NAME
       text,  tk_textCopy,  tk_textCut,  tk_textPaste  - Create and manipulate
       text widgets

SYNOPSIS
       text pathName ?options?
       tk_textCopy pathName
       tk_textCut pathName
       tk_textPaste pathName

STANDARD OPTIONS
       -background           -highlightthickness  -relief
       -borderwidth          -insertbackground    -selectbackground
       -cursor               -insertborderwidth   -selectborderwidth
       -exportselection      -insertofftime       -selectforeground
       -font                 -insertontime        -setgrid
       -foreground           -insertwidth         -takefocus
       -highlightbackground  -padx                -xscrollcommand
       -highlightcolor       -pady                -yscrollcommand

       See the options manual entry for details on the standard options.

WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
       Command-Line Name:-autoseparators
       Database Name:  autoSeparators
       Database Class: AutoSeparators

              Specifies a boolean that says whether separators  are  automati-
              cally inserted in the undo stack. Only meaningful when the -undo
              option is true.

       Command-Line Name:-height
       Database Name:  height
       Database Class: Height

              Specifies the desired height for the window, in units of charac-
              ters  in  the  font given by the -font option.  Must be at least
              one.

       Command-Line Name:-maxundo
       Database Name:  maxUndo
       Database Class: MaxUndo

              Specifies the maximum number of compound  undo  actions  on  the
              undo  stack.  A zero or a negative value imply an unlimited undo
              stack.

       Command-Line Name:-spacing1
       Database Name:  spacing1
       Database Class: Spacing1

              Requests additional space above each text line  in  the  widget,
              using any of the standard forms for screen distances.  If a line
              wraps, this option only applies to the first line  on  the  dis-
              play.   This  option may be overridden with -spacing1 options in
              tags.

       Command-Line Name:-spacing2
       Database Name:  spacing2
       Database Class: Spacing2

              For lines that wrap (so that they cover more than  one  line  on
              the  display)  this option specifies additional space to provide
              between the display lines that represent a single line of  text.
              The  value  may  have  any of the standard forms for screen dis-
              tances.  This option may be overridden with -spacing2 options in
              tags.

       Command-Line Name:-spacing3
       Database Name:  spacing3
       Database Class: Spacing3

              Requests  additional  space  below each text line in the widget,
              using any of the standard forms for screen distances.  If a line
              wraps, this option only applies to the last line on the display.
              This option may be overridden with -spacing3 options in tags.

       Command-Line Name:-state
       Database Name:  state
       Database Class: State

              Specifies one of two states for the text:  normal  or  disabled.
              If  the  text is disabled then characters may not be inserted or
              deleted and no insertion cursor will be displayed, even  if  the
              input focus is in the widget.

       Command-Line Name:-tabs
       Database Name:  tabs
       Database Class: Tabs

              Specifies a set of tab stops for the window.  The option's value
              consists of a list of screen distances giving the  positions  of
              the  tab stops, each of which is a distance relative to the left
              edge of the widget  (excluding  borders,  padding,  etc).   Each
              position  may optionally be followed in the next list element by
              one of the keywords left, right, center, or numeric, which spec-
              ifies how to justify text relative to the tab stop.  Left is the
              default; it causes the text following the tab  character  to  be
              positioned  with its left edge at the tab position.  Right means
              that the right edge of the text following the tab  character  is
              positioned  at  the tab position, and center means that the text
              is centered at the tab position.  Numeric means that the decimal
              point  in  the text is positioned at the tab position;  if there
              is no decimal point then the least significant digit of the num-
              ber  is  positioned  just  to  the left of the tab position;  if
              there is no number in the text then the text is  right-justified
              at  the tab position.  For example, -tabs {2c left 4c 6c center}
              creates three tab stops at two-centimeter intervals;  the  first
              two  use left justification and the third uses center justifica-
              tion.  If the list of tab stops does not have enough elements to
              cover  all  of the tabs in a text line, then Tk extrapolates new
              tab stops using the spacing and alignment from the last tab stop
              in  the list.  Tab distances must be strictly positive, and must
              always increase from one tab stop to the next (if not, an  error
              is  thrown).   The value of the tabs option may be overridden by
              -tabs options in tags.  If no -tabs option is specified,  or  if
              it  is  specified  as  an  empty list, then Tk uses default tabs
              spaced every eight (average size) characters.

       Command-Line Name:-undo
       Database Name:  undo
       Database Class: Undo

              Specifies a boolean that says  whether  the  undo  mechanism  is
              active or not.

       Command-Line Name:-width
       Database Name:  width
       Database Class: Width

              Specifies  the  desired width for the window in units of charac-
              ters in the font given by the -font option.  If the font doesn't
              have  a  uniform  width then the width of the character ``0'' is
              used in translating from character units to screen units.

       Command-Line Name:-wrap
       Database Name:  wrap
       Database Class: Wrap

              Specifies how to handle lines in the text that are too  long  to
              be  displayed  in a single line of the text's window.  The value
              must be none or char or word.  A wrap mode of  none  means  that
              each  line  of  text  appears as exactly one line on the screen;
              extra characters that don't fit on the screen are not displayed.
              In the other modes each line of text will be broken up into sev-
              eral screen lines if necessary to keep all the characters  visi-
              ble.  In char mode a screen line break may occur after any char-
              acter; in word mode a line break  will  only  be  made  at  word
              boundaries.


DESCRIPTION
       The  text command creates a new window (given by the pathName argument)
       and makes it into a text widget.  Additional options, described  above,
       may  be specified on the command line or in the option database to con-
       figure aspects of the text such as its  default  background  color  and
       relief.  The text command returns the path name of the new window.

       A  text  widget displays one or more lines of text and allows that text
       to be edited.  Text widgets support four different kinds of annotations
       on  the  text, called tags, marks, embedded windows or embedded images.
       Tags allow different portions of the text to be displayed with  differ-
       ent fonts and colors.  In addition, Tcl commands can be associated with
       tags so that scripts are invoked when particular actions such  as  key-
       strokes  and  mouse  button  presses  occur in particular ranges of the
       text.  See TAGS below for more details.

       The second form of annotation consists of floating markers in the  text
       called  "marks".   Marks  are used to keep track of various interesting
       positions in the text as it  is  edited.   See  MARKS  below  for  more
       details.

       The third form of annotation allows arbitrary windows to be embedded in
       a text widget.  See EMBEDDED WINDOWS below for more details.

       The fourth form of annotation allows Tk images to be embedded in a text
       widget.  See EMBEDDED IMAGES below for more details.

       The  text widget also has a built-in undo/redo mechanism.  See THE UNDO
       MECHANISM below for more details.

INDICES
       Many of the widget commands for texts take one or more indices as argu-
       ments.  An index is a string used to indicate a particular place within
       a text, such as a place to insert characters or one endpoint of a range
       of characters to delete.  Indices have the syntax
              base modifier modifier modifier ...
       Where  base  gives  a starting point and the modifiers adjust the index
       from the starting point (e.g. move forward or backward one  character).
       Every index must contain a base, but the modifiers are optional.

       The base for an index must have one of the following forms:

       line.char   Indicates  char'th  character on line line.  Lines are num-
                   bered from 1 for consistency with other UNIX programs  that
                   use  this  numbering scheme.  Within a line, characters are
                   numbered from 0.  If char is end then it refers to the new-
                   line character that ends the line.

       @x,y        Indicates the character that covers the pixel whose x and y
                   coordinates within the text's window are x and y.

       end         Indicates the end of the text (the character just after the
                   last newline).

       mark        Indicates  the  character just after the mark whose name is
                   mark.

       tag.first   Indicates the first character in the  text  that  has  been
                   tagged  with tag.  This form generates an error if no char-
                   acters are currently tagged with tag.

       tag.last    Indicates the character just after the last one in the text
                   that  has  been  tagged  with  tag.  This form generates an
                   error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.

       pathName    Indicates the position of the embedded window whose name is
                   pathName.   This  form  generates  an  error if there is no
                   embedded window by the given name.

       imageName   Indicates the position of the embedded image whose name  is
                   imageName.   This  form  generates  an error if there is no
                   embedded image by the given name.

