SSLeay(3)

NAME
Crypt::SSLeay - OpenSSL support for LWP

SYNOPSIS
    lwp-request https://www.example.com

    use LWP::UserAgent;
    my $ua  = LWP::UserAgent->new;
    my $response = $ua->get('https://www.example.com/');
    print $response->content, "\n";

DESCRIPTION
This Perl module provides support for the HTTPS protocol under LWP, to allow an "LWP::UserAgent" object to perform GET, HEAD and POST requests. Please see LWP for more information on POST requests.

The "Crypt::SSLeay" package provides "Net::SSL", which is loaded by "LWP::Protocol::https" for https requests and provides the necessary SSL glue.

This distribution also makes following deprecated modules available:

    Crypt::SSLeay::CTX
    Crypt::SSLeay::Conn
    Crypt::SSLeay::X509

Work on Crypt::SSLeay has been continued only to provide https support for the LWP (libwww-perl) libraries.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables change the way "Crypt::SSLeay" and "Net::SSL" behave.

    # proxy support
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = 'http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port';

    # proxy_basic_auth
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_USERNAME} = 'username';
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_PASSWORD} = 'password';

    # debugging (SSL diagnostics)
    $ENV{HTTPS_DEBUG} = 1;

    # default ssl version
    $ENV{HTTPS_VERSION} = '3';

    # client certificate support
    $ENV{HTTPS_CERT_FILE} = 'certs/notacacert.pem';
    $ENV{HTTPS_KEY_FILE}  = 'certs/notacakeynopass.pem';

    # CA cert peer verification
    $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE}   = 'certs/ca-bundle.crt';
    $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR}    = 'certs/';

    # Client PKCS12 cert support
    $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_FILE}     = 'certs/pkcs12.pkcs12';
    $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_PASSWORD} = 'PKCS12_PASSWORD';

INSTALL

  OpenSSL
You must have OpenSSL or SSLeay installed before compiling this module. You can get the latest OpenSSL package from <http://www.openssl.org/>.

On Debian systems, you will need to install the "libssl-dev" package, at least for the duration of the build (it may be removed afterwards).

Other package-based systems may require something similar. The key is that "Crypt::SSLeay" makes calls to the OpenSSL library, and how to do so is specified in the C header files that come with the library. Some systems break out the header files into a separate package from that of the libraries. Once the program has been built, you don't need the headers any more.

When installing openssl make sure your config looks like:

    ./config --openssldir=/usr/local/openssl

or

    ./config --openssldir=/usr/local/ssl

If you are planning on upgrading the default OpenSSL libraries on a system like RedHat, (not recommended), then try something like:

    ./config --openssldir=/usr --shared

The "--shared" option to config will set up building the .so shared libraries which is important for such systems. This is followed by:

    make
    make test
    make install

This way "Crypt::SSLeay" will pick up the includes and libraries automatically. If your includes end up going into a separate directory like /usr/local/include, then you may need to symlink /usr/local/openssl/include to /usr/local/include

  Crypt::SSLeay
The latest Crypt::SSLeay can be found at your nearest CPAN, as well as http://search.cpan.org/dist/Crypt-SSLeay/ <http://search.cpan.org/dist/Crypt-SSLeay/>

Once you have downloaded it, Crypt::SSLeay installs easily using the "make" * commands as shown below.

    perl Makefile.PL
    make
    make test
    make install

On Windows systems, both Strawberry Perl and ActiveState (as a separate download via ppm) projects include a MingW based compiler distribution and "dmake" which can be used to build both OpenSSL and "Crypt-SSLeay". If you have such a set up, use "dmake" above.

For unattended (batch) installations, to be absolutely certain that Makefile.PL does not prompt for questions on STDIN, set the following environment variable beforehand:

    PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1

(This is true for any CPAN module that uses "ExtUtils::MakeMaker").

To skip live tests, you can use

    perl Makefile.PL --no-live-tests

and to force live tests, you can use

    perl Makefile.PL --live-tests

Windows

"Crypt::SSLeay" builds correctly with Strawberry Perl.

