 228.
  • on the Protopterus of the Gambia, 352.
• Owls. See Birds.
• Oxen, their uses and diseases, 50.
  • anecdote of a cow and a leopard, 51.
  • white, eight feet high, seen by Wolf, 52 n.
• Oysters at Bentotte, 371.
  • immense, at Kottiar, 371 n.

• Pachydermata, 59. 74.
• Padivil, the great tank, 262.
• Pallegoix, on the elephants of Siam, 98 n.
  • on the fishes of Siam, 347.
• Palm-cat, 32.
• Panickeas, elephant catchers, 150. 158.
  • their skill, 159.
• Pariah dogs, 33.
• Paris, Matthew, on the elephant, 103.
• Paroquets, their habits; anecdote of, 256.
• Passeres, 248.
• Patterson, R., Esq., Introd.
• Pea-fowl, 244. See Birds.
  • fable of the jackdaw, 244.
• Pearl fishery of Ceylon, its antiquity, 373.
  • dreary scenery of Aripo, 373.
  • disappearances of the pearl-oyster, 374.
  • capable of transplantation, 376.
  • operation of diving, 377.
  • endurance of the divers under water, 377.
  • growth of the pearl-oyster, 379.
  • pearls of Tamblegam, 380.
• Pelicans, 262.
  • strange scene at their breeding place, 263.
• Pengolin, 46.
  • its habits and food, 47.
  • skeleton of, 48.
• Phile, his account of the elephant, 103.
  • error as to its joints, 107.
  • describes its drinking, 121 n.
  • its dispositions, 216 n.
  • on the elephant's ear, 224.
  • on elephants burying their dead, 235.
• Phillipe, on the elephant of Ceylon, 209.
• Phyllium, 410. See Leaf Insect.
• Physalus urticulus, 400. See Portuguese Man-of-war.
• Pictet, Mon., his derivation of the word "elephant," 76 n.
• Pigeons, 257. See Birds.
• Pigeons, Lady Torrington's pigeon, 258.
• Placuna placenta, pearls of, 380.
• Planaria, 398. See Radiata.
• Pliny's nereids, 72 n.
  • error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 n.
  • error as to their antipathy to other animals, 85.
  • error as to elephant's joints, 100.
  • account of the machlis, 101 n.
  • his knowledge of the vulnerability of the elephant's head, 144 n.
  • of fishes on dry land, 346.
  • Ponnekella. See Mahout.
• Polybius' account of fishes on dry land, 346.
• Pomponius, Mela, account of fishes on land, 346.
• Porcupine, 45.
• Portuguese belief in the mermaid, 69.
  • Man-of-war, 400.
• Pott, his derivation of the word elephant, 76 n.
• Presbytes cephalopterus, 7.
  • ursinus, 6. 9.
  • Thersites, 6. 10.
  • its fondness of attention, 10.
  • Priamus, 10.
  • its curiosity, 11.
• Protopterus of the Gambia, 352.
• Pseudophidia, 322.
• Pterois volitans, 333.
• Pterophorus, 430. See Insects.
• Pteropus, 14. See Flying Fox.
• Pyrard de Laval, on the Ceylon elephant, 209.
• Python, its great size, 303.

• Quadrumana, 5. 74.
• Quatrefage on the Rotifera, 487.

• Radiata, star-fish, 395.
  • sea-slugs, holothuria, 396.
  • parasitic worms, 396.
  • Guinea worm, 397.
  • planaria, 398.
  • acalephæ, 398.
  • Portuguese Man-of-war, 400.
  • Red infusoria, 400.
• Raja-kariya, forced labour, in elephant hunts, 170.
• Raja-welle estate, story of an elephant at, 133 n.
• Ramayana, Ceylon elephants mentioned in, 210.
• Rats, 42.
  • eaten as food in Oovah and Bintenne, 43.
  • liable to hydrophobia, 43.
  • coffee rat, 43.
  • bandicoot, 44.
• Rat snake, anecdote of, 43.
• Rat-snake, domesticated, 299 n.
• Ray, 326. 327.
• Reinaud, on the ancient use of the elephant in Indian wars, 205 n.
• Reptiles of Ceylon described by Dr. Davy, Introd.
  • lizards, iguana, 271.
  • kabara-tel, poison, 272.
  • blood-suckers, 275.
  • calotes, the green, 276.
  • lyre-headed lizard, 277.
  • chameleon, 278.
  • ceratophora, 279.
  • gecko, anecdotes of, 281. 282.
  • crocodile, anecdotes of, 282. 283.
  • crocodile and alligator, skulls of, 283.
  • tortoises, 289.
  • parasites of the tortoise, 289.
  • Terrapins, 290.
  • cruel mode of cutting up turtle, 291.
  • turtle, said to be poisonous, 292.
  • hawk's-bill turtle, 293.
  • cruel mode of taking tortoise-shell, 293.
  • snakes, few poisonous, 294.
  • tic-polonga, 296.
  • cobra de capello, 297.
  • legends of the cobra, 297-298 n.
  • uropeltis, 301.
  • the python, 303.
  • haplocercus, 304.
  • tree-snakes, 305.
  • water snakes, 308.
  • sea snakes, 308.
  • the snake-stone and its composition, 312-317.
  • cæcilia, 317.
  • frogs, 318.
  • tree frogs, 319.
  • list of Ceylon reptiles, 321.
  • snakes peculiar to Ceylon, 322.
• Rhinolophus, 19. See Horse-shoe Bat.
• Ribeyro's account of pearl-diving, 378.
• Rilawa monkey, 5.
• Rodentia, 41. 74.
• Rogers, Major, story of his horse, 84.
  • his death by lightning, 84 n.
  • anecdote of an elephant killed by him, 107.
  • great numbers of elephants shot by him, 142.
• "A Rogue" elephant. See Elephant, 114.
  • derivation of the term "Rogue," 114.
• Ronkedor, 114. See "Rogue."
• Ronquedue, 114. See "Rogue."
  • dangerous encounters with, 136.
• Rotifera, marvellous faculty in, 486.
• Rousette. See Flying-fox and Pteropus, 14.
• Ruminantia, 49. 74.