       If the base could match more than one of the above  forms,  such  as  a
       mark and imageName both having the same value, then the form earlier in
       the above list takes precedence.  If modifiers follow the  base  index,
       each  one  of  them  must have one of the forms listed below.  Keywords
       such as chars and wordend may be abbreviated as long as  the  abbrevia-
       tion is unambiguous.

       + count chars
              Adjust  the  index  forward by count characters, moving to later
              lines in the text if necessary.  If there are fewer  than  count
              characters  in  the  text  after the current index, then set the
              index to the last character in the text.  Spaces on either  side
              of count are optional.

       - count chars
              Adjust the index backward by count characters, moving to earlier
              lines in the text if necessary.  If there are fewer  than  count
              characters  in  the  text before the current index, then set the
              index to the first character in the text.  Spaces on either side
              of count are optional.

       + count lines
              Adjust  the  index  forward  by  count lines, retaining the same
              character position within the line.  If  there  are  fewer  than
              count  lines  after  the line containing the current index, then
              set the index to refer to the same  character  position  on  the
              last  line of the text.  Then, if the line is not long enough to
              contain a character at the indicated character position,  adjust
              the  character  position  to  refer to the last character of the
              line  (the  newline).   Spaces  on  either  side  of  count  are
              optional.

       - count lines
              Adjust  the  index  backward  by count lines, retaining the same
              character position within the line.  If  there  are  fewer  than
              count  lines  before the line containing the current index, then
              set the index to refer to the same  character  position  on  the
              first line of the text.  Then, if the line is not long enough to
              contain a character at the indicated character position,  adjust
              the  character  position  to  refer to the last character of the
              line  (the  newline).   Spaces  on  either  side  of  count  are
              optional.

       linestart
              Adjust the index to refer to the first character on the line.

       lineend
              Adjust the index to refer to the last character on the line (the
              newline).

       wordstart
              Adjust the index to refer to the first  character  of  the  word
              containing  the current index.  A word consists of any number of
              adjacent characters that are letters, digits, or underscores, or
              a single character that is not one of these.

       wordend
              Adjust  the  index to refer to the character just after the last
              one of the word containing the current index.   If  the  current
              index  refers  to  the last character of the text then it is not
              modified.

       If more than one modifier is present then they are applied in  left-to-
       right  order.   For  example, the index ``end - 1 chars'' refers to the
       next-to-last character in the text  and  ``insert  wordstart  -  1  c''
       refers  to the character just before the first one in the word contain-
       ing the insertion cursor.

TAGS
       The first form of annotation in text widgets is a tag.  A tag is a tex-
       tual  string  that is associated with some of the characters in a text.
       Tags may contain arbitrary characters, but it is probably best to avoid
       using the characters `` '' (space), +, or -: these characters have spe-
       cial meaning in indices, so tags  containing  them  can't  be  used  as
       indices.  There may be any number of tags associated with characters in
       a text.  Each tag may refer to a single character, a range  of  charac-
       ters,  or  several  ranges  of characters.  An individual character may
       have any number of tags associated with it.

       A priority order is defined among tags,  and  this  order  is  used  in
       implementing some of the tag-related functions described below.  When a
       tag is defined (by associating it with characters or setting  its  dis-
       play  options or binding commands to it), it is given a priority higher
       than any existing tag.  The priority order of  tags  may  be  redefined
       using the ``pathName tag raise'' and ``pathName tag lower'' widget com-
       mands.

       Tags serve three purposes in text widgets.  First, they control the way
       information  is  displayed  on  the screen.  By default, characters are
       displayed as determined by the background, font, and foreground options
       for  the  text widget.  However, display options may be associated with
       individual tags using the ``pathName tag  configure''  widget  command.
       If  a  character  has  been tagged, then the display options associated
       with the tag override the default display style.  The following options
       are currently supported for tags:

       -background color
              Color specifies the background color to use for characters asso-
              ciated with the tag.  It may have any of the forms  accepted  by
              Tk_GetColor.

       -bgstipple bitmap
              Bitmap  specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern for
              the background.  It may  have  any  of  the  forms  accepted  by
              Tk_GetBitmap.   If  bitmap  hasn't  been  specified, or if it is
              specified as an empty string, then a solid fill will be used for
              the background.

       -borderwidth pixels
              Pixels  specifies  the  width of a 3-D border to draw around the
              background.  It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetPix-
              els.  This option is used in conjunction with the -relief option
              to give a 3-D appearance to the background for characters; it is
              ignored  unless the -background option has been set for the tag.

       -elide boolean
              Elide specifies whether the data should be elided.  Elided  data
              is  not  displayed  and takes no space on screen, but further on
              behaves just as normal data.

       -fgstipple bitmap
              Bitmap specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern when
              drawing  text  and  other  foreground information such as under-
              lines.  It may have any of the forms accepted  by  Tk_GetBitmap.
              If  bitmap  hasn't  been  specified, or if it is specified as an
              empty string, then a solid fill will be used.

       -font fontName
              FontName is the name of a font to use  for  drawing  characters.
              It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetFont.

       -foreground color
              Color  specifies  the  color  to use when drawing text and other
              foreground information such as underlines.  It may have  any  of
              the forms accepted by Tk_GetColor.

       -justify justify
              If  the  first  character  of a display line has a tag for which
              this option has been specified, then justify determines  how  to
              justify the line.  It must be one of left, right, or center.  If
              a line wraps, then the justification for each line on  the  dis-
              play  is determined by the first character of that display line.

       -lmargin1 pixels
              If the first character of a text line has a tag for  which  this
              option  has  been  specified, then pixels specifies how much the
              line should be indented from the left edge of the window.   Pix-
              els may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.  If
              a line of text wraps, this option only applies to the first line
              on  the  display;  the -lmargin2 option controls the indentation
              for subsequent lines.

       -lmargin2 pixels
              If the first character of a display line has  a  tag  for  which
              this  option  has been specified, and if the display line is not
              the first for its text line (i.e., the text line  has  wrapped),
              then  pixels specifies how much the line should be indented from
              the left edge of the window.  Pixels may have any of  the  stan-
              dard  forms for screen distances.  This option is only used when
              wrapping is enabled, and it only applies to the second and later
              display lines for a text line.

       -offset pixels
              Pixels  specifies  an amount by which the text's baseline should
              be offset vertically from the baseline of the overall  line,  in
              pixels.   For  example, a positive offset can be used for super-
              scripts and a negative offset can be used for subscripts.   Pix-
              els may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.

       -overstrike boolean
              Specifies  whether  or not to draw a horizontal rule through the
              middle of  characters.   Boolean  may  have  any  of  the  forms
              accepted by Tcl_GetBoolean.

       -relief relief
              Relief  specifies the 3-D relief to use for drawing backgrounds,
              in any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetRelief.   This  option  is
              used  in  conjunction with the -borderwidth option to give a 3-D
              appearance to the  background  for  characters;  it  is  ignored
              unless the -background option has been set for the tag.

       -rmargin pixels
              If  the  first  character  of a display line has a tag for which
              this option has been specified, then pixels specifies how wide a
              margin  to  leave between the end of the line and the right edge
              of the window.  Pixels may have any of the  standard  forms  for
              screen  distances.   This  option  is only used when wrapping is
              enabled.  If a text line wraps, the right margin for  each  line
              on the display is determined by the first character of that dis-
              play line.

       -spacing1 pixels
              Pixels specifies how much additional space should be left  above
              each  text line, using any of the standard forms for screen dis-
              tances.  If a line wraps, this option only applies to the  first
              line on the display.

       -spacing2 pixels
              For  lines  that wrap, this option specifies how much additional
              space to leave between the display lines for a single text line.
              Pixels  may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.

       -spacing3 pixels
              Pixels specifies how much additional space should be left  below
              each  text line, using any of the standard forms for screen dis-
              tances.  If a line wraps, this option only applies to  the  last
              line on the display.

       -tabs tabList
              TabList specifies a set of tab stops in the same form as for the
              -tabs option for the text widget.  This option only applies to a
              display  line  if it applies to the first character on that dis-
              play line.  If this option is specified as an empty  string,  it
              cancels  the  option,  leaving  it  unspecified for the tag (the
              default).  If the option is specified as a non-empty string that
              is  an  empty  list, such as -tags { }, then it requests default
              8-character tabs as described for the tags widget option.

