Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Reheis, Marith C.
      Originator: Kihl, Rolf
      Publication_Date: 1995
      Title:
        Dust Deposition in Southern Nevada and California, 1984-
        1989: Relations to climate, source area, and lithology
      Edition: 1
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research
        Issue_Identification: volume 100(D5), pages 8893-8918
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place:
        Publisher:
      Online_Linkage: <URL:http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/dust/Core/meta/report.html>
  Description:
    Abstract:
      Dust samples taken annually for five years from 55 sites in
      southern Nevada and California provide an unparalleled source
      of information on modern rates of dust deposition, grain size,
      and mineralogical and chemical composition.  The relations of
      modern dust to climatic factors, type and lithology of dust
      source, and regional wind patterns shed new light on the
      processes of dust entrainment and deposition.

      A project to study modern dust deposition relative to soils in
      southern Nevada and California was initiated in 1984 under the
      auspices of the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project
      (Interagency Agreement DE-AI08-78ET44802).  The primary purpose
      of the dust-deposition project was to provide data on modern
      dust composition and influx rates to a computer model relating
      soil carbonate to paleoclimate.  A secondary purpose was to
      provide data on dust influx rates at specific sites in the
      southern Great Basin and Mojave Desert where soil
      chronosequences were studied in support of tectonic and
      stratigraphic investigations for the Yucca Mountain Project.
      The initial 46 sampling sites, including one site with five
      traps, were established in 1984 and were supplemented by nine
      more sites in 1985 to provide dust data to soil studies by
      other investigators along the Elsinore Fault and in the
      Transverse Ranges of southern California.
    Purpose:
      The purpose of this research is to obtain data on the
      composition and deposition rate of eolian dust in southern
      Nevada and California from 1984 to 1989, and to relate these
      properties to controlling variables such as climate, lithology
      of local dust source, and type of source.  Further work will
      relate modern dust to soil properties and compare modern rates
      of dust influx with long-term rates estimated from soils at
      selected sites.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 1984
        Ending_Date: 1989
    Currentness_Reference:
      1984 was the first year dust traps were deployed for this
      study; 1989 was the last year in which dust samples described
      in this report were collected.
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -118.0
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -114.0
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.25
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 32.50
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: Dust
      Theme_Keyword: Dust deposition rates
      Theme_Keyword: Chemistry
      Theme_Keyword: Mineralogy
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: CA
      Place_Keyword: California
      Place_Keyword: NV
      Place_Keyword: Nevada
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: none
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Marith Reheis
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address:
          Box 25046, MS 913
          U.S. Geological Survey
          Denver Federal Center
        City: Denver
        State_or_Province: CO
        Postal_Code: 80225-0046
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (303) 236-1270
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (303) 236-0214

Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      Samples were obtained from the dust traps by carefully washing
      the marbles, screen, and pan with distilled water into plastic
      liter bottles.  In the laboratory, the sample was gradually
      dried at about 35C in large evaporating dishes; coarse
      organic material is removed during this process.  Subsequent
      analyses on dust samples included, in the order they were
      performed:  (1) moisture, (2) organic matter, (3) soluble
      salts and gypsum, (4) total carbonate (calcite plus
      dolomite), (5) grain size, (6) major-oxide chemistry, and
      (7) mineralogy (sand, silt, and clay fractions).  The database
      for any given site commonly contains gaps depending on how far
      the sample for a particular year could be stretched through
      the analytical cascade.  In some cases, samples from different
      years at the same site or adjacent sites were combined to
      obtain enough material for measuring grain size.

      A sample was commonly retrieved and used in more than one
      analysis if the first analytical procedure used was non-
      destructive.  These sequential analytical techniques
      included: (1) Moisture and organic-matter content (Walkley-
      Black procedure in Black, 1965)  were measured on the same
      split using 0.05 g.  (2) The entire sample was used to extract
      the solution to measure soluble salts (Jackson, 1958) and was
      then dried and recovered; thus, subsequent analyses were
      performed on samples without soluble salts.  (3)  A 0.25-g
      split was used to analyze total carbonate (Chittick procedure
      in Singer and Janitzky, 1986).   This split, free of carbonate
      after the analysis, was recovered and used to analyze for
      major oxides and zirconium.  (4) When sufficient sample (0.4g)
      existed to obtain grain size using the Sedigraph rather
      than by pipette analysis, the clay and silt fractions were
      saved and used to analyze mineralogy by X-ray diffraction.

      Most of the laboratory analyses were performed in the
      Sedimentation Laboratory of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine
      Research in Boulder, Colorado, using standard laboratory
      techniques for soil samples (see Black, 1965, and Singer and
      Janitzky, 1986) that we adapted for use on very small samples
      (the non-organic content of a dust sample collected from one
      trap typically weighs less than 1 g/yr).  These adaptations
      generally result in larger standard errors than normal for the
      results of different techniques because the amount of sample
      used is smaller than the recommended amount.

