The Java TM Tutorial

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Trail: Essential Java Classes
Lesson: Doing Two or More Tasks At Once: Threads

## Understanding Thread Priority

> Previously, this lesson claimed that threads run concurrently. While conceptually this is true, in practice it usually isn't. Most computer configurations have a single CPU, so threads actually run one at a time in such a way as to provide an illusion of concurrency. Execution of multiple threads on a single CPU, in some order, is called scheduling. The Java runtime supports a very simple, deterministic scheduling algorithm known as fixed priority scheduling. This algorithm schedules threads based on their priority relative to other runnable threads.

> When a Java thread is created, it inherits its priority from the thread that created it. You can also modify a thread's priority at any time after its creation using the `setPriority` method. Thread priorities are integers ranging between `MIN_PRIORITY` and `MAX_PRIORITY` (constants defined in the `Thread` class). The higher the integer, the higher the priority. At any given time, when multiple threads are ready to be executed, the runtime system chooses the runnable thread with the highest priority for execution. Only when that thread stops, yields, or becomes not runnable for some reason will a lower priority thread start executing. If two threads of the same priority are waiting for the CPU, the scheduler chooses one of them to run in a round-robin fashion. The chosen thread will run until one of the following conditions is true:

> - A higher priority thread becomes runnable.
> - It yields, or its `run` method exits.
> - On systems that support time-slicing, its time allotment has expired.
> Then the second thread is given a chance to run, and so on, until the interpreter exits.

> The Java runtime system's thread scheduling algorithm is also preemptive. If at any time a thread with a higher priority than all other runnable threads becomes runnable, the runtime system chooses the new higher priority thread for execution. The new higher priority thread is said to preempt the other threads.

> > Rule of thumb: At any given time, the highest priority thread is running. However, this is not guaranteed. The thread scheduler may choose to run a lower priority thread to avoid starvation. For this reason, use priority only to affect scheduling policy for efficiency purposes. Do not rely on thread priority for algorithm correctness.

### The 400,000 Micron Thread Race

> This Java source code implements an applet that animates a race between two "runner" threads with different priorities. When you click the mouse down over the applet, it starts the two runners. The top runner, labelled "2", has a priority of 2. The second runner, labelled "3", has a priority of 3.

> Try this: Click the applet below to start the race.

> > Note: Because some old browsers don't support 1.1, the above applet is a 1.0 version (here is the 1.0 code; here's the 1.1 code). To run the 1.1 version of the applet, go to `example-1dot1/RaceApplet.html`. For more information about running applets, refer to About Our Examples.

> This is the `run` method for both runners.

> >     public int tick = 1;
> >     public void run() {
> >         while (tick < 400000)
> >             tick++;
> >     }

> This `run` method simply counts from 1 to 400,000. The instance variable `tick` is public because the applet uses this value to determine how far the runner has progressed (how long its line is).

> In addition to the two runner threads, this applet also has a third thread that handles the drawing. The drawing thread's `run` method contains an infinite loop; during each iteration of the loop it draws a line for each runner (whose length is computed from the runner's `tick` variable), and then sleeps for 10 milliseconds. The drawing thread has a thread priority of 4--higher than either runner. So, whenever the drawing thread wakes up after 10 milliseconds, it becomes the highest priority thread, preempting whichever runner is currently running, and draws the lines. You can see the lines inch their way across the page

> This is not a fair race because one runner has a higher priority than the other. Each time the drawing thread yields the CPU by going to sleep for 10 milliseconds, the scheduler chooses the highest priority runnable thread to run; in this case, it's always runner 3. Here is another version of the applet that implements a fair race, that is, both of the runners have the same priority and they have an equal chance of being chosen to run.

> Try this: Click the mouse to start the race.

> > Note: Because some old browsers don't support 1.1, the above applet is a 1.0 version (here is the 1.0 code; here's the 1.1 code). To run the 1.1 version of the applet, go to `example-1dot1/RaceApplet.html`. For more information about running applets, refer to About Our Examples.

> In this race, each time the drawing thread yields the CPU by going to sleep, there are two runnable threads of equal priority--the runners--waiting for the CPU; the scheduler must choose one of the threads to run. In this situation, the scheduler chooses the next thread to run in a round-robin fashion.