For ActiveState Perl users, the ActiveState company does not have a permit from the Canadian Federal Government to distribute cryptographic software. This prevents "Crypt::SSLeay" from being distributed as a PPM package from their repository. See http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/docs/ActivePerl/5.8/faq/ActivePerl-faq2.html#crypto_packages <http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/docs/ActivePerl/5.8/faq/ActivePerl-faq2.html#crypto_packages> for more information on this issue.

You may download it from Randy Kobes's PPM repository by using the following command:

    ppm install http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppms/Crypt-SSLeay.ppd

An alternative is to add the uwinnipeg.ca PPM repository to your local installation. See <http://cpan.uwinnipeg.ca/htdocs/faqs/ppm.html> for more details.

VMS

It is assumed that the OpenSSL installation is located at /ssl$root. Define this logical to point to the appropriate place in the filesystem.

PROXY SUPPORT
LWP::UserAgent and Crypt::SSLeay have their own versions of proxy support. Please read these sections to see which one is appropriate.

  LWP::UserAgent proxy support
"LWP::UserAgent" has its own methods of proxying which may work for you and is likely to be incompatible with "Crypt::SSLeay" proxy support. To use "LWP::UserAgent" proxy support, try something like:

    my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new;
    $ua->proxy([qw( https http )], "$proxy_ip:$proxy_port");

At the time of this writing, libwww v5.6 seems to proxy https requests fine with an Apache mod_proxy server. It sends a line like:

    GET https://www.example.com HTTP/1.1

to the proxy server, which is not the "CONNECT" request that some proxies would expect, so this may not work with other proxy servers than mod_proxy. The "CONNECT" method is used by "Crypt::SSLeay"'s internal proxy support.

  Crypt::SSLeay proxy support
For native "Crypt::SSLeay" proxy support of https requests, you need to set the environment variable "HTTPS_PROXY" to your proxy server and port, as in:

    # proxy support
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = 'http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port';
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY} = '127.0.0.1:8080';

Use of the "HTTPS_PROXY" environment variable in this way is similar to "LWP::UserAgent-"env_proxy()> usage, but calling that method will likely override or break the "Crypt::SSLeay" support, so do not mix the two.

Basic auth credentials to the proxy server can be provided this way:

    # proxy_basic_auth
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_USERNAME} = 'username';
    $ENV{HTTPS_PROXY_PASSWORD} = 'password';

For an example of LWP scripting with "Crypt::SSLeay" native proxy support, please look at the eg/lwp-ssl-test script in the "Crypt::SSLeay" distribution.

CLIENT CERTIFICATE SUPPORT
Client certificates are supported. PEM encoded certificate and private key files may be used like this:

    $ENV{HTTPS_CERT_FILE} = 'certs/notacacert.pem';
    $ENV{HTTPS_KEY_FILE}  = 'certs/notacakeynopass.pem';

You may test your files with the eg/net-ssl-test program, bundled with the distribution, by issuing a command like:

    perl eg/net-ssl-test -cert=certs/notacacert.pem \
        -key=certs/notacakeynopass.pem -d GET $HOST_NAME

Additionally, if you would like to tell the client where the CA file is, you may set these.

    $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} = "some_file";
    $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR}  = "some_dir";

Note that, if specified, $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} must point to the actual certificate file. That is, $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} is *not* the path were $ENV{HTTPS_CA_FILE} is located.

For certificates in $ENV{HTTPS_CA_DIR} to be picked up, follow the instructions on <http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>

There is no sample CA cert file at this time for testing, but you may configure eg/net-ssl-test to use your CA cert with the -CAfile option. (TODO: then what is the ./certs directory in the distribution?)

  Creating a test certificate
To create simple test certificates with OpenSSL, you may run the following command:

    openssl req -config /usr/local/openssl/openssl.cnf \
        -new -days 365 -newkey rsa:1024 -x509 \
        -keyout notacakey.pem -out notacacert.pem

To remove the pass phrase from the key file, run:

    openssl rsa -in notacakey.pem -out notacakeynopass.pem

  PKCS12 support
The directives for enabling use of PKCS12 certificates is:

    $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_FILE}     = 'certs/pkcs12.pkcs12';
    $ENV{HTTPS_PKCS12_PASSWORD} = 'PKCS12_PASSWORD';

Use of this type of certificate takes precedence over previous certificate settings described. (TODO: unclear? Meaning "the presence of this type of certificate"?)

SSL versions
"Crypt::SSLeay" tries very hard to connect to any SSL web server accomodating servers that are buggy, old or simply not standards-compliant. To this effect, this module will try SSL connections in this order:

SSL v23
    should allow v2 and v3 servers to pick their best type

SSL v3
    best connection type

SSL v2
    old connection type

Unfortunately, some servers seem not to handle a reconnect to SSL v3 after a failed connect of SSL v23 is tried, so you may set before using LWP or Net::SSL:

    $ENV{HTTPS_VERSION} = 3;

to force a version 3 SSL connection first. At this time only a version 2 SSL connection will be tried after this, as the connection attempt order remains unchanged by this setting.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to the following individuals who helped improve "Crypt-SSLeay":

Gisle Aas for writing this module and many others including libwww, for perl. The web will never be the same :)

Ben Laurie deserves kudos for his excellent patches for better error handling, SSL information inspection, and random seeding.

Dongqiang Bai for host name resolution fix when using a proxy.

Stuart Horner of Core Communications, Inc. who found the need for building "--shared" OpenSSL libraries.

Pavel Hlavnicka for a patch for freeing memory when using a pkcs12 file, and for inspiring more robust "read()" behavior.

James Woodyatt is a champ for finding a ridiculous memory leak that has been the bane of many a Crypt::SSLeay user.

Bryan Hart for his patch adding proxy support, and thanks to Tobias Manthey for submitting another approach.

Alex Rhomberg for Alpha linux ccc patch.

Tobias Manthey for his patches for client certificate support.

Daisuke Kuroda for adding PKCS12 certificate support.

Gamid Isayev for CA cert support and insights into error messaging.

Jeff Long for working through a tricky CA cert SSLClientVerify issue.

Chip Turner for a patch to build under perl 5.8.0.

Joshua Chamas for the time he spent maintaining the module.

Jeff Lavallee for help with alarms on read failures (CPAN bug #12444).

Guenter Knauf for significant improvements in configuring things in Win32 and Netware lands and Jan Dubois for various suggestions for improvements.

and many others who provided bug reports, suggestions, fixes and patches.

SEE ALSO

Net::SSL
    If you have downloaded this distribution as of a dependency of another distribution, it's probably due to this module (which is included in this distribution).

Net::SSLeay
    Net::SSLeay provides access to the OpenSSL API directly from Perl. See http://search.cpan.org/dist/Net-SSLeay/ <http://search.cpan.org/dist/Net-SSLeay/>.

OpenSSL binary packages for Windows
    See <http://www.openssl.org/related/binaries.html>.

SUPPORT
For use of Crypt::SSLeay & Net::SSL with Perl's LWP, please send email to libwww@perl.org <mailto:libwww@perl.org>.

For OpenSSL or general SSL support, including issues associated with building and installing OpenSSL on your system, please email the OpenSSL users mailing list at openssl-users@openssl.org <mailto:openssl-users@openssl.org>. See <http://www.openssl.org/support/community.html> for other mailing lists and archives.

Please report all bugs at "/rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Crypt-SSLeay"" in "http:.

AUTHORS
This module was originally written by Gisle Aas, and was subsequently maintained by Joshua Chamas, David Landgren, brian d foy and Sinan Unur.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2010 A. Sinan Unur

Copyright (c) 2006-2007 David Landgren

Copyright (c) 1999-2003 Joshua Chamas

Copyright (c) 1998 Gisle Aas

LICENSE
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.