• Salarias Alticus, 332.
  • almasius, 68.
• Sardines, said to be poisonous, 324.
• Saw fish, 325. See Fishes.
• Scaliger, Julius, 68.
• Scansores, 256.
• Scarus harid, 335.
• Schenck, 371. See Chank.
• Schlegel's essay on the elephant, 208 n.
• Schlegel, Prof., of Leyden, his account of the Sumatran elephant, 66.
• Schmarda, Prof., 5.
• Schomburgk, Sir R., on the fishes of Guiana, 347.
• Sciurus Tennentii, 41 n.
• Scolopiendræ, centipede, 474.
• Scorpions, 474.
• Sea slugs, holothuria, 397.
• Sea snakes, 308.
• Seir-fish, 324.
• Seneca, account of fishes on dry land, 346.
• Septuagint, allusion to elephants in, 87. 210 n.
• Serpents, 294. See Reptiles.
• Shakspeare, on the elephant, 105.
  • describes its capture in pit-falls, 157 n.
• Sharks, 325.
• Shark charmer, 378.
• Shaw, error as to elephants shedding their tusks, 79 n.
• Shells of Ceylon, 369.
  • lanthina, 370.
  • Bullia vittata, 370.
  • chanks, 371.
  • oysters, immense, 371 n.
  • Helix hæmastoma, 372.
  • Pearl fishery, 373.
  • Musical shells, 381.
  • Mr. Henley's memorandum, 386.
  • uncertainty as to species, 387.
  • list of Ceylon shells, 388.
• Siam, fishes on dry land, 347.
• Silk, cultivated by the Dutch, 429.
• Silkworm. See Insects.
• Sindbad's story of the elephants burying-place, 236.
• Skinner, Major, knowledge of Ceylon. Introd. n.
  • adventure with a leopard, 30.
  • great number of elephants killed by him, 142.
  • description of the Panickeas or elephant catchers, 158. 159 n.
  • anecdotes of elephants, 118.
  • collection of Ceylon fish, 339.
• Small-pox attracts the leopard, 28.
  • native superstition, 29.
• Snakes, 294. See Reptiles.
  • few venomous, 296.
  • tic-polonga, 296.
  • cobra de capello, 297.
  • legends of, 297 n.
  • stories of, 298.
• Snakes, tamed snakes, 299 n.
  • snakes crossing the sea, 300.
  • curious tradition of the cobra-de-capello, 300.
  • uropeltis, and explanation of the popular belief, 302.
  • reluctance of Buddhists to kill snakes, 303.
  • python or "boa," 303.
  • tree snakes, 305.
  • the Passerita fusca, 306.
  • water snakes, 308.
  • sea snakes, 308.
  • their geographical distribution, 309.
  • their habits, 310.
  • cæcilia, 317.
• Snake-stone, its alleged virtue, 312.
  • anecdotes of its use, 312.
  • analysis of, by Professor Faraday, 315.
• Sofala, pearls at, 375 n.
• Solinus, on the elephant, 103.
• Soothsayer insect, 410.
• Spectre butterfly, 426.
• Spiders. See Arachnida, 464.
  • at Gampola, 465.
  • at Pusilawa, 471.
• Squirrel, 41.
  • the flying squirrel, 44.
• Star-fish, 396. See Radiata.
• Stick insect, 410. See Insects.
• Stinging caterpillars, 429.
• Strabo, his account of fishes on dry land, 346.
• Strachan, Mr., account of the elephants shipped at Ceylon, 163 n, 210 n.
• Stuckley, on the anatomy of the elephant, 123 n.
• Sumatra confounded with Ceylon, 67.
  • elephant of, 64.
  • points in which it differs from that of India, 65.
• Sun bird, 249. See Birds.
• Superstitions:—Singhalese folk-lore regarding bears, 24 n.
  • leopards, 27. 29.
  • mongoos, 38.
  • kabra-goya, 273.
  • cobra-de-capello, 300.
  • use of snake-stones, 315.
  • elephants' burial-place, 236.
• Suriya trees, caterpillars on, 429.
• Syrnum Indranee, 246. See Devil-bird.
• Swallows, 248. See Birds.
• Sword-fish, 328.

