{j:a {m:1=10,75 {m:2=18,75 {m:3=24,75 {m:4=50,75 {m:1 II. INITIAL CHECKOUT For successful checkout and operation of the Musicraft diskette provided, you must perform two initial steps. {m:2 {i:-8 1. Copy the diskette to a work diskette immediately upon receiving it and before attempting to operate any program. Save the original diskette as your back_up. Never use the back_up diskette for any purpose other than to recreate a work diskette for your own use. {i:-8 2. Place a copy of your operating system onto tracks zero and one of your working diskette using the means provided by your operating system. {m:1 The Musicraft system diskette contains the programs as well as several songs and a waveform file. You can find them by placing the work diskette in your A:drive and using the following command. {m:4 {i:-40 A>^^XDIR^(press^return) This displays the contents of the directory on the diskette. {m:1 {l:The directory should appear as follows: {l: XDIR COM SETUP COM EDIT COM {l: COMP COM WAVE COM PLAY COM {l: PRINT COM S801 CNF S802 CNF {l: S853 CNF S855 CNF Z801 CNF {l: Z802 CNF Z804 CNF INVENT1 SNG {l: INVENT4 SNG INVENT8 SNG WAVE WAV The first program, XDIR, is a program in the public domain and is not part of the Musicraft system. XDIR provides an improved, informative listing of the directory. The remaining files are the programs of Musicraft as well as sample configurations, song files and a waveform file. The songs and the waveform are intended for your use in familiarizing yourself with the basic operation of Musicraft. Musicraft uses the file type to distinguish among the files involved in making music, and you will find a complete explanation of the file type conventions in Appendix C. You can immediately perform a song if you have inserted your music board into the backplane at the i/o address hard wired on the music board. (Please see the instructions accompanying the music board for correct installation and hardware testing. If you have modified the i/o address installed on the board, you will need to run SETUP. SETUP is self documenting, but to assist you in being prepared to deal with the questions asked by SETUP, use the worksheet provided in Appendix A.) You will note several .CNF type files on the directory of your work diskette. These are configuration files describing computers with various clock speeds. Their names and meaning are according to the following table. {m:2 {l: Name Meaning {l: C1.CNF Microprocessor running at 1 Mhz {l: C2.CNF Microprocessor running at 2 Mhz {l: C25.CNF Microprocessor running at 2.5 Mhz {l: C3.CNF Microprocessor running at 3 Mhz {l: C4.CNF Microprocessor running at 4 Mhz {l: C5.CNF Microprocessor running at 5 Mhz {l: C6.CNF Microprocessor running at 6 Mhz {m:1 Find the file whose description best fits your own system and change its name to SONG.CNF by typing the following. (C2.CNF is used here as an example) {m:4 {i:-40 A>^^REN^SONG.CNF=C2.CNF^(press^return) This file will be used by COMP program to generate a song in playable form in the next steps. {m:1 This should give reasonably satisfactory results for now. However, if the configuration file you initially chose does not seem right, you can come back to this step later and change to a different configuration file. But, if it is near the correct pitch and tempo, don't worry about it for now. There are several song files on your diskette. These songs have been entered but have not yet been compiled. Let's see what steps are necessary to play the song called INVENT1. Perform the following dialog with your computer. {m:4 {i:-40 A>^^COMP^INVENT1^(press^return) You have asked the compile program to convert the song INVENT1 into playable form. The lines displayed from this point to the next occurence of the A> symbol are intended to keep you informed of the progress of COMP and require no response on your part. {m:1 {l:(additional lines from COMP) {m:4 {i:-40 A>^^PLAY^INVENT1^(press^return) You have asked the play program to load the song INVENT1 into its memory. After PLAY has done this, it will ask you to name a waveform with which to play the first voice. {m:1 {l:Please enter wave name for table 1 > {m:4 {i:-40 ^^^^WAVE^(press^return) You have asked the player program to use the waveform table provided on the diskette. PLAY will sketch the shape of the waveform as it loads it. {m:1 At this point, if you have properly installed the music board and have performed