  Logical_Consistency_Report:
    The sampling design for this study was not statistically based;
    rather, sites were chosen to provide data on dust influx at soil-
    study sites and to answer specific questions about the relations
    of dust to local source lithology and type, distance from source,
    and climate.   Some sites were chosen for their proximity to
    potential dust sources of different lithologic composition (for
    example, playas versus granitic, calcic, or mafic alluvial fans).
    Other sites were placed along transects crossing topographic
    barriers downwind from a dust source.  These transects include
    sites east of Tonopah (43-46) crossing the rhyolitic Kawich Range,
    sites downwind of northern (40, 35, 36) and central Death Valley (
    38, 39, 11-14) crossing the mixed-lithology Grapevine and Funeral
    Mountains, respectively, and sites downwind of Desert Dry Lake
    crossing the calcareous Sheep Range (47-50) north of Las Vegas.
    In addition, some sites were chosen for their proximity to weather
    stations.

    Specific locations for dust traps were chosen on the basis of the
    above criteria plus accessibility, absence of dirt roads or other
    artificially disturbed areas upwind, and inconspicuousness.  The
    last factor is important because the sites are not protected or
    monitored; hence, most sites are at least 0.5 mile from a road or
    trail.  Despite these precautions, dust traps are sometimes
    tampered with, often violently.  This is a particular problem in
    areas close to population centers, and most of these sites (52-55
    near Los Angeles and 17-19 and 22 near Las Vegas) have been
    abandoned.  A few other sites, mostly those that appeared to be
    greatly influenced by nearby farming (20, 21, and 41), were
    eliminated in 1989.  Dust traps were also generally placed in
    flat, relatively open areas to mitigate wind-eddy effects created
    by tall vegetation or topographic irregularities.

    See notes in the Attribute_Accuracy_Report regarding combination
    of samples too small for individual analyses.  Generally the data
    from ICP, oxides, and mineralogy are for combined samples.

  Completeness_Report:
    The 55 sites established in 1984 and 1985 were sampled annually
    through 1989 in order to establish an adequate statistical basis
    to calculate annual dust flux.  Sampling continues at 37 of these
    sites (many sites now have two or more dust traps) every two or
    three years as opportunity and funding permit.

    The most important factors that influenced dust-trap design in
    this study were:  (1) measuring the amount of dust added to
    soils; (2) sampling on an annual basis; (3) no protection other
    than being hard to find; and (4) the cost and ready availability
    of components that might have to be replaced from sources in small
    towns.  The original design consists of a single-piece Teflon-
    coated angel-food cake pan (see note 1) painted flat black on the
    outside to maximize water evaporation and mounted on a steel fence
    post about 2 m above the ground.  A circular piece of 1/4-inch-
    mesh galvanized hardware cloth is fitted into the pan so that it
    rests 3-4 cm below the rim, and glass marbles fill the upper part
    of the pan above the hardware cloth.  The Teflon coating is non-
    reactive and adds no mineral contamination to the dust sample
    should it flake.  The hardware cloth resists weathering under
    normal conditions.  The 2-m height eliminates most sand-sized
    particles that travel by saltation rather than by suspension in
    air; sand grains are not generally pertinent to soil genesis
    because they are too large to be translocated downward into soil
    profiles.  The marbles imitate the effect of a gravelly fan
    surface and prevent dust that has filtered or washed into the
    bottom of the pan from being blown away.  The empty space below
    the hardware cloth provides a reservoir that prevents water from
    overflowing the pan during large storms.  This basic design was
    modified in 1986 in two ways.  In many areas, the traps became
    favored perching sites for a wide variety of birds.  As a result,
    significant amounts of non-eolian sediment were locally added to
    the samples (as much as five times the normal amount of dust at
    some sites).   All dust traps were fitted with two metal straps
    looped in an inverted basket shape over the top and the top
    surfaces of the straps were coated with Tanglefoot1.  This sticky
    material never dries (although it eventually becomes saturated
    with dust and must be reapplied) and effectively discourages birds
    from roosting.  In addition, extra dust traps surrounded by alter-
    type wind baffles were constructed at four sites characterized by
    different plant communities.   These communities and sites are:
    blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), creosote bush (Larrea
    divaricata), and other low brushy plants at sites 1-5 on Fortymile
    Wash; Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), other tall yucca species,
    and blackbrush at site 18 on the Kyle Canyon fan; pinyon-juniper
    (Pinus monophylla-Juniperus sp) at site 7 on Pahute Mesa; and
    acacia (acacia sp), creosote bush, and blackbrush at site 26 near
    the McCoy Mountains.  The wind baffles imitate the effect of
    ground-level wind speed at the 2-m height of the dust trap and
    permit comparison of the amount of dust caught by an unshielded
    trap with the amount that should be caught at ground level where
    vegetation breaks the wind.

  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
        Trap locations were ascertained by plotting their
        positions on USGS topographic maps at 1:24000 scale.

  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: National Climatic Data Center
          Publication_Date: 1961-1990
          Title: California: Climatological Data Annual Summary
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 1992
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 A CA
      Source_Contribution:
        Data used to calculate mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        mean annual precipitation (MAP) at dust trap sites

    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: National Climatic Data Center
          Publication_Date: 1961-1990
          Title: Nevada: Climatological Data Annual Summary
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 1992
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 A NV
      Source_Contribution:
        Data used to calculate mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        mean annual precipitation (MAP) at dust trap sites

    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: National Climatic Data Center
          Publication_Date: 1992
          Title:
            California: Monthly station normals of
            temperature, precipitation, and heating and
            cooling degree days 1961-1990
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Climatography of the United States
            Issue_Identification: 81
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 1992
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 M CA
      Source_Contribution:
        Data used to calculate mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        mean annual precipitation (MAP) at dust trap sites

    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: National Climatic Data Center
          Publication_Date: 1992
          Title:
            Nevada: Monthly station normals of temperature,
            precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days
            1961-1990
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Climatography of the United States
            Issue_Identification: 81
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 1992
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 M NV
      Source_Contribution:
        Data used to calculate mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        mean annual precipitation (MAP) at dust trap sites

    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Department of Commerce (Weather Bureau)
          Publication_Date: 1964
          Title:
            California: Climatic summary of the United States--
            Supplement for 1951 through 1960
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Climatography of the United States
            Issue_Identification: 86-4
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 1964
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: DOC 51-60 CA
      Source_Contribution:
        Data used to calculate mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        mean annual precipitation (MAP) at dust trap sites

    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Originator: U.S. Department of Commerce (Weather Bureau)
          Publication_Date: 1964
          Title:
            Nevada: Climatic summary of the United States--
            Supplement for 1951 through 1960
          Series_Information:
            Series_Name: Climatography of the United States
            Issue_Identification: 86-4
      Type_of_Source_Media: paper
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 1964
        Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: DOC 51-60 NV
      Source_Contribution:
        Data used to calculate mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        mean annual precipitation (MAP) at dust trap sites

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        The most important factors that influenced dust-trap
        design in this study were:  (1) measuring the amount of
        dust added to soils; (2) sampling on an annual basis; (3)
        no protection other than being hard to find; and (4) the
        cost and ready availability of components that might have
        to be replaced from sources in small towns.  The original
        design consists of a single-piece Teflon-coated angel-food
        cake pan (see note 1) painted flat black on the outside to
        maximize water evaporation and mounted on a steel fence
        post about 2 m above the ground.  A circular piece of 1/4-
        inch-mesh galvanized hardware cloth is fitted into the pan
        so that it rests 3-4 cm below the rim, and glass marbles
        fill the upper part of the pan above the hardware cloth.
        The Teflon coating is non-reactive and adds no mineral
        contamination to the dust sample should it flake.  The
        hardware cloth resists weathering under normal
        conditions.  The 2-m height eliminates most sand-sized
        particles that travel by saltation rather than by
        suspension in air; sand grains are not generally pertinent
        to soil genesis because they are too large to be
        translocated downward into soil profiles.  The marbles
        imitate the effect of a gravelly fan surface and prevent
        dust that has filtered or washed into the bottom of the
        pan from being blown away.  The empty space below the
        hardware cloth provides a reservoir that prevents water
        from overflowing the pan during large storms.  This basic
        design was modified in 1986 in two ways.  In many areas,
        the traps became favored perching sites for a wide variety
        of birds.  As a result, significant amounts of non-eolian
        sediment were locally added to the samples (as much as
        five times the normal amount of dust at some sites).   All
        dust traps were fitted with two metal straps looped in an
        inverted basket shape over the top and the top surfaces of
        the straps were coated with Tanglefoot.  [Use of trade
        names by the U.S. Geological Survey does not constitute an
        endorsement of the product.] This sticky material never
        dries (although it eventually becomes saturated with dust
        and must be reapplied) and effectively discourages birds
        from roosting.  In addition, extra dust traps surrounded
        by alter-type wind baffles were constructed at four sites
        characterized by different plant communities.   These
        communities and sites are:  blackbrush (Coleogyne
        ramosissima), creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), and other
        low brushy plants at sites 1-5 on Fortymile Wash; Joshua
        tree (Yucca brevifolia), other tall yucca species, and
        blackbrush at site 18 on the Kyle Canyon fan; pinyon-
        juniper (Pinus monophylla-Juniperus sp) at site 7 on
        Pahute Mesa; and acacia (acacia sp), creosote bush, and
        blackbrush at site 26 near the McCoy Mountains.  The wind
        baffles imitate the effect of ground-level wind speed at
        the 2-m height of the dust trap and permit comparison of
        the amount of dust caught by an unshielded trap with the
        amount that should be caught at ground level where
        vegetation breaks the wind.
      Process_Date: 1984

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Samples were obtained from the dust traps by carefully
        washing the marbles, screen, and pan with distilled water
        into plastic liter bottles. In the laboratory, the sample
        was gradually dried at about 35C in large evaporating
        dishes; coarse organic material is removed during this
        process.  Subsequent analyses on dust samples included, in
        the order they were performed:  (1) moisture, (2) organic
        matter, (3) soluble salts and gypsum, (4) total carbonate
        (calcite plus dolomite), (5) grain size, (6) major-oxide
        chemistry, and (7) mineralogy (sand, silt, and clay
        fractions).  The database for any given site commonly
        contains gaps depending on how far the sample for a
        particular year could be stretched through the analytical
        cascade.  In some cases, samples from different years at
        the same site or adjacent sites were combined to obtain
        enough material for measuring grain size.

        A sample was commonly retrieved and used in more than one
        analysis if the first analytical procedure used was non-
        destructive.  These sequential analytical techniques
        included: (1) Moisture and organic-matter content (Walkley-
        Black procedure in Black, 1965)  were measured on the same
        split using 0.05 g.  (2) The entire sample was used to
        extract the solution to measure soluble salts (Jackson,
        1958) and was then dried and recovered; thus, subsequent
        analyses were performed on samples without soluble
        salts.  (3)  A 0.25-g split was used to analyze total
        carbonate (Chittick procedure in Singer and Janitzky,
        1986).   This split, free of carbonate after the analysis,
        was recovered and used to analyze for major oxides and
        zirconium.  (4) When sufficient sample (0.4 g) existed to
        obtain grain size using the Sedigraph rather than by
        pipette analysis, the clay and silt fractions were saved
        and used to analyze mineralogy by X-ray diffraction.

        Most of the laboratory analyses were performed in the
        Sedimentation Laboratory of the Institute of Arctic and
        Alpine Research in Boulder, Colorado, using standard
        laboratory techniques for soil samples (see Black, 1965,
        and Singer and Janitzky, 1986) that we adapted for use on
        very small samples (the non-organic content of a dust
        sample collected from one trap typically weighs less than
        1 g/yr).  These adaptations generally result in larger
        standard errors than normal for the results of different
        techniques because the amount of sample used is smaller
        than the recommended amount.
      Process_Date: 1985

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Total dust flux is calculated by multiplying the mineral
        weight times the fraction less than 2 mm times the pan
        area times the fraction of year during which the sample
        accumulated (in file labdust.xls, number of days divided
        by 365).  Other dust-flux values for various components (i.
        e. silt flux) are calculated by multiplying the total dust
        flux by the percentage of the component.

        Preliminary examination of the flux data indicated that
        samples from some sites collected in 1985 and 1986, before
        the trap design was modified to discourage birds from
        roosting, were anomalously large (50-500% greater)
        compared to those collected in later years.  All of the
        anomalous samples had been recorded as having significant
        amounts of bird feces at the time of collection.
        Consultations with bird biologists confirmed that bird
        droppings can contain significant amounts of mineral
        matter, mostly derived from cropstones; the amount varies
        with the species and with the diet of local populations of
        individual species.  Moreover, perching birds can
        contaminate the sample with material from their feet.  In
        some cases, we have evidence of near-deliberate
        contamination in the form of one or two pebble-sized
        clasts of local rocks that were found in samples, possibly
        dropped (or swapped for marbles) by large birds such as
        ravens. Data from samples with large amounts of bird
        droppings were discarded from further analysis and were
        excluded from the computations of "selected average" flux
        values.
      Process_Date: 1987

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Major elements were measured in U.S. Geological Survey
        laboratories on a split of the less-than-2mm fraction
        remaining after analysis and removal of carbonate by the
        Chittick method.  Major elements and zirconium were
        analyzed by induction-coupled plasma spectroscopy (Lichte
        and others, 1987).  In some cases, samples from different
        years at the same site or adjacent sites were combined to
        obtain enough material for measuring major-oxide
        composition.
      Process_Date: 1988

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Major oxides are calculated from elemental compositions
        (file dusticp.txt) using the following equations based on
        atomic weights:
        SiO2  = Si/0.467
        Al2O3 = Al/0.529
        Fe2O3 = Fe/0.699
        MgO   = Mg/0.603
        CaO   = Ca/0.715
        Na2O  = Na/0.742
        K2O   = K /0.830
        TiO2  = Ti/0.599
        MnO   = Mn/0.774
        ZrO2  = Zr/0.740
        The percentages of major oxides and zirconium were then
        recalculated to 100%, excluding water, volatiles, and
        minor elements, and the ratios of major oxides to ZrO2 are
        based on the recalculated values.
      Process_Date: 1988

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Mineralogy was measured in U.S. Geological Survey
        laboratories on splits of samples that had been previously
        analyzed for grain size.  Samples of sand, silt, and clay
        were slurried in water (sand samples were ground to a fine
        powder) and mounted dropwise on glass slides.   Minerals
        in the sand and silt fractions were identified by
        characteristic peaks on X-ray diffractograms and their
        relative amounts were estimated by measuring peak
        heights.  Minerals in the clay samples were identified by
        characteristic peaks obtained after the following
        treatments:  air-dried, glycolated, and heated to 300
        degrees C and 550 degrees C.  The relative abundances of
        clay minerals were estimated by measuring the following
        peak heights (in degrees 2 theta) and adjusted for
        intensity variations between runs using the peak height of
        quartz at 26.65 2 theta:  chlorite, 6.3 on the 550 degrees
        C trace; kaolinite, 12.6 on the glycolated trace minus the
        amount of chlorite; mica, 8.8 on the glycolated trace;
        smectite, 5.2 on the glycolated trace; mixed-layer mica-
        smectite, 8.85 on the 550 degrees trace minus the amounts
        of mica and smectite.
      Process_Date: 1988

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        The National Climatic Data Center no longer publishes mean
        climatic data for the entire length of record at weather
        stations.  To obtain mean annual temperature (MAT) and
        precipitation (MAP) for the weather stations nearest the
        dust traps, averages had to be computed from climatic
        summaries of the United States (U.S. Department of
        Commerce, 1952, 1965), from station normals for 1961-1990
        (National Climatic Data Center, 1992), and from various
        climatological data annual summaries.  Comparisons could
        then be made of the long-term averages with those for the
        five years of dust collection (file climate.xls).
      Process_Date: 1993
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DOC 51-60 CA
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DOC 51-60 NV
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 A CA
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 M CA
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 A NV
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 M NV

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        The dust-trap sites are at different elevations from the
        nearest weather stations.  To estimate mean annual
        temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) at the sampling
        sites, annual climate data for the entire period of record
        was obtained for every weather station in the region,
        including some that are no longer maintained but excluding
        those in coastal California.  The data in this file was
        combined from the data in file aveclim.xls, which included
        the weather stations nearest the traps, and from climatic
        data for other stations.  For many stations with
        relatively complete records, this involved computation of
        the averages of MAT and MAP (columns under "MAT
        calculations" and "MAP calculations") compiled from
        records prior to 1961, the last year in which averages for
        the entire length of record were published by the U.S.
        Department of Commerce (1965), and from station normals
        for 1961-1990 (National Climatic Data Center, 1992).
        Normals and averages are not published for stations with
        missing data or those which were moved at some time; for
        these stations, the computation required hand-entering
        data for each year of record from the climatological data
        annual summaries (columns under "MAT records" and "MAP
        records").

        Linear regression (bottom left of file) was used to obtain
        equations that relate temperature and precipitation to
        elevation for these weather stations (columns
        "Elevation", "MAT", and "MAP") and to estimate these
        parameters at sampling sites with different elevations.
        For temperature, only one equation was required; it
        provides estimates with a standard error (s.e.) of only
        1.3 degrees C.  For precipitation, equations were most
        useful when the stations were divided into three
        geographic regions, including the area of the Mexican
        border and the Colorado River-southeast Nevada corridor
        (s.e.=2.6 cm), southwestern California east of the
        Transverse Ranges (s.e.=8.6 cm), and the interior deserts
        (s.e.=2.0 cm).
      Process_Date: 1993
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DOC 51-60 CA
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DOC 51-60 NV
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 A CA
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 M CA
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 A NV
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCDC 61-90 M NV

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Estimates of MAP and MAT listed under "this study" were
        obtained using the linear regression equations calculated
        from data in file regclim.xls. These equations are:

        MAT = -0.0072E+23.4
        MAP (interior deserts) = 0.00555E+7.075
        MAP (Colo.R.-Salton Sea) = 0.01013+7.468
        MAP (SW Calif.) = 0.05E+5.002

        where E is elevation in meters.  For comparison, MAP is
        also calculated using other published equations.  For
        stations on the Nevada Test Site (T-1 through T-9) I used
        the equation of Quiring (1983), in which y = MAP in inches
        and x = elevation in thousands of feet:

        y = 1.36x - 0.51

        For stations in southern Nevada, including the Nevada Test
        Site, I used the equations of  French (1983), in which
        y = MAP in inches and x = elevation in feet.  French (1983)
        divided southern Nevada roughly into thirds based on the
        paths of moisture-carrying air masses from the west and
        south; the eastern third has the most rainfall, the
        western third has the least, and the central third is
        intermediate:

        Eastern:	log y = 0.0000933x + 0.486
        Central:	log y = 0.0000786x + 0.446
        Western:	log y = 0.0000365x + 0.505

        MAP at the closest weather station to the dust-trap site
        is also given. Estimates of MAP for sites near Los
        Angeles, including T-51 through T-54, using the equations
        from this study gave unrealistically low values (see file
        trapclim.xls) because this area is under a coastal rather
        than an interior climate.  Thus, in the papers written
        using these data, MAP for these sites is assumed to be
        about the same as that at the nearest weather station.
      Process_Date: 1993

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Mean monthly precipitation and temperature from 1984 to
        1989 were acquired from the National Climatic Data Center
        (1984-1989) for weather stations in southern Nevada and
        California that were closest to dust-trap sites and
        entered into a spreadsheet in order to calculate mean
        annual values for climatic variables and compare them to
        long-term means (calculated in file aveclim.xls).
        Seasonal precipitation (May-October and November-April)
        was calculated from monthly values.
      Process_Date: 1993

    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Secondary climatic variables were calculated from the data
        in file climate.txt These secondary variables include
        monthly and annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) and
        the leaching index (LI) of Arkley (1963). The leaching
        index is a measure of available moisture obtained by
        subtracting monthly evapotranspiration from monthly
        precipitation.  PET was calculated for all stations with
        both temperature and precipitation data using the method
        of  Thornthwaite (1948), and for stations with mean
        minimum and maximum temperatures using the method of
        Papadakis (1965). The leaching index is calculated for
        both methods of PET.  Pan evaporation measurements are
        also given where available (National Climatic Data Center
        and Farnsworth and others, 1982) for comparison.

        PET is more readily calculated by the Thornthwaite method
        than by the Papadakis method, because the latter requires
        mean minimum and maximum temperatures that are commonly
        not recorded at some weather stations. However, according
        to Taylor (1986), the Thornthwaite method applied to
        climatic data for arid regions yields PET values that are
        much too low (as much as 150% compared to evaporation-pan
        data for the growing season). The Papadakis method
        provides estimates of PET that are closest to pan data in
        arid climates.  Many thanks to Emily Taylor (U.S.
        Geological Survey) for guiding me through the complex
        calculations of PET and providing me with the appropriate
        references.

        [Editor's note: These equations contain expressions that
        cannot be conveniently represented in plain ASCII text.
        Accordingly, I have coded the expressions using the
        notation of the programming language BASIC, hoping that
        most people will understand that.  BASIC has no
        subscripting, however, so I used the underscore to
        indicate that the next character or two is subscripted.
        The correct notations can be obtained by examining the
        original document, in Microsoft Word for DOS format.]

        LI = (P - PET) summed for each month in which P > PET.

        PET (Thornthwaite) = F(1.6(10t/I)^a)

        where
        t	temperature (degrees C) for the month
        I	sum for 12 months of (t/5)^1.514  (given in column "heat factor I")
        a	(6.75*10^(-7) * I^3) - (7.71* 10^(-5) * I^2) + (0.1792 * I) + 0.49239  (given in column "exponent a")
        F	day length factor  (from table V in Thornthwaite, 1948)

        PET (Papadakis) = 5.625 (e_ma - e_d)

        where
        e_ma is saturation vapor pressure of monthly average daily maximum temperature (mbars)
        e_d is monthly average vapor pressure (dew point) (mbars)

        According to Lindsley and others (1975, p. 35), vapour
        pressures are calculated by:

        e_ma = (33.869(0.00738 (max.T) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 |1.8 (max.T) | + 0.001316)

        e_d   = (33.869(0.00738 (min.T) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 |1.8 (min.T) | + 0.001316)

        where max.T is the monthly average maximum temperature and
        min.T is the monthly average minimum temperature.

        [Editor's note:  Here are the preceding equations rendered
        in TeX:

        {\parskip=\medskipamount
        $LI = (P - PET)$ summed for each month in which $P > PET$.
        $$PET (\hbox{Thornthwaite}) = F(1.6(10t/I)^a)$$
        where
        $$\halign{\quad # \hfil & \quad # \hfil\cr
        $t$ & temperature (degrees C) for the month\cr
        $I$ & sum for twelve months of $(t/5)^{1.514}$ (given in column ``heat factor I'')\cr
        $a$ & $(6.75 \times 10^{-7}I^3) - (7.71 \times 10^{-5}I^2) + (0.1792I) + 0.49239$ (given in column ``exponent a'')\cr
        $F$ & day length factor (from table V in Thornthwaite, 1948)\cr
        }$$
        $$PET (\hbox{Papadakis}) = 5.625 (e_{ma} - e_d)$$
        where
        $$\halign{\quad # \hfil & \quad # \hfil\cr
        $e_{ma}$ & is the saturation vapor pressure of monthly average daily maximum temperature (in mbar), and \cr
        $e_d$ & is the monthly average vapor pressure (dew point) in mbars\cr
        }$$
        According to Lindsley and others (1975, p. 35), vapor pressures are calculated by:
        $$e_{ma} = (33.869(0.00738 (\hbox{max.T}) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 \vert 1.8 (\hbox{max.T}) \vert + 0.001316)$$
        $$e_d   = (33.869(0.00738 (\hbox{min.T}) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 \vert 1.8 (\hbox{min.T}) \vert + 0.001316)$$
        where max.T is the monthly average maximum temperature and min.T is the monthly average minimum temperature.
        }
        [Editor's note: end of TeX rendition of the equations.]
      Process_Date: 1993

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point
  Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
    SDTS_Terms_Description:
      SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Entity Point
      Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 101

Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Geographic:
      Latitude_Resolution: 0.01
      Longitude_Resolution: 0.01
      Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      This data set contains 430 distinct attributes, some of which
      directly describe entities and some merely qualify the values
      of other attributes.  Documenting these attributes using the
      detailed form of the Content Standards for Digital Geospatial
      Metadata is possible in principle but cannot be carried out
      in a timely fashion.

