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# Deployment Considerations

## Hardware

- Solid-state drives (SSDs) for I/O.
- Separate hard disks for storage and database, SSDs for databases.
- Multiple network interfaces to distribute server synchronisation and backend traffic across multiple subnets.

### Single Machine / Scale-Up Deployment

The single-machine deployment is widely used in the community.

Pros:

- Easy setup: no session storage daemon, use tmpfs and memory caching to enhance performance, local storage.
- No network latency to consider.
- To scale buy a bigger CPU, more memory, larger hard drive, or additional hard drives.

Cons:

- Fewer high availability options.
- The amount of data in ownCloud tends to continually grow. Eventually a single machine will not scale; I/O performance decreases and becomes a bottleneck with multiple up- and downloads, even with solid-state drives.

### Scale-Out Deployment

Provider setup:

- DNS round robin to HAProxy servers (2-n, SSL offloading, cache static resources)
- Least load to Apache servers (2-n)
- Memcached/Redis for shared session storage (2-n)
- Database cluster with single Master, multiple slaves and proxy to split requests accordingly (2-n)
- GPFS or Ceph via phprados (2-n, 3 to be safe, Ceph 10+ nodes to see speed benefits under load)

Pros:

- Components can be scaled as needed.
- High availability.
- Test migrations easier.

Cons:

- More complicated to setup.
- Network becomes the bottleneck (10GB Ethernet recommended).
- Currently DB filecache table will grow rapidly, making migrations painful in case the table is altered.

### What About NGINX / PHP-FPM?

Could be used instead of HAproxy as the load balancer. But on uploads stores the whole file on disk before handing it over to PHP-FPM.

### A Single Master DB is Single Point of Failure, Does Not Scale

When master fails another slave can become master. However, the increased complexity carries some risks: Multi-master has the risk of split brain, and deadlocks. ownCloud tries to solve the problem of deadlocks with high-level file locking.

## Software

### Operating System

We are dependent on distributions that offer an easy way to install the various components in up-to-date versions. ownCloud has a partnership with RedHat and SUSE for customers who need commercial support. Canonical, the parent company of Ubuntu Linux, also offers enterprise service and support. Debian and Ubuntu are free of cost, and include newer software packages. CentOS is the community-supported free-of-cost Red Hat Enterprise Linux clone. openSUSE is community-supported, and includes many of the same system administration tools as SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.

### Web server

Taking Apache and NGINX as the contenders, Apache with mod_php is currently the best option, as NGINX does not support all features necessary for enterprise deployments. Mod_php is recommended instead of PHP_FPM, because in scale-out deployments separate PHP pools are simply not necessary.

### Relational Database

More often than not the customer already has an opinion on what database to use. In general, the recommendation is to use what their database administrator is most familiar with. Taking into account what we are seeing at customer deployments, we recommend MySQL/MariaDB in a master-slave deployment with a MySQL proxy in front of them to send updates to master, and selects to the slave(s).

The second best option is PostgreSQL (alter table does not lock table, which makes migration less painful) although we have yet to find a customer who uses a master-slave setup.

What about the other DBMS?

- Sqlite is adequate for simple testing, and for low-load single-user deployments. It is not adequate for production systems.
- Microsoft SQL Server is not a supported option.
- Oracle DB is the de facto standard at large enterprises and is fully supported with ownCloud Enterprise Edition only.

## File Storage

While many customers are starting with NFS, sooner or later that requires scale-out storage. Currently the options are GPFS or GlusterFS, or an object store protocol like S3 (supported in Enterprise Edition only) or Swift. S3 also allows access to Ceph Storage.

## Session Storage

- Redis is required for transactional file locking, provides session persistence, and graphical inspection tools available.
- If you need to scale out Shibboleth you must use Memcached, as Shibboleth does not provide an interface to Redis. Memcached can also be used to scale-out shibd session storage (see Memcache StorageService).

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