the above steps correctly, you should be listening to J S Bach's Invention #1. You can now repeat this procedure for the other files having a file type of .SNG by replacing the name INVENT1 with the name of another song in the above dialog. Generally, in order for you to enter a song, compile it, and, finally to play it will require that you perform the following steps: {m:4 {i:-40 A>^^EDIT^songname^(press^return) You have asked the edit program to find a song file on the diskette under the name you gave it, load the song into memory if it is found, and then permit you to make changes, additions or deletions to the song. Then, upon your signal that it is time to quit, EDIT will write the updated version back to the diskette. {i:-40 A>^^COMP^songname^(press^return) You have asked COMP to convert your song into playable form. You wait until it is done. {i:-40 A>^^PLAY^songname^(press^return) You have asked PLAY to perform your song. {a:p=1 {m:1 You have many options in each of these programs that permit you to control the music which is ultimately performed, but the three steps above are the backbone of your operations for every song you will ever play using Musicraft. The three additional programs are called from the command mode of your operating system in an equally simple manner. {m:4 {i:-40 A>^^WAVE^(press^return) You have asked the waveform generator program to accept your request for the construction of one or more waveform tables to be stored on diskette for later use. {i:-40 A>^^SETUP^(press^return) You have begun the process of defining the configuration of your computer system to Musicraft. DO NOT attempt to run SETUP for now unless you had to have done so due to hardware changes to the music board as described earlier. {i:-40 A>^^PRINT^songname^(press^return) You have asked the song print program to give you a hard copy of the song you have selected. {m:1 The above discussion is intended only to show you the rudiments of using the Musicraft System. The actual details describing how you interact with each of the programs is described under the heading PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS. {a:p=1 III. MUSIC NOTATION SYSTEM III.A. Song File Songs are maintained by Musicraft in files stored on diskettes. Each file is comprised of a set of records, or lines, each describing some musical aspect of the song. Each line is one of two possible types. {m:2 {i:-8 1. A song line containing pitch and duration information for each voice to be performed, and {i:-8 2. An option line containing information affecting secondary aspects of musical performance such as tempo, repetition and so forth. {m:1 Frequently, a group of song/option lines will be involved in the discussion of some function in this manual. When a group of lines are involved as a unit, the expression "song segment" or, more simply, "segment" will be used to refer to them. III.B. Song Line Music is maintained as a series of song lines. Using EDIT, you can add music to an existing song by inserting song lines, and delete undesired music by removing song lines. A song line contains the following information: {m:2 {i:-8 1. Line number. {i:-8 2. Duration of song line. {i:-8 3. Pitch for voice 1. {i:-8 4. Pitch for voice 2 (if specified). {i:-8 5. Pitch for voice 3 (if specified). {i:-8 6. Pitch for voice 4 (if specified). {m:1 III.B.1. Line Number EDIT provides an ability to find song lines by the line number. COMP reports errors using the line number. III.B.2. Duration The duration field is used to tell PLAY how long to perform the song line. It is one or two characters in length. The first character must be one of the following: {a:p=1 {m:2 {i:-8 Char Meaning {i:-8 W Whole note {i:-8 H Half note {i:-8 Q Quarter note {i:-8 E Eighth note {i:-8 S Sixteenth note {i:-8 T Thirty-second note {i:-8 X Sixty-fourth note (See note below) {m:1 {l:You may also use the following: {l:A^Triplet half note^^^^^^^K^Triplet sixteenth note {l:B^1/5th of a whole note^^^L^1/7th of a quarter note {l:C^Triplet quarter note^^^^N^1/5th of an eighth note {l:D^1/7th of a whole note^^^P^Triplet thirty-second note {l:F^1/5th of a half note^^^^U^1/7th of an eighth note {l:G^Triplet eighth note^^^^^V^1/5th of a sixteenth note {l:I^1/7th of a half note^^^^Y^triplet sixty-fourth note {l:^^(see note below) {l:J^1/5th of a quarter note (Note: I and X can be entered when in EDIT only when in the Insert-mode