       -underline boolean
              Boolean specifies whether or not to draw an underline underneath
              characters.   It  may have any of the forms accepted by Tcl_Get-
              Boolean.

       -wrap mode
              Mode specifies how to handle  lines  that  are  wider  than  the
              text's window.  It has the same legal values as the -wrap option
              for the text widget:  none, char, or word.  If this  tag  option
              is specified, it overrides the -wrap option for the text widget.

       If a character has several tags associated with it, and if  their  dis-
       play options conflict, then the options of the highest priority tag are
       used.  If a particular display option hasn't been specified for a  par-
       ticular tag, or if it is specified as an empty string, then that option
       will never be used;  the next-highest-priority tag's option  will  used
       instead.   If  no  tag  specifies a particular display option, then the
       default style for the widget will be used.

       The second purpose for tags is event bindings.  You can associate bind-
       ings  with a tag in much the same way you can associate bindings with a
       widget class:  whenever particular X events occur  on  characters  with
       the  given tag, a given Tcl command will be executed.  Tag bindings can
       be used to give behaviors to ranges of characters; among other  things,
       this  allows  hypertext-like  features to be implemented.  For details,
       see the description of the tag bind widget command below.

       The third use for tags is in managing the selection.  See THE SELECTION
       below.

MARKS
       The  second  form  of  annotation in text widgets is a mark.  Marks are
       used for remembering particular places in a text.  They  are  something
       like  tags,  in  that  they  have names and they refer to places in the
       file, but a mark isn't associated with particular characters.  Instead,
       a  mark is associated with the gap between two characters.  Only a sin-
       gle position may be associated with a mark at any given time.   If  the
       characters  around  a  mark are deleted the mark will still remain;  it
       will just have new neighbor characters.  In contrast, if the characters
       containing  a tag are deleted then the tag will no longer have an asso-
       ciation with characters in the file.  Marks may be manipulated with the
       ``pathName  mark''  widget  command, and their current locations may be
       determined by using the mark name as an index in widget commands.

       Each mark also has a "gravity", which is either  left  or  right.   The
       gravity  for  a  mark  specifies  what happens to the mark when text is
       inserted at the point of the mark.  If a mark has  left  gravity,  then
       the  mark  is  treated  as  if it were attached to the character on its
       left, so the mark will remain to the left of any text inserted  at  the
       mark position.  If the mark has right gravity, new text inserted at the
       mark position will appear to the left of the mark  (so  that  the  mark
       remains rightmost).  The gravity for a mark defaults to right.

       The  name  space  for  marks is different from that for tags:  the same
       name may be used for both a mark and a tag, but they will refer to dif-
       ferent things.

       Two marks have special significance.  First, the mark insert is associ-
       ated with the insertion cursor, as described under THE INSERTION CURSOR
       below.  Second, the mark current is associated with the character clos-
       est to the mouse and is adjusted automatically to track the mouse posi-
       tion and any changes to the text in the widget (one exception:  current
       is not updated in response to mouse motions if a mouse button is  down;
       the  update  will  be  deferred  until  all  mouse  buttons  have  been
       released).  Neither of these special marks may be deleted.

EMBEDDED WINDOWS
       The third form of annotation in text widgets  is  an  embedded  window.
       Each  embedded  window  annotation causes a window to be displayed at a
       particular point in  the text.  There may be  any  number  of  embedded
       windows  in  a  text  widget, and any widget may be used as an embedded
       window (subject to the  usual  rules  for  geometry  management,  which
       require  the  text  window to be the parent of the embedded window or a
       descendant of its parent).   The  embedded  window's  position  on  the
       screen will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled, and it will
       be mapped and unmapped as it moves into and out of the visible area  of
       the  text  widget.  Each embedded window occupies one character's worth
       of index space in the text widget, and it may be referred to either  by
       the  name  of  its  embedded  window or by its position in the widget's
       index space.  If the range of text containing the  embedded  window  is
       deleted then the window is destroyed.

       When  an embedded window is added to a text widget with the window cre-
       ate widget command, several configuration  options  may  be  associated
       with  it.  These options may be  modified later with the window config-
       ure widget command.  The following options are currently supported:

       -align where
              If the window is not as tall as the line in  which  it  is  dis-
              played,  this option determines where the window is displayed in
              the line.  Where must have one of the values top (align the  top
              of the window with the top of the line), center (center the win-
              dow within the range of the line), bottom (align the  bottom  of
              the  window  with  the  bottom  of the line's area), or baseline
              (align the bottom of the window with the baseline of the  line).

       -create script
              Specifies  a Tcl script that may be evaluated to create the win-
              dow for the annotation.  If no -window option has been specified
              for  the annotation this script will be evaluated when the anno-
              tation is about to be displayed on the screen.  Script must cre-
              ate a window for the annotation and return the name of that win-
              dow as its result.  If the annotation's window  should  ever  be
              deleted,  script will be evaluated again the next time the anno-
              tation is displayed.

       -padx pixels
              Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side
              of  the  embedded  window.   It  may have any of the usual forms
              defined for a screen distance.

       -pady pixels
              Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on  the  top
              and  on  the  bottom of the embedded window.  It may have any of
              the usual forms defined for a screen distance.

       -stretch boolean
              If the requested height of the embedded window is less than  the
              height  of the line in which it is displayed, this option can be
              used to specify whether the window should  be  stretched  verti-
              cally  to fill its line.  If the -pady option has been specified
              as well, then the requested padding will be retained even if the
              window is stretched.

       -window pathName
              Specifies the name of a window to display in the annotation.

EMBEDDED IMAGES
       The  final  form  of  annotation  in text widgets is an embedded image.
       Each embedded image annotation causes an image to  be  displayed  at  a
       particular  point  in   the  text.  There may be any number of embedded
       images in a text widget, and a particular image may be embedded in mul-
       tiple places in the same text widget.  The embedded image's position on
       the screen will be updated as the text is modified or  scrolled.   Each
       embedded  image  occupies  one  character's worth of index space in the
       text widget, and it may be referred to either by its  position  in  the
       widget's  index  space,  or  the  name it is assigned when the image is
       inserted into the text widget with image create.  If the range of  text
       containing the embedded image is deleted then that copy of the image is
       removed from the screen.

       When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the image  create
       widget  command,  a  name  unique  to  this  instance  of  the image is
       returned.  This name may then be used to refer to this image  instance.
       The  name  is  taken  to  be  the  value of the -name option (described
       below).  If the -name option is not provided, the -image name  is  used
       instead.   If  the imageName is already in use in the text widget, then
       #nn is added to the end of the imageName,  where  nn  is  an  arbitrary
       integer.   This  insures  the  imageName  is unique.  Once this name is
       assigned to this instance of the image, it does not change, even though
       the -image or -name values can be changed with image configure.

       When  an embedded image is added to a text widget with the image create
       widget command, several configuration options may  be  associated  with
       it.   These options may be modified later with the image configure wid-
       get command.  The following options are currently supported:

       -align where
              If the image is not as tall as the line  in  which  it  is  dis-
              played,  this  option determines where the image is displayed in
              the line.  Where must have one of the values top (align the  top
              of the image with the top of the line), center (center the image
              within the range of the line), bottom (align the bottom  of  the
              image  with  the  bottom of the line's area), or baseline (align
              the bottom of the image with the baseline of the line).

       -image image
              Specifies the name of the Tk image to display in the annotation.
              If image is not a valid Tk image, then an error is returned.

       -name ImageName
              Specifies  the  name  by which this image instance may be refer-
              enced in the text widget. If ImageName is not supplied, then the
              name  of  the  Tk  image  is  used instead.  If the imageName is
              already in use, #nn is appended  to  the  end  of  the  name  as
              described above.

       -padx pixels
              Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side
              of the embedded image.  It may  have  any  of  the  usual  forms
              defined for a screen distance.

       -pady pixels
              Pixels  specifies  the amount of extra space to leave on the top
              and on the bottom of the embedded image.  It may have any of the
              usual forms defined for a screen distance.