• Tailor-bird, 251. See Birds;
• Tamblegam, lake of, 380.
  • pearls, 380.
• Tarentula, Mygale fasciata, 465.
  • fight with a cockroach, 467.
  • numerous at Gampola, 465.
• Tavalam, a caravan of bullocks, 53.
• Tavernier, error as to Ceylon elephants, 203. 214.
• Taylor, the translator of Aristotle, his error as to elephants' joints,
  • 102.
• Tchitrea paradisi, 250.
• Temminck, his discovery of the Sumatran elephant, 64.
  • his account of it, 65.
• Templeton, Dr. R.A., his knowledge of Ceylon, Introd.
  • his valuable aid in the present work, ib.
  • his cultivation of zoology, 4.
  • notice of Ceylon monkeys, 6.
• Termites, white ants, their ravages, 412.
  • whence comes their moisture, 412 n.
• Terrapins, 290.
• Terrier, attacks an elephant, 85.
• Testudinata, 289.
• Thaun, Philip de, on the elephant, 104.
• Theobaldus' Physiologus, 104.
• Theophrastus' account of fishes on dry land, 344. 345.
• Thevenot, on the Ceylon elephant, 203.
• Thomson's "Seasons," error as to the elephant, 106.
• Thunberg, account of the snake-stone, 317.
• Thysdnura, 464.
• Ticks, 475.
• Tic-polonga, 296. See Reptiles.
• Tiger at Trincomalie, 25 n.
• Toad, 319.
• Torrington, Viscount, his tax on dogs, 33.
• Tortoises, 289. 291. See Turtle.
  • parasite of, 289.
  • fresh-water tortoises, 290. See Terrapins.
• Tortoise-shell, cruel mode of taking, 293.
• Tree frogs, 320.
• Tree snakes, 304.
• Trepang, 396. See Sea-slug.
• Tritonia arborescens, 385. See Musical Fish.
  • letter on, 401.
• Trombidium tinctorum. See Mites.
• Trumpeting of elephants, 97. 201.
• Trunk, elephant's, origin of the name, 97 n.
• Tsetse fly of Africa, 40.
• Turbinella rapa, 371. See Chank.
• Turtle, 291. See Reptiles.
  • barbarous treatment of, 291.
• Tushes, 79.
• Tusks, 79. See Elephant; Ivory.
  • fallacy that they are shed, 79.
  • weight of, 80.
  • their uses, 80.
  • singular shapes of, 88 n.
• Tusks, Dr. Holland's theory of their formation, 88 n.
• Tytler, Mr., story of an elephant, 133 n.

• Uropeltis, 301.
• Urré! cry of the elephant drivers, 222.

• Valentyn's account of the mermaid, 70.
  • Dutch mode of taking elephants, 164.
• Venloos Bay, its profusion of shells, 369.
• Vossius, Isaac, 68.

• Waloora. See Wild-boar, 59.
  • dreaded by the Singhalese, 59.
• Wanderoo monkey, 5.
• Wasps, wasps' nest, 418.
  • mason-wasp, 416.
• Water-fowl, 260. 262.
• Water snakes, 308.
• Weaver-bird, 251.
• Whales, 68. See Cetacea.
• White, Adam, Esq., Brit Mus., Introd.
• White, of Selbourne, his theory of animals suckled by strange mothers, 113 n.
• White ants, 411. See Termites.
• Whiting, Mr., account of buried fishes, 342 n., 354.
• Wild-boar, 59.
• Wolf, Jo. Christian, travels in Ceylon, 99 n., 115 n.
  • his account of elephants there, 99.
  • describes pitfalls for elephants, 157 n.
• Wood-carrying moth, 430. See Insects.
• Worms, parasite, 396. See Radiata.
• Wound when elephant shooting, 154.
• Wright, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A., 104.

• Yarrell's theory of buried fish, 342.
• Yule's embassy to Ava, 216 n.

• Zimb fly, 434.
• Zoology neglected in Ceylon, 3. See Natural History.
  • partial extent to which it has been cultivated, Introd.