      In general the attributes describe two types of entities,
      dust samples collected from traps deployed in Southwestern
      Nevada and nearby California, and weather stations nearby
      the dust collection sites.  These observations are coded in
      ASCII tables in which the rows typically refer to the entities
      and the columns typically refer to characteristics of those
      entities.  Here is a list of attributes, sorted by the name of
      the file in which they appear, the column within the file, and
      giving the column heading that identifies the attribute.

      Core/meta/samples.txt	1	Trap sample id
      Core/meta/samples.txt	2	Lab No. (GRL-)
      Core/meta/samples.txt	3	Days out
      Core/meta/samples.txt	4	Problem?

      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	1	trap
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	2	latitude
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	3	longitude
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	4	elevation (m)
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	5	geographic area
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	6	transect (km)*
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	7	primary source source**
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	8	primary source lithology***
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	9	secondary source source**
      Core/meta/trapsite.txt	10	secondary source lithology**

      Core/raw/labdust.txt	1	Trap sample id
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	2	Lab# (GRL-)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	3	Days out
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	4	Organic carbon %
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	5	Organic matter %
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	6	%CaCO3 (total)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	7	%CaCO3 (OM-free)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	8	%salts (total)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	9	%salts (OM-free)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	10	%gypsum (total)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	11	%gypsum (OM-free)
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	12	Mineral wt (g)**
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	13	% <2mm
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	14	sand % of <2mm fraction
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	15	silt % of <2mm fraction
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	16	clay % of <2mm fraction
      Core/raw/labdust.txt	17	textural class

      Core/raw/flux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux.txt	2	CO3
      Core/raw/flux.txt	3	salt
      Core/raw/flux.txt	4	gypsum
      Core/raw/flux.txt	5	min_wgt_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	6	min_wgt
      Core/raw/flux.txt	7	dustflux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	8	dustflux
      Core/raw/flux.txt	9	CO3_flux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	10	CO3_flux
      Core/raw/flux.txt	11	saltflux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	12	saltflux
      Core/raw/flux.txt	13	gypsflux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	14	gypsflux
      Core/raw/flux.txt	15	sandflux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	16	sandflux
      Core/raw/flux.txt	17	siltflux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	18	siltflux
      Core/raw/flux.txt	19	clayflux_Q
      Core/raw/flux.txt	20	clayflux

      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	2	CO3_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	3	salt_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	4	gypsum_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	5	min_wgt_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	6	min_wgt_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	7	dustflux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	8	dustflux_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	9	CO3_flux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	10	CO3_flux_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	11	saltflux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	12	saltflux_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	13	gypsflux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	14	gypsflux_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	15	sandflux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	16	sandflux_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	17	siltflux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	18	siltflux_sel_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	19	clayflux_avg
      Core/raw/flux_avg.txt	20	clayflux_sel_avg

      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	2	1985
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	3	1986
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	4	1987
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	5	1988
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	6	1989
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	7	average
      Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt	8	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	2	1985
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	3	1986
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	4	1987
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	5	1988
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	6	1989
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	7	average
      Core/raw/flux/salt.txt	8	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	2	1985
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	3	1986
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	4	1987
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	5	1988
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	6	1989
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	7	average
      Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt	8	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/siltflux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	2	Q85
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	3	1985
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	4	Q86
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	5	1986
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	6	Q87
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	7	1987
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	8	Q88
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	9	1988
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	10	Q89
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	11	1989
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	12	average
      Core/raw/flux/clayflux.txt	13	Selected average

      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	1	Sample no.
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	2	Chlorite
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	3	Kaolinite
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	4	Mica
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	5	Smectite
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	6	Mixed-layer
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	7	Quartz
      Core/raw/minerals/claymin.txt	8	Other

      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	1	Sample no.
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	2	Quartz
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	3	Anorthoclase
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	4	High-temp sanidine
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	5	High-temp albite
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	6	Anorthite
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	7	Orthoclase
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	8	Microcline
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	9	Low-temp albite
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	10	Muscovite + biotite
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	11	Pyroxene
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	12	Hornblende*
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	13	Dolomite
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	14	Calcite
      Core/raw/minerals/sandmin.txt	15	Other

      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	1	Sample no.
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	2	Quartz
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	3	Anorthoclase
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	4	High-temp sanidine
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	5	High-temp albite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	6	Anorthite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	7	Orthoclase
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	8	Microcline
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	9	Low-temp albite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	10	Muscovite + biotite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	11	Chlorite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	12	Apatite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	13	Pyroxene
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	14	Hornblende*
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	15	Dolomite
      Core/raw/minerals/siltmin.txt	16	Other

      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	1	combined sample id
      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	2	component sample 1
      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	3	component sample 2
      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	4	component sample 3
      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	5	component sample 4
      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	6	component sample 5
      Core/raw/minerals/combine.txt	7	component sample 6

      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	1	Traps
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	2	Si
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	3	Al
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	4	Fe
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	5	Mg
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	6	Ca
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	7	Na
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	8	K
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	9	Ti
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	10	Mn
      Core/raw/chemistry/dusticp.txt	11	Zr

      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	1	Traps
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	2	raw SiO2
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	3	raw Al2O3
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	4	raw Fe2O3
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	5	raw MgO
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	6	raw CaO
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	7	raw Na2O
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	8	raw K2O
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	9	raw TiO2
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	10	raw MnO
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	11	raw ZrO2
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	12	norm SiO2
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	13	norm Al2O3
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	14	norm Fe2O3
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	15	norm MgO
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	16	norm CaO
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	17	norm Na2O
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	18	norm K2O
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	19	norm TiO2
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	20	norm MnO
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	21	norm ZrO2
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	22	Si/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	23	Al/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	24	Fe/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	25	Mg/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	26	Ca/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	27	Na/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	28	K/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	29	Ti/Zr02
      Core/raw/chemistry/dustox.txt	30	Mn/Zr02

      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	1	Station
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	2	Group
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	3	Elevation
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	4	MAT
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	5	MAP
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	6	number of yrs<1961
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	7	MAT before 1961
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	8	number of years1961-90
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	9	MAT from 1961-90
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	10	number of yrs<1961
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	11	MAP before 1961
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	12	number of years1961-90
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	13	MAP from 1961-90
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	14	1961 MAT records 1961 through 1990
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	15	1962
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	16	1963
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	17	1964
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	18	1965
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	19	1966
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	20	1967
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	21	1968
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	22	1969
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	23	1970
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	24	1971
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	25	1972
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	26	1973
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	27	1974
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	28	1975
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	29	1976
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	30	1977
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	31	1978
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	32	1979
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	33	1980
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	34	1981
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	35	1982
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	36	1983
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	37	1984
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	38	1985
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	39	1986
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	40	1987
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	41	1988
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	42	1989
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	43	1990
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	44	1961 MAP records 1961 through 1990
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	45	1962
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	46	1963
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	47	1964
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	48	1965
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	49	1966
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	50	1967
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	51	1968
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	52	1969
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	53	1970
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	54	1971
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	55	1972
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	56	1973
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	57	1974
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	58	1975
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	59	1976
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	60	1977
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	61	1978
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	62	1979
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	63	1980
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	64	1981
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	65	1982
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	66	1983
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	67	1984
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	68	1985
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	69	1986
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	70	1987
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	71	1988
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	72	1989
      Core/raw/climate/climreg.txt	73	1990

      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	1	Station
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	2	Time interval
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	3	TJan
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	4	TFeb
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	5	TMar
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	6	TApr
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	7	TMay
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	8	TJun
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	9	TJul
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	10	TAug
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	11	TSep
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	12	TOct
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	13	TNov
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	14	TDec
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	15	Mean yearly temperature
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	16	PJan
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	17	PFeb
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	18	PMar
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	19	PApr
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	20	PMay
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	21	PJun
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	22	PJul
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	23	PAug
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	24	PSep
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	25	POct
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	26	PNov
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	27	PDec
      Core/raw/climate/aveclim.txt	28	Annual total precipitation

      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	1	Trap
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	2	Est MAT (+-1.3C)
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	3	Est MAP (cm)
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	4	s.e. MAP(cm)
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	5	Quiring est. MAP (NTS)
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	6	French est MAP (so NV)
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	7	WS nearest
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	8	WS Elevation (m)
      Core/raw/climate/trapclim.txt	9	WS MAP (cm)

      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	1	Station
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	2	State
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	3	Latitude
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	4	Longitude
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	5	Elevation (m)
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	6	Time interval
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	7	TJan
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	8	TFeb
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	9	TMar
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	10	TApr
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	11	TMay
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	12	TJun
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	13	TJul
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	14	TAug
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	15	TSep
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	16	TOct
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	17	TNov
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	18	TDec
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	19	Mean annual T
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	20	PJan
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	21	PFeb
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	22	PMar
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	23	PApr
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	24	PMay
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	25	PJun
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	26	PJul
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	27	PAug
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	28	PSep
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	29	POct
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	30	PNov
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	31	PDec
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	32	Total P
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	33	PNov-Apr
      Core/raw/climate/climate.txt	34	PMay-Oct

    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
      Fuller details are available in Core/meta/report.txt in this
      data set.

Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Peter N. Schweitzer
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address:
          Mail Stop 955 National Center
          U.S. Geological Survey
          12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: 22092
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-6533
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6647
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov

  Resource_Description:
    <URL:http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/dust/>

  Distribution_Liability:
    Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive
    purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
    Government.

  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: TEXT
        Format_Information_Content: Dust data
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name: <URL:ftp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/dust/>
              Network_Resource_Name: <URL:http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/dust/Core/meta/report.html>
          Online_Computer_and_Operating_System:
            Data General AViiON 6220 system running DG/UX
            version 5.4R3.10 (UNIX)
    Fees: none

Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 19950720
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Peter N. Schweitzer
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address:
          Mail Stop 955
          U.S. Geological Survey
          12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
        City: Reston
        State_or_Province: VA
        Postal_Code: 22092
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-6533
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6647
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: 19940608