since these characters are used to enter the Insert_mode and the Excise_mode. See the section of the manual describing EDIT for clarification of these terms.) The second character used in the duration field is the duration adjustment and may be one of the following: A period (".") adjusts the duration in the same manner as does dotting a note in musical notation. A colon (":") adjusts the duration in the same manner as does doubly-dotting a note in musical notation. III.B.3. Voice Each voice field is composed of three parts describing the pitch or rest to be performed. The voice field contains the following three parts: {m:2 {i:-8 Part Meaning {i:-8 1. The note name. Any letter from the following is acceptable: A, B, C, D, E, F, G or R. The first seven are the note names for the standard scale while the letter R signifies that a rest is desired (ie., the voice is to be silent). {i:-8 2. The accidental. Any one of the following: ! (or 1) represents a flat. @ (or " or 2) represents a natural. # (or 3) represents a sharp. {i:-8 3. The octave. Any number from 1 to 7. The lowest octave is designated as 1 (Low A, the bottom note on most pianos, is the bottom note in the Musicraft scale as well), Middle C is in the 4th octave, and the top octave is designated as the 7th octave. {m:1 {l:Examples of correct voice data are: {m:3 {i:-8 A@1 Bottom note in Musicraft scale {i:-8 A@5 Concert A (at 440 Hertz) {i:-8 C@4 Middle C {i:-8 C@6 High C {i:-8 F#5 F sharp below High C {i:-8 G#7 Top note in Musicraft scale {m:1 The musical staff below shows the range of the system as well as sample note data as written in the Musicraft notation. {a:l=22 If we now put all the information together, on the next page we can compare measure one of J. S. Bach's Invention #1 in both standard notation and in the music notation used by Musicraft. Notice that, while standard notation reflects time horizontally across the page, Musicraft shows time vertically down the CRT face. This is because the scrolling conventions normally used with CRTs encourage the vertical direction. {a:p=2 III.C. Microtones Additionally, Musicraft supports microtonal music. When the microtone option is used you may replace the note name and the accidental with a two-digit number corresponding to the interval within the microtonal octave. Suppose you want to divide the octave into 24 equally tempered intervals. Each "note" has a number, then, which corresponds to its position in the octave starting with the lowest note in the octave. The numbers permissible in this instance are 01 (which corresponds in pitch to A) through 24 (which corresponds in pitch to a note between G# and A one octave above 01). The lowest note in the octave is designated as 01 and the highest note as 24. In another example, suppose the octave is divided into 12 intervals, the normal chromatic scale. Now, the lowest note, 01, is A@, while the highest note, 12, is G#. Microtonal notation can be intermixed with the traditional notation described above whenever a song has a microtone assignment. For more information on this, see below in the Options_mode section of the PROGRAM DESCRIPTION of EDIT as well as the discussion of the Microtone Option Line in OPTION LINE DESCRIPTIONS. Incidentally, microtones are convenient for use in traditional music whenever a glissando is needed. III.D. Option Lines There are many musical functions which cannot be performed using only the song line technique described above. In order to provide for such things as tempo settings and changes, repeats and choruses (or refrains), Musicraft supports special lines of information which you place at appropriate points in a song as you edit the song. You do this by using the Options menu of EDIT. See the Options_mode section of the PROGRAM DESCRIPTION of EDIT for a detailed discussion of the Options menu. An option line is distinguished from a song line by the fact that it has an asterisk ("*") as its first character. The second character determines the specific function. A list of the possible option lines are: {m:3 {i:-8 Char Meaning {i:-8 C Call a chorus {i:-8 L Label a song line {i:-8 M Mark a measure {i:-8 R Mark the end of a repeat {i:-8 T Set or change the tempo {i:-8 W Set or change the waveforms {i:-8 X End a chorus {m:1 A complete description of all option lines and the functions performed by each is presented under the heading OPTION LINE DESCRIPTIONS. {a:p=1 .