THE SELECTION
       Selection  support  is  implemented  via  tags.  If the exportSelection
       option for the text widget is true then the sel tag will be  associated
       with the selection:

       [1]    Whenever  characters  are  tagged  with sel the text widget will
              claim ownership of the selection.

       [2]    Attempts to retrieve the selection will be serviced by the  text
              widget, returning all the characters with the sel tag.

       [3]    If  the  selection  is claimed away by another application or by
              another window within this application, then the sel tag will be
              removed from all characters in the text.

       [4]    Whenever the sel tag range changes a virtual event <<Selection>>
              is generated.

       The sel tag is automatically defined when a text widget is created, and
       it  may not be deleted with the ``pathName tag delete'' widget command.
       Furthermore, the selectBackground, selectBorderWidth,  and  selectFore-
       ground  options  for the text widget are tied to the -background, -bor-
       derwidth, and -foreground options for the sel tag:  changes  in  either
       will automatically be reflected in the other.

THE INSERTION CURSOR
       The  mark named insert has special significance in text widgets.  It is
       defined automatically when a text widget is created and it may  not  be
       unset with the ``pathName mark unset'' widget command.  The insert mark
       represents the position of the insertion cursor, and the insertion cur-
       sor  will automatically be drawn at this point whenever the text widget
       has the input focus.

THE MODIFIED FLAG
       The text widget can keep track of changes to the content of the  widget
       by means of the modified flag. Inserting or deleting text will set this
       flag. The flag can be queried,  set  and  cleared  programmatically  as
       well.  Whenever  the flag changes state a <<Modified>> virtual event is
       generated. See the edit modified widget command for more details.

THE UNDO MECHANISM
       The text widget has an unlimited undo  and  redo  mechanism  (when  the
       -undo  widget  option  is  true)  which records every insert and delete
       action on a stack.

       Boundaries (called "separators") are  inserted  between  edit  actions.
       The  purpose  of  these  separators  is  to  group inserts, deletes and
       replaces into one compound edit action.  When undoing a  change  every-
       thing  between  two  separators will be undone.  The undone changes are
       then moved to the redo stack, so that an  undone  edit  can  be  redone
       again.   The  redo  stack  is  cleared  whenever  new  edit actions are
       recorded on the undo stack.  The undo and redo stacks can be cleared to
       keep their depth under control.

       Separators  are  inserted automatically when the -autoseparators widget
       option is true.  You can insert separators  programmatically  as  well.
       If a separator is already present at the top of the undo stack no other
       will be inserted.  That means that two separators on the undo stack are
       always separated by at least one insert or delete action.

       The  undo  mechanism  is  also linked to the modified flag.  This means
       that undoing or redoing changes can take a modified text widget back to
       the  unmodified  state  or  vice  versa.  The modified flag will be set
       automatically to the appropriate state.  This automatic  coupling  does
       not  work  when  the  modified flag has been set by the user, until the
       flag has been reset again.

       See below for the edit widget command that controls the undo mechanism.

WIDGET COMMAND
       The  text  command  creates a new Tcl command whose name is the same as
       the path name of the text's window.  This command may be used to invoke
       various operations on the widget.  It has the following general form:
              pathName option ?arg arg ...?
       PathName is the name of the command, which is the same as the text wid-
       get's path name.  Option and the args determine the exact  behavior  of
       the command.  The following commands are possible for text widgets:

       pathName bbox index
              Returns  a  list  of four elements describing the screen area of
              the character given by index.  The first  two  elements  of  the
              list  give  the  x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of
              the area occupied by the character, and the  last  two  elements
              give the width and height of the area.  If the character is only
              partially visible on the screen, then the return value  reflects
              just  the  visible part.  If the character is not visible on the
              screen then the return value is an empty list.

       pathName cget option
              Returns the current value of the configuration option  given  by
              option.   Option may have any of the values accepted by the text
              command.

       pathName compare index1 op index2
              Compares the indices given by index1 and index2 according to the
              relational  operator given by op, and returns 1 if the relation-
              ship is satisfied and 0 if it isn't.  Op  must  be  one  of  the
              operators  <,  <=,  ==,  >=,  >,  or  !=.  If op is == then 1 is
              returned if the two indices refer to the same character,  if  op
              is < then 1 is returned if index1 refers to an earlier character
              in the text than index2, and so on.

       pathName configure ?option? ?value option value ...?
              Query or modify the configuration options of the widget.  If  no
              option is specified, returns a list describing all of the avail-
              able options for pathName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for  information
              on  the  format  of  this list).  If option is specified with no
              value, then the command returns a list describing the one  named
              option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist
              of the value returned if no option is  specified).   If  one  or
              more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies
              the given widget option(s) to have the given value(s);  in  this
              case  the  command returns an empty string.  Option may have any
              of the values accepted by the text command.

       pathName debug ?boolean?
              If boolean is specified, then it must have one of  the  true  or
              false values accepted by Tcl_GetBoolean.  If the value is a true
              one then internal consistency checks will be turned on in the B-
              tree  code associated with text widgets.  If boolean has a false
              value then the debugging checks will be turned off.   In  either
              case  the  command  returns  an empty string.  If boolean is not
              specified then the command returns on or off to indicate whether
              or  not  debugging  is  turned  on.  There is a single debugging
              switch shared by all text widgets:  turning debugging on or  off
              in  any  widget turns it on or off for all widgets.  For widgets
              with large amounts of text, the consistency checks may  cause  a
              noticeable slow-down.

       When  debugging  is  turned on, the drawing routines of the text widget
       set the global variables tk_textRedraw and tk_textRelayout to the lists
       of  indices that are redrawn.  The values of these variables are tested
       by Tk's test suite.

       pathName delete index1 ?index2 ...?
              Delete a range of characters from the text.  If both index1  and
              index2  are  specified,  then delete all the characters starting
              with the one given by index1 and  stopping  just  before  index2
              (i.e.  the  character  at  index2  is  not  deleted).  If index2
              doesn't specify a position later in the text than index1 then no
              characters are deleted.  If index2 isn't specified then the sin-
              gle character at index1 is deleted.   It  is  not  allowable  to
              delete  characters  in a way that would leave the text without a
              newline as the last character.  The  command  returns  an  empty
              string.  If more indices are given, multiple ranges of text will
              be deleted.  All indices are first checked for  validity  before
              any deletions are made.  They are sorted and the text is removed
              from the last range to the first range to deleted text does  not
              cause  an  undesired  index  shifting side-effects.  If multiple
              ranges with the same start index are  given,  then  the  longest
              range  is used.  If overlapping ranges are given, then they will
              be merged into spans that do not cause deletion of text  outside
              the given ranges due to text shifted during deletion.

       pathName dlineinfo index
              Returns  a  list with five elements describing the area occupied
              by the display line containing index.  The first two elements of
              the  list  give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner
              of the area occupied by the line, the third and fourth  elements
              give  the  width  and  height of the area, and the fifth element
              gives the position of the baseline for the line,  measured  down
              from  the  top of the area.  All of this information is measured
              in pixels.  If the current  wrap  mode  is  none  and  the  line
              extends  beyond  the boundaries of the window, the area returned
              reflects the entire area of the  line,  including  the  portions
              that  are  out  of  the window.  If the line is shorter than the
              full width of the window then the area  returned  reflects  just
              the  portion  of  the  line  that  is occupied by characters and
              embedded windows.  If the display line containing index  is  not
              visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.

       pathName dump ?switches? index1 ?index2?
              Return  the  contents  of the text widget from index1 up to, but
              not including index2, including the text and  information  about
              marks,  tags, and embedded windows.  If index2 is not specified,
              then it defaults to one character past index1.  The  information
              is returned in the following format:

              key1 value1 index1 key2 value2 index2 ...

              The  possible  key  values are text, mark, tagon, tagoff, image,
              and window.  The corresponding value is the text, mark name, tag
              name,  image name, or window name.  The index information is the
              index of the start of the text, mark, tag transition,  image  or
              window.  One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations
              thereof) may be specified to control the dump:

              -all   Return information about all elements: text, marks, tags,
                     images and windows.  This is the default.

              -command command
                     Instead of returning the information as the result of the
                     dump operation, invoke the command on each element of the
                     text  widget  within  the  range.   The command has three
                     arguments appended to it before it is evaluated: the key,
                     value, and index.

              -image Include information about images in the dump results.

              -mark  Include information about marks in the dump results.

              -tag   Include  information  about  tag  transitions in the dump
                     results. Tag information is returned as tagon and  tagoff
                     elements that indicate the begin and end of each range of
                     each tag, respectively.

              -text  Include information about text in the dump results.   The
                     value  is  the  text up to the next element or the end of
                     range indicated by index2.  A text element does not  span
                     newlines.   A  multi-line  block of text that contains no
                     marks or tag transitions will still be dumped as a set of
                     text  segments that each end with a newline.  The newline
                     is part of the value.

              -window
                     Include information about embedded windows  in  the  dump
                     results.   The  value  of  a  window  is its Tk pathname,
                     unless the window has not been  created  yet.   (It  must
                     have  a  create script.)  In this case an empty string is
                     returned, and you must query  the  window  by  its  index
                     position to get more information.

       pathName edit option ?arg arg ...?
              This  command controls the undo mechanism and the modified flag.
              The exact behavior of the command depends on the option argument
              that follows the edit argument.  The following forms of the com-
              mand are currently supported:

              pathName edit modified ?boolean?
                     If boolean is not specified, returns the modified flag of
                     the  widget.  The insert, delete, edit undo and edit redo
                     commands or the user can set or clear the modified  flag.
                     If  boolean  is  specified, sets the modified flag of the
                     widget to boolean.

              pathName edit redo
                     When the -undo option is true, reapplies the last  undone
                     edits  provided no other edits were done since then. Gen-
                     erates an error when the redo stack is empty.  Does noth-
                     ing when the -undo option is false.

              pathName edit reset
                     Clears the undo and redo stacks.

              pathName edit separator
                     Inserts  a  separator  (boundary) on the undo stack. Does
                     nothing when the -undo option is false.

              pathName edit undo
                     Undoes the last edit action  when  the  -undo  option  is
                     true.   An  edit  action is defined as all the insert and
                     delete commands that are recorded on the  undo  stack  in
                     between  two separators. Generates an error when the undo
                     stack is empty.  Does nothing when the  -undo  option  is
                     false.

       pathName get index1 ?index2 ...?
              Return  a  range  of characters from the text.  The return value
              will be all the characters in the text  starting  with  the  one
              whose index is index1 and ending just before the one whose index
              is index2 (the character at index2 will not  be  returned).   If
              index2  is  omitted  then  the  single  character  at  index1 is
              returned.  If there are no characters  in  the  specified  range
              (e.g.  index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than
              or equal to index1) then an empty string is  returned.   If  the
              specified  range contains embedded windows, no information about
              them is included in the  returned  string.   If  multiple  index
              pairs  are  given, multiple ranges of text will be returned in a
              list.  Invalid ranges will not be represented with empty strings
              in  the  list.   The  ranges are returned in the order passed to
              get.

       pathName image option ?arg arg ...?
              This command is used to manipulate embedded images.  The  behav-
              ior  of  the command depends on the option argument that follows
              the tag argument.  The following forms of the command  are  cur-
              rently supported:

              pathName image cget index option
                     Returns the value of a configuration option for an embed-
                     ded image.  Index  identifies  the  embedded  image,  and
                     option specifies a particular configuration option, which
                     must be one of the ones listed in  the  section  EMBEDDED
                     IMAGES.

              pathName image configure index ?option value ...?
                     Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded
                     image.   If  no  option  is  specified,  returns  a  list
                     describing  all of the available options for the embedded
                     image at index (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for  information  on
                     the format of this list).  If option is specified with no
                     value, then the command returns a list describing the one
                     named  option  (this list will be identical to the corre-
                     sponding sublist of the value returned if  no  option  is
                     specified).  If one or more option-value pairs are speci-
                     fied, then the command modifies the  given  option(s)  to
                     have  the  given  value(s);   in  this  case  the command
                     returns an empty string.  See EMBEDDED IMAGES for  infor-
                     mation on the options that are supported.

              pathName image create index ?option value ...?
                     This  command  creates a new image annotation, which will
                     appear in the text at the position given by  index.   Any
                     number  of option-value pairs may be specified to config-
                     ure the annotation.  Returns a unique identifier that may
                     be used as an index to refer to this image.  See EMBEDDED
                     IMAGES for information on the options that are supported,
                     and a description of the identifier returned.

              pathName image names
                     Returns  a list whose elements are the names of all image
                     instances currently embedded in window.

       pathName index index
              Returns  the  position  corresponding  to  index  in  the   form
              line.char  where line is the line number and char is the charac-
              ter number.  Index may have any of  the  forms  described  under
              INDICES above.

       pathName insert index chars ?tagList chars tagList ...?
              Inserts  all of the chars arguments just before the character at
              index.  If index refers to the end of the  text  (the  character
              after  the  last  newline)  then  the  new text is inserted just
              before the last newline instead.  If there  is  a  single  chars
              argument and no tagList, then the new text will receive any tags
              that are present on both the character before and the  character
              after  the  insertion  point; if a tag is present on only one of
              these characters then it will not be applied to  the  new  text.
              If tagList is specified then it consists of a list of tag names;
              the new characters will receive all of the tags in this list and
              no  others,  regardless of the tags present around the insertion
              point.  If multiple chars-tagList argument  pairs  are  present,
              they produce the same effect as if a separate insert widget com-
              mand had been issued for each pair, in order.  The last  tagList
              argument may be omitted.

       pathName mark option ?arg arg ...?
              This command is used to manipulate marks.  The exact behavior of
              the command depends on the option argument that follows the mark
              argument.  The following forms of the command are currently sup-
              ported:

              pathName mark gravity markName ?direction?
                     If direction is not specified, returns left or  right  to
                     indicate  which  of  its  adjacent characters markName is
                     attached to.  If direction is specified, it must be  left
                     or  right;  the  gravity  of markName is set to the given
                     value.

              pathName mark names
                     Returns a list whose elements are the names  of  all  the
                     marks that are currently set.

              pathName mark next index
                     Returns  the name of the next mark at or after index.  If
                     index is specified in numerical form, then the search for
                     the next mark begins at that index.  If index is the name
                     of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins imme-
                     diately after that mark.  This can still return a mark at
                     the same position if there are multiple marks at the same
                     index.  These semantics mean that the mark next operation
                     can be used to step through all the marks in a text  wid-
                     get in the same order as the mark information returned by
                     the dump operation.  If a mark has been set to  the  spe-
                     cial  end  index,  then  it  appears to be after end with
                     respect to the mark next operation.  An empty  string  is
                     returned if there are no marks after index.

              pathName mark previous index
                     Returns  the  name  of  the  mark at or before index.  If
                     index is specified in numerical form, then the search for
                     the  previous  mark begins with the character just before
                     that index.  If index is the name of  a  mark,  then  the
                     search  for  the next mark begins immediately before that
                     mark.  This can still return a mark at the same  position
                     if  there  are  multiple  marks at the same index.  These
                     semantics mean that the mark previous  operation  can  be
                     used  to  step  through all the marks in a text widget in
                     the reverse order as the mark information returned by the
                     dump operation.  An empty string is returned if there are
                     no marks before index.

              pathName mark set markName index
                     Sets the mark named markName to a  position  just  before
                     the  character  at index.  If markName already exists, it
                     is moved from its old position; if it  doesn't  exist,  a
                     new  mark  is  created.   This  command  returns an empty
                     string.

              pathName mark unset markName ?markName markName ...?
                     Remove the mark corresponding to  each  of  the  markName
                     arguments.   The  removed  marks  will  not  be usable in
                     indices and will not  be  returned  by  future  calls  to
                     ``pathName  mark  names''.  This command returns an empty
                     string.

       pathName scan option args
              This command is used to implement scanning on texts.  It has two
              forms, depending on option:

              pathName scan mark x y
                     Records  x and y and the current view in the text window,
                     for use in conjunction with later scan  dragto  commands.
                     Typically  this command is associated with a mouse button
                     press in the widget.  It returns an empty string.

              pathName scan dragto x y
                     This command computes the difference between its x and  y
                     arguments and the x and y arguments to the last scan mark
                     command for the widget.  It then adjusts the view  by  10
                     times  the  difference  in  coordinates.  This command is
                     typically associated with mouse motion events in the wid-
                     get,  to  produce the effect of dragging the text at high
                     speed through the window.  The return value is  an  empty
                     string.

       pathName search ?switches? pattern index ?stopIndex?
              Searches  the  text in pathName starting at index for a range of
              characters that matches pattern.  If a match is found, the index
              of the first character in the match is returned as result;  oth-
              erwise an empty string is returned.  One or more of the  follow-
              ing switches (or abbreviations thereof) may be specified to con-
              trol the search:

              -forwards
                     The search will proceed forward through the text, finding
                     the  first  matching range starting at or after the posi-
                     tion given by index.  This is the default.

              -backwards
                     The search will proceed backward through the text,  find-
                     ing the matching range closest to index whose first char-
                     acter is before index.

              -exact Use exact matching:  the characters in the matching range
                     must  be  identical  to  those  in  pattern.  This is the
                     default.

              -regexp
                     Treat pattern  as  a  regular  expression  and  match  it
                     against  the text using the rules for regular expressions
                     (see the regexp command for details).

              -nocase
                     Ignore case differences between the pattern and the text.

              -count varName
                     The  argument  following -count gives the name of a vari-
                     able; if a match is found, the number of index  positions
                     between  beginning  and end of the matching range will be
                     stored in the variable.  If there are no embedded  images
                     or windows in the matching range (and there are no elided
                     characters if -elide is not given), this is equivalent to
                     the  number  of  characters matched.  In either case, the
                     range matchIdx to matchIdx + $count chars will return the
                     entire matched text.

              -elide Find  elided  (hidden) text as well. By default only dis-
                     played text is searched.

              --     This switch has no effect except to terminate the list of
                     switches:  the  next  argument will be treated as pattern
                     even if it starts with -.

              The matching range must be entirely  within  a  single  line  of
              text.   For regular expression matching the newlines are removed
              from the ends of the lines before matching:  use the  $  feature
              in  regular  expressions  to match the end of a line.  For exact
              matching the newlines are retained.  If stopIndex is  specified,
              the  search  stops at that index: for forward searches, no match
              at  or  after  stopIndex  will  be  considered;   for   backward
              searches,  no  match  earlier in the text than stopIndex will be
              considered.  If stopIndex is omitted, the entire  text  will  be
              searched:  when the beginning or end of the text is reached, the
              search continues at the other end until the starting location is
              reached  again;   if stopIndex is specified, no wrap-around will
              occur.

       pathName see index
              Adjusts the view in the window so that the  character  given  by
              index  is  completely visible.  If index is already visible then
              the command does nothing.  If index is a short distance  out  of
              view,  the  command  adjusts  the view just enough to make index
              visible at the edge of the window.  If index is far out of view,
              then the command centers index in the window.

       pathName tag option ?arg arg ...?
              This  command is used to manipulate tags.  The exact behavior of
              the command depends on the option argument that follows the  tag
              argument.  The following forms of the command are currently sup-
              ported:

              pathName tag add tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?
                     Associate the tag tagName  with  all  of  the  characters
                     starting  with  index1 and ending just before index2 (the
                     character at index2 isn't tagged).  A single command  may
                     contain  any  number of index1-index2 pairs.  If the last
                     index2 is omitted then the single character at index1  is
                     tagged.   If  there  are  no  characters in the specified
                     range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or  index2
                     is  less than or equal to index1) then the command has no
                     effect.

              pathName tag bind tagName ?sequence? ?script?
                     This command associates script with the tag given by tag-
                     Name.   Whenever  the  event  sequence  given by sequence
                     occurs for a character that has been tagged with tagName,
                     the script will be invoked.  This widget command is simi-
                     lar to the bind command except that it operates on  char-
                     acters  in  a  text  rather than entire widgets.  See the
                     bind manual entry for complete details on the  syntax  of
                     sequence and the substitutions performed on script before
                     invoking it.  If all arguments are specified then  a  new
                     binding  is  created,  replacing any existing binding for
                     the same sequence and tagName (if the first character  of
                     script  is ``+'' then script augments an existing binding
                     rather than replacing it).  In this case the return value
                     is  an  empty string.  If script is omitted then the com-
                     mand returns  the  script  associated  with  tagName  and
                     sequence  (an  error occurs if there is no such binding).
                     If both script and sequence are omitted then the  command
                     returns  a  list  of all the sequences for which bindings
                     have been defined for tagName.

                     The only events for which bindings may be  specified  are
                     those  related  to the mouse and keyboard (such as Enter,
                     Leave, ButtonPress,  Motion,  and  KeyPress)  or  virtual
                     events.  Event bindings for a text widget use the current
                     mark described under MARKS above.  An Enter  event  trig-
                     gers  for a tag when the tag first becomes present on the
                     current character, and a Leave event triggers for  a  tag
                     when  it  ceases  to be present on the current character.
                     Enter and Leave events can happen either because the cur-
                     rent mark moved or because the character at that position
                     changed.  Note that these events are different than Enter
                     and  Leave events for windows.  Mouse and keyboard events
                     are directed to the  current  character.   If  a  virtual
                     event is used in a binding, that binding can trigger only
                     if the virtual event is defined by an  underlying  mouse-
                     related or keyboard-related event.

                     It is possible for the current character to have multiple
                     tags, and for each of them to have a binding for  a  par-
                     ticular event sequence.  When this occurs, one binding is
                     invoked for each tag, in order  from  lowest-priority  to
                     highest  priority.   If there are multiple matching bind-
                     ings for a single tag, then the most specific binding  is
                     chosen  (see  the  manual  entry for the bind command for
                     details).  continue and  break  commands  within  binding
                     scripts  are  processed  in  the same way as for bindings
                     created with the bind command.

                     If bindings are created for the widget as a  whole  using
                     the bind command, then those bindings will supplement the
                     tag bindings.  The tag bindings will  be  invoked  first,
                     followed by bindings for the window as a whole.

              pathName tag cget tagName option
                     This  command  returns  the  current  value of the option
                     named option associated with the tag  given  by  tagName.
                     Option  may  have  any  of the values accepted by the tag
                     configure widget command.

              pathName tag configure tagName ?option?  ?value?  ?option  value
              ...?
                     This command is similar to the configure  widget  command
                     except  that  it modifies options associated with the tag
                     given by tagName instead of  modifying  options  for  the
                     overall text widget.  If no option is specified, the com-
                     mand returns a  list  describing  all  of  the  available
                     options for tagName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information
                     on the format of this list).  If option is specified with
                     no  value, then the command returns a list describing the
                     one named option (this list will be identical to the cor-
                     responding  sublist of the value returned if no option is
                     specified).  If one or more option-value pairs are speci-
                     fied,  then  the  command modifies the given option(s) to
                     have the given value(s) in tagName; in this case the com-
                     mand returns an empty string.  See TAGS above for details
                     on the options available for tags.

              pathName tag delete tagName ?tagName ...?
                     Deletes all tag information for each of the tagName argu-
                     ments.   The command removes the tags from all characters
                     in the file and also deletes any other information  asso-
                     ciated with the tags, such as bindings and display infor-
                     mation.  The command returns an empty string.

              pathName tag lower tagName ?belowThis?
                     Changes the priority of tag tagName so that  it  is  just
                     lower  in  priority than the tag whose name is belowThis.
                     If belowThis  is  omitted,  then  tagName's  priority  is
                     changed to make it lowest priority of all tags.

              pathName tag names ?index?
                     Returns  a  list  whose elements are the names of all the
                     tags that are active at the character position  given  by
                     index.   If  index is omitted, then the return value will
                     describe all of the tags that exist for  the  text  (this
                     includes  all  tags  that have been named in a ``pathName
                     tag'' widget  command  but  haven't  been  deleted  by  a
                     ``pathName  tag delete'' widget command, even if no char-
                     acters are currently marked with the tag).  The list will
                     be sorted in order from lowest priority to highest prior-
                     ity.

              pathName tag nextrange tagName index1 ?index2?
                     This command searches the text for a range of  characters
                     tagged  with  tagName  where  the  first character of the
                     range is no earlier than the character at index1  and  no
                     later  than  the  character  just  before index2 (a range
                     starting at index2 will not be considered).   If  several
                     matching ranges exist, the first one is chosen.  The com-
                     mand's return value is a list  containing  two  elements,
                     which  are  the index of the first character of the range
                     and the index of the character just after the last one in
                     the range.  If no matching range is found then the return
                     value is an empty string.  If index2 is not given then it
                     defaults to the end of the text.

              pathName tag prevrange tagName index1 ?index2?
                     This  command searches the text for a range of characters
                     tagged with tagName where  the  first  character  of  the
                     range  is  before  the character at index1 and no earlier
                     than the character at index2 (a range starting at  index2
                     will  be  considered).  If several matching ranges exist,
                     the one closest  to  index1  is  chosen.   The  command's
                     return value is a list containing two elements, which are
                     the index of the first character of  the  range  and  the
                     index  of  the  character  just after the last one in the
                     range.  If no matching range is  found  then  the  return
                     value is an empty string.  If index2 is not given then it
                     defaults to the beginning of the text.

              pathName tag raise tagName ?aboveThis?
                     Changes the priority of tag tagName so that  it  is  just
                     higher  in priority than the tag whose name is aboveThis.
                     If aboveThis  is  omitted,  then  tagName's  priority  is
                     changed to make it highest priority of all tags.

              pathName tag ranges tagName
                     Returns  a list describing all of the ranges of text that
                     have been tagged with tagName.  The first two elements of
                     the list describe the first tagged range in the text, the
                     next two elements describe the second range, and  so  on.
                     The  first element of each pair contains the index of the
                     first character of the range, and the second  element  of
                     the  pair  contains the index of the character just after
                     the last one in the range.  If there  are  no  characters
                     tagged with tag then an empty string is returned.

              pathName tag remove tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?
                     Remove  the tag tagName from all of the characters start-
                     ing at index1 and ending just before index2 (the  charac-
                     ter at index2 isn't affected).  A single command may con-
                     tain any number of  index1-index2  pairs.   If  the  last
                     index2  is omitted then the single character at index1 is
                     tagged.  If there are  no  characters  in  the  specified
                     range  (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2
                     is less than or equal to index1) then the command has  no
                     effect.  This command returns an empty string.

       pathName window option ?arg arg ...?
              This command is used to manipulate embedded windows.  The behav-
              ior of the command depends on the option argument  that  follows
              the  tag  argument.  The following forms of the command are cur-
              rently supported:

              pathName window cget index option
                     Returns the value of a configuration option for an embed-
                     ded  window.   Index  identifies the embedded window, and
                     option specifies a particular configuration option, which
                     must  be  one  of the ones listed in the section EMBEDDED
                     WINDOWS.

              pathName window configure index ?option value ...?
                     Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded
                     window.   If  no  option  is  specified,  returns  a list
                     describing all of the available options for the  embedded
                     window  at index (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information on
                     the format of this list).  If option is specified with no
                     value, then the command returns a list describing the one
                     named option (this list will be identical to  the  corre-
                     sponding  sublist  of  the value returned if no option is
                     specified).  If one or more option-value pairs are speci-
                     fied,  then  the  command modifies the given option(s) to
                     have the  given  value(s);   in  this  case  the  command
                     returns an empty string.  See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for infor-
                     mation on the options that are supported.

              pathName window create index ?option value ...?
                     This command creates a new window annotation, which  will
                     appear  in  the text at the position given by index.  Any
                     number of option-value pairs may be specified to  config-
                     ure the annotation.  See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for information
                     on the options that  are  supported.   Returns  an  empty
                     string.

              pathName window names
                     Returns  a  list whose elements are the names of all win-
                     dows currently embedded in window.

       pathName xview option args
              This command is used to query and change the horizontal position
              of the text in the widget's window.  It can take any of the fol-
              lowing forms:

              pathName xview
                     Returns a list containing two elements.  Each element  is
                     a  real fraction between 0 and 1;  together they describe
                     the portion of the document's  horizontal  span  that  is
                     visible in the window.  For example, if the first element
                     is .2 and the second element is .6, 20% of  the  text  is
                     off-screen  to the left, the middle 40% is visible in the
                     window, and 40% of the text is off-screen to  the  right.
                     The  fractions  refer only to the lines that are actually
                     visible in the window:  if the lines in  the  window  are
                     all  very  short,  so that they are entirely visible, the
                     returned fractions will be 0 and 1,  even  if  there  are
                     other lines in the text that are much wider than the win-
                     dow.  These are the same values passed to scrollbars  via
                     the -xscrollcommand option.

              pathName xview moveto fraction
                     Adjusts  the  view  in the window so that fraction of the
                     horizontal span of the text is off-screen  to  the  left.
                     Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1.

              pathName xview scroll number what
                     This  command shifts the view in the window left or right
                     according to number and what.  Number must be an integer.
                     What  must be either units or pages or an abbreviation of
                     one of these.  If what is units, the view adjusts left or
                     right  by number average-width characters on the display;
                     if it is pages then the view adjusts  by  number  screen-
                     fuls.   If  number is negative then characters farther to
                     the left become visible;  if it is positive then  charac-
                     ters farther to the right become visible.

       pathName yview ?args?
              This  command  is used to query and change the vertical position
              of the text in the widget's window.  It can take any of the fol-
              lowing forms:

              pathName yview
                     Returns a list containing two elements, both of which are
                     real fractions between 0 and 1.  The first element  gives
                     the  position  of  the first character in the top line in
                     the window, relative to the text as a whole (0.5 means it
                     is  halfway  through  the text, for example).  The second
                     element gives the position of the  character  just  after
                     the  last  one in the bottom line of the window, relative
                     to the text as a whole.  These are the same values passed
                     to scrollbars via the -yscrollcommand option.

              pathName yview moveto fraction
                     Adjusts  the  view  in  the  window so that the character
                     given by fraction appears on the top line of the  window.
                     Fraction  is a fraction between 0 and 1;  0 indicates the
                     first character in the text, 0.33 indicates the character
                     one-third the way through the text, and so on.

              pathName yview scroll number what
                     This  command  adjust  the  view in the window up or down
                     according to number and what.  Number must be an integer.
                     What  must  be  either units or pages.  If what is units,
                     the view adjusts up or down by number lines on  the  dis-
                     play;   if  it  is  pages then the view adjusts by number
                     screenfuls.  If number is negative then earlier positions
                     in the text become visible;  if it is positive then later
                     positions in the text become visible.

              pathName yview ?-pickplace? index
                     Changes the view in the widget's  window  to  make  index
                     visible.   If  the -pickplace option isn't specified then
                     index will appear at the top of the  window.   If  -pick-
                     place  is  specified  then the widget chooses where index
                     appears in the window:

                     [1]    If index is already visible somewhere in the  win-
                            dow then the command does nothing.

                     [2]    If  index is only a few lines off-screen above the
                            window then it will be positioned at  the  top  of
                            the window.

                     [3]    If  index is only a few lines off-screen below the
                            window then it will be positioned at the bottom of
                            the window.

                     [4]    Otherwise, index will be centered in the window.

                     The  -pickplace option has been obsoleted by the see wid-
                     get command (see handles both x- and y-motion to  make  a
                     location  visible, whereas -pickplace only handles motion
                     in y).

              pathName yview number
                     This command makes the first character on the line  after
                     the one given by number visible at the top of the window.
                     Number must be an integer.  This command used to be  used
                     for scrolling, but now it is obsolete.

BINDINGS
       Tk  automatically  creates  class bindings for texts that give them the
       following default behavior.  In the  descriptions  below,  ``word''  is
       dependent  on the value of the tcl_wordchars variable.  See tclvars(n).

       [1]    Clicking mouse button 1  positions  the  insertion  cursor  just
              before the character underneath the mouse cursor, sets the input
              focus to this widget, and clears any selection  in  the  widget.
              Dragging with mouse button 1 strokes out a selection between the
              insertion cursor and the character under the mouse.

       [2]    Double-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the word  under  the
              mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the end of the word.
              Dragging after a double click will stroke out a  selection  con-
              sisting of whole words.

       [3]    Triple-clicking  with  mouse button 1 selects the line under the
              mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the end of the line.
              Dragging  after  a triple click will stroke out a selection con-
              sisting of whole lines.

       [4]    The ends of the selection can be adjusted by dragging with mouse
              button  1 while the Shift key is down;  this will adjust the end
              of the selection that was nearest to the mouse cursor when  but-
              ton 1 was pressed.  If the button is double-clicked before drag-
              ging then the selection will  be  adjusted  in  units  of  whole
              words;   if  it  is  triple-clicked  then  the selection will be
              adjusted in units of whole lines.

       [5]    Clicking mouse button 1 with the Control key down  will  reposi-
              tion the insertion cursor without affecting the selection.

       [6]    If  any  normal printing characters are typed, they are inserted
              at the point of the insertion cursor.

       [7]    The view in the widget can be adjusted by  dragging  with  mouse
              button  2.   If  mouse  button  2  is clicked without moving the
              mouse, the selection is copied into the text at the position  of
              the  mouse  cursor.   The Insert key also inserts the selection,
              but at the position of the insertion cursor.

       [8]    If the mouse is dragged out of the  widget  while  button  1  is
              pressed,  the  entry will automatically scroll to make more text
              visible (if there is more text off-screen on the side where  the
              mouse left the window).

       [9]    The  Left and Right keys move the insertion cursor one character
              to the left or right;  they also  clear  any  selection  in  the
              text.   If  Left or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then
              the insertion cursor moves and  the  selection  is  extended  to
              include  the new character.  Control-Left and Control-Right move
              the insertion cursor by words, and Control-Shift-Left  and  Con-
              trol-Shift-Right  move  the  insertion  cursor by words and also
              extend the selection.  Control-b and Control-f behave  the  same
              as  Left  and Right, respectively.  Meta-b and Meta-f behave the
              same as Control-Left and Control-Right, respectively.

       [10]   The Up and Down keys move the insertion cursor one  line  up  or
              down  and  clear  any  selection in the text.  If Up or Right is
              typed with the Shift key down, then the insertion  cursor  moves
              and  the  selection  is  extended  to include the new character.
              Control-Up and Control-Down move the insertion cursor  by  para-
              graphs  (groups of lines separated by blank lines), and Control-
              Shift-Up and Control-Shift-Down move  the  insertion  cursor  by
              paragraphs  and  also  extend the selection.  Control-p and Con-
              trol-n behave the same as Up and Down, respectively.

       [11]   The Next and Prior keys move the  insertion  cursor  forward  or
              backwards  by one screenful and clear any selection in the text.
              If the Shift key is held down while Next or Prior is typed, then
              the  selection  is  extended to include the new character.  Con-
              trol-v moves the view down  one  screenful  without  moving  the
              insertion cursor or adjusting the selection.

       [12]   Control-Next  and Control-Prior scroll the view right or left by
              one page without moving the insertion cursor  or  affecting  the
              selection.

       [13]   Home and Control-a move the insertion cursor to the beginning of
              its line and clear any  selection  in  the  widget.   Shift-Home
              moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the line and also
              extends the selection to that point.

       [14]   End and Control-e move the insertion cursor to the  end  of  the
              line and clear any selection in the widget.  Shift-End moves the
              cursor to the end of the line and extends the selection to  that
              point.

       [15]   Control-Home  and Meta-< move the insertion cursor to the begin-
              ning of the text and clear any selection in  the  widget.   Con-
              trol-Shift-Home  moves  the insertion cursor to the beginning of
              the text and also extends the selection to that point.

       [16]   Control-End and Meta-> move the insertion cursor to the  end  of
              the  text and clear any selection in the widget.  Control-Shift-
              End moves the cursor to the end of  the  text  and  extends  the
              selection to that point.

       [17]   The Select key and Control-Space set the selection anchor to the
              position of the insertion cursor.  They don't affect the current
              selection.   Shift-Select  and  Control-Shift-Space  adjust  the
              selection to the  current  position  of  the  insertion  cursor,
              selecting  from  the anchor to the insertion cursor if there was
              not any selection previously.

       [18]   Control-/ selects the entire contents of the widget.

       [19]   Control-\ clears any selection in the widget.

       [20]   The F16 key (labelled Copy on many Sun workstations)  or  Meta-w
              copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard, if there is
              a  selection.   This  action  is  carried  out  by  the  command
              tk_textCopy.

       [21]   The F20 key (labelled Cut on many Sun workstations) or Control-w
              copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard and  deletes
              the  selection.   This  action  is  carried  out  by the command
              tk_textCut.  If there is no selection in the widget  then  these
              keys have no effect.

       [22]   The  F18  key  (labelled Paste on many Sun workstations) or Con-
              trol-y inserts the contents of the clipboard at the position  of
              the insertion cursor.  This action is carried out by the command
              tk_textPaste.

       [23]   The Delete key deletes the selection, if there  is  one  in  the
              widget.   If  there is no selection, it deletes the character to
              the right of the insertion cursor.

       [24]   Backspace and Control-h delete the selection, if there is one in
              the widget.  If there is no selection, they delete the character
              to the left of the insertion cursor.

       [25]   Control-d deletes the character to the right  of  the  insertion
              cursor.

       [26]   Meta-d deletes the word to the right of the insertion cursor.

       [27]   Control-k  deletes  from  the insertion cursor to the end of its
              line; if the insertion cursor is already at the end of  a  line,
              then Control-k deletes the newline character.

       [28]   Control-o  opens  a new line by inserting a newline character in
              front of the insertion cursor without moving the insertion  cur-
              sor.

       [29]   Meta-backspace  and  Meta-Delete  delete the word to the left of
              the insertion cursor.

       [30]   Control-x deletes whatever is selected in the text widget  after
              copying it to the clipboard.

       [31]   Control-t  reverses the order of the two characters to the right
              of the insertion cursor.

       [32]   Control-z (and Control-underscore on UNIX when tk_strictMotif is
              true)  undoes  the last edit action if the -undo option is true.
              Does nothing otherwise.

       [33]   Control-Z (or Control-y on Windows) reapplies  the  last  undone
              edit action if the -undo option is true. Does nothing otherwise.

       If the widget is disabled using the -state option, then  its  view  can
       still be adjusted and text can still be selected, but no insertion cur-
       sor will be displayed and no text modifications will take place.

       The behavior of texts can be changed by defining new bindings for indi-
       vidual widgets or by redefining the class bindings.

PERFORMANCE ISSUES
       Text widgets should run efficiently under a variety of conditions.  The
       text widget uses about 2-3 bytes of main memory for each byte of  text,
       so  texts  containing  a  megabyte  or more should be practical on most
       workstations.  Text is represented internally with  a  modified  B-tree
       structure  that  makes  operations relatively efficient even with large
       texts.  Tags are included in the B-tree structure in a way that  allows
       tags  to span large ranges or have many disjoint smaller ranges without
       loss of efficiency.  Marks are also implemented in a  way  that  allows
       large numbers of marks.  In most cases it is fine to have large numbers
       of unique tags, or a tag that has many distinct ranges.

       One performance problem can arise if you have hundreds or thousands  of
       different  tags  that all have the following characteristics: the first
       and last ranges of each tag are near the beginning and end of the text,
       respectively,  or  a  single  tag range covers most of the text widget.
       The cost of adding and deleting tags like this is proportional  to  the
       number  of  other tags with the same properties.  In contrast, there is
       no problem with having thousands of  distinct  tags  if  their  overall
       ranges are localized and spread uniformly throughout the text.

       Very  long  text  lines  can be expensive, especially if they have many
       marks and tags within them.

       The display line with the insert cursor is redrawn each time the cursor
       blinks,  which  causes  a  steady  stream of graphics traffic.  Set the
       insertOffTime attribute to 0 avoid this.


SEE ALSO
       entry(n), scrollbar(n)


KEYWORDS
