The Fern Lover's Companion

ACÙMINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
ACÙLEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
ADVENTÍTIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
              of the usual or normal position.
ANÀSTOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
              a network as in the Sensitive
              ferns.
ÀNNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
              the spore cases in most ferns.
ANTHERÍDIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
(plu. APICES).
ARCHEGÒNIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
ARÈOLA.       A space formed by intersecting
              veins; a mesh.
AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
ARTÍCULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
              branch with the stem.
BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
bis,
twice).
BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
              its axil.
CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
              of a tree fern.
CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
              color.
CHLÒROPHYLL. The green coloring matter of plants.
CÍLIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
CÍRCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
              in the young fronds of a fern.
CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
CRÒSIER.      An uncoiling frond.
CÙNEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
CÚSPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinnæ.
DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
              margin directed outward.
DICHÓTOMOUS. Forking regularly in pairs.
DIMÓRPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
EMÀRGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
FÍLIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
              said of the filmy fern fronds.
FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
              the summit and narrow at the base.
FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
              both stipe and blade, or only the
              latter--called also lamina.
GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
              and powdery, in appearance
              like a plum.
HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
              spreading.
IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
INCÌSED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
INDÙSIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
              sori in some ferns.
INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
              the sporangia.
LÀMINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
LACÍNIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
              lobes.
LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
              base and tapering to the apex.
LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
MÙCRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
              point.
OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
OÌDES.        A Greek ending, meaning like, or
              like to, as polypodioides--like to a
              polypody.
ÒÖSPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
              the oöspore when fertilized.
OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
              downward.
PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
              fingers of a hand.
PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
              or sporangia with irregular stems.
PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
              the sporangia.
PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
              time, as leaves through the winter.
PÉTIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
PINNÀTIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
              extend halfway or more to the
              rachis or mid vein.
PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
              frond one of the smaller divisions
              extending to the secondary midvein.
PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
PROTHÀLLIUM. (Or prothállus.) A delicate, cellular,
              leaf-like structure produced
              from a fern spore, and bearing the
              sexual organs.
PTERIDÓPHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
RÀCHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
              through the blade or leafy portion
              of the fern.
REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
              pinnatifid frond.
SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
              teeth pointing forward.
SÉRRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
SÍNUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
(plu. SORI).
SPÀTULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
              a flattened spoon.
SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
SPÍNULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
SÚBULATE.     Awl-shaped.
TÉRNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
              a bunch or cluster.
VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.

NOTE

The student should have some idea of the terms genus, species and variety, although they are not capable of exact definition.

A species, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent in all their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind, and of a common origin, and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the shape of the pinnæ, or the cutting of the fronds, we have varieties as frondòsum, incìsum, etc. Or if the difference is less striking the word form is used instead of variety, but in any given case opinions may differ in respect to the more fitting term.

A genus is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern, the cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming the genus Osmunda. In like manner certain members of the clover group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up the genus Trifolium.

Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into genera, and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true name, the generic name being qualified by that of the species; as in the cinnamon fern Osmúnda (genus), cinnamòmea (species).

CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the text, and those that follow are synonyms.

Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now adopted at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.

ADIANTUM L.

1. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
2. Adiantum pedatum L.
    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.

ASPIDIUM SW.

3. Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
4. Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
5. Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
6. Aspidium cristatum × marginale. Davenp.
7. Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
8. Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
9. Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.

ASPLENIUM L.

18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
26. Asplenium viride. Huds.

ATHYRIUM. ROTH

27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.

BOTRYCHIUM. SW.

31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
    Botrychium matricariæfolium. A. Br.
    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.

CAMPTOSORUS. LINK

39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.

CHEILANTHES. SW.

40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
41. Cheilanthes Féei. Moore.
    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.

CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.

44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
    Pellæa densa. (Brack.) Hook.
45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
    Pellæa gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.

CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.

47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.

DENNSTÆDTIA L'HER.

49. DENNSTÆDTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.

LYGODIUM SW.

50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.

NOTHOLÆNA.R. BR.

51. Notholæna dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
    Notholæna nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.

ONOCLEA L.

52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.

OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.

54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.

OSMUNDA.L.

56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
58. Osmunda regalis. L.
    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.

PELLÆA. LINK

59. Pellæa atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
60. Pellæa glabella. Mett.

PHEGOPTERIS FÉE

61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) Fée.
    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) Fée.
    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
63. Phegopteris polypodioides Fée.
    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
    Phegopteris calcarea. Fée.
    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.

POLYPODIUM.L.

65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
    Polypodium incanum. Sw.

POLYSTICHUM. ROTH

67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) Fée.
    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.

PTERIS.L.

70. Pteris aquilina. L.
    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.

SCHIZÆA.J.E. SMITH

71. Schizæa pusilla. Pursh.
72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.

TRICHOMANES.L.

73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.

WOODSIA.R. BY.

74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.

WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH

81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.

THE PETRIFIED FERN

In a valley, centuries ago,
Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
Veining delicate and fibers tender,
Waving when the wind crept down so low;
Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
But no foot of man e'er came that way--
Earth was young and keeping holiday.

Monster fishes swam the silent main,
Stately forests waved their giant branches,
Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
But the little fern was not of these,
Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
No one came to note it day by day.

Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
Covered it and hid it safe away.
Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
Since the useless little fern was lost.

Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
From a fissure in a rocky steep
He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
And the fern's life lay in every line!
So, I think, God hides some souls away,
Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

GLOSSARY

NOTE

CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE