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# 8. Data Types

The modules described in this chapter provide a variety of specialized data types such as dates and times, fixed-type arrays, heap queues, synchronized queues, and sets.

Python also provides some built-in data types, in particular, `dict`, `list`, `set` and `frozenset`, and `tuple`. The `str` class is used to hold Unicode strings, and the `bytes` class is used to hold binary data.

The following modules are documented in this chapter:

- 8.1. `datetime` — Basic date and time types
  - 8.1.1. Available Types
  - 8.1.2. `timedelta` Objects
  - 8.1.3. `date` Objects
  - 8.1.4. `datetime` Objects
  - 8.1.5. `time` Objects
  - 8.1.6. `tzinfo` Objects
  - 8.1.7. `timezone` Objects
  - 8.1.8. `strftime()` and `strptime()` Behavior
- 8.2. `calendar` — General calendar-related functions
- 8.3. `collections` — Container datatypes
  - 8.3.1. `ChainMap` objects
    - 8.3.1.1. `ChainMap` Examples and Recipes
  - 8.3.2. `Counter` objects
  - 8.3.3. `deque` objects
    - 8.3.3.1. `deque` Recipes
  - 8.3.4. `defaultdict` objects
    - 8.3.4.1. `defaultdict` Examples
  - 8.3.5. `namedtuple()` Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields
  - 8.3.6. `OrderedDict` objects
    - 8.3.6.1. `OrderedDict` Examples and Recipes
  - 8.3.7. `UserDict` objects
  - 8.3.8. `UserList` objects
  - 8.3.9. `UserString` objects
- 8.4. `collections.abc` — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
  - 8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes
- 8.5. `heapq` — Heap queue algorithm
  - 8.5.1. Basic Examples
  - 8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
  - 8.5.3. Theory
- 8.6. `bisect` — Array bisection algorithm
  - 8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists
  - 8.6.2. Other Examples
- 8.7. `array` — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- 8.8. `weakref` — Weak references
  - 8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects
  - 8.8.2. Example
- 8.9. `types` — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
  - 8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation
  - 8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types
- 8.10. `copy` — Shallow and deep copy operations
- 8.11. `pprint` — Data pretty printer
  - 8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
  - 8.11.2. Example
- 8.12. `reprlib` — Alternate `repr()` implementation
  - 8.12.1. Repr Objects
  - 8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects

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