### Selfish Threads

> The `Runner` class used in the races above actually implements "socially-impaired" thread behavior. Recall the `run` method from the Runner class used in the races above:

> >     public int tick = 1;
> >     public void run() {
> >         while (tick < 400000)
> >             tick++;
> >     }

> The `while` loop in the `run` method is in a tight loop. Once the scheduler chooses a thread with this thread body for execution, the thread never voluntarily relinquishes control of the CPU--the thread continues to run until the `while` loop terminates naturally or until the thread is preempted by a higher priority thread. This thread is called a selfish thread.

> In some situations, having selfish threads doesn't cause any problems because a higher priority thread preempts the selfish one (just as the drawing thread in the RaceApplet preempts the selfish runners). However, in other situations, threads with CPU-greedy `run` methods, such as the `Runner` class, can take over the CPU and cause other threads to wait for a long time before getting a chance to run.

### Time-Slicing

> Some systems, such as Windows 95/NT, fight selfish thread behavior with a strategy known as time-slicing. Time-slicing comes into play when there are multiple "Runnable" threads of equal priority and those threads are the highest priority threads competing for the CPU. For example, this stand-alone Java program (which is based on the RaceApplet above) creates two equal priority selfish threads that have the following `run` method.

> >     public void run() {
> >         while (tick < 400000) {
> >             tick++;
> >             if ((tick % 50000) == 0)
> >                 System.out.println("Thread #" + num
> >                                    + ", tick = " + tick);
> >         }
> >     }

> This `run` contains a tight loop that increments the integer `tick` and every 50,000 ticks prints out the thread's identifier and its `tick` count.

> When running this program on a time-sliced system, you will see messages from both threads intermingled with one another. Like this:

> >     Thread #1, tick = 50000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 50000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 100000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 100000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 150000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 200000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 150000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 200000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 250000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 250000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 300000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 300000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 350000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 350000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 400000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 400000

> This output is produced because a time-sliced system divides the CPU into time slots and iteratively gives each of the equal-and-highest priority threads a time slot in which to run. The time-sliced system iterates through the equal-and-highest priority threads, allowing each one a bit of time to run, until one or more of them finishes or until a higher priority thread preempts them. Notice that time-slicing makes no guarantees as to how often or in what order threads are scheduled to run.

> When running this program on a non-time-sliced system, however, you will see messages from one thread finish printing before the other thread ever gets a chance to print one message. Like this:

> >     Thread #0, tick = 50000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 100000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 150000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 200000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 250000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 300000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 350000
> >     Thread #0, tick = 400000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 50000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 100000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 150000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 200000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 250000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 300000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 350000
> >     Thread #1, tick = 400000

> This is because a non-time-sliced system chooses one of the equal-and-highest priority threads to run and allows that thread to run until it relinquishes the CPU (by sleeping, yielding, finishing its job) or until a higher priority preempts it.

> > Note: The Java runtime does not implement (and therefore does not guarantee) time-slicing. However, some systems on which you can run Java do support time-slicing. Your Java programs should not rely on time-slicing as it may produce different results on different systems.

> > Try this: Compile and run the RaceTest and SelfishRunner classes on your computer. Can you tell if you have a time-sliced system?

> As you can imagine, writing CPU-intensive code can have negative repercussions on other threads running in the same process. In general, you should try to write "well-behaved" threads that voluntarily relinquish the CPU periodically and give other threads an opportunity to run. In particular, you should never write Java code that relies on time-sharing--this will practically guarantee that your program will give different results on different computer systems.

> A thread can voluntarily yield the CPU without going to sleep or some other drastic means by calling the `yield` method. The `yield` method gives other threads of the same priority a chance to run. If there are no equal priority threads that are runnable, then the yield is ignored.

> > Try this: Rewrite the SelfishRunner class to be a PoliteRunner by calling the `yield` method from the `run` method. Be sure to modify the main program to create `PoliteRunner`s instead of `SelfishRunner`s. Compile and run the new classes on your computer. Now isn't that better?

### Summary

- Most computers have only one CPU, so threads must share the CPU with other threads. The execution of multiple threads on a single CPU, in some order, is called scheduling. The Java runtime supports a very simple, deterministic scheduling algorithm known as fixed priority scheduling.
- Each Java thread is given a numeric priority between `MIN_PRIORITY` and `MAX_PRIORITY` (constants defined in the `Thread` class). At any given time, when multiple threads are ready to be executed, the thread with the highest priority is chosen for execution. Only when that thread stops, or is suspended for some reason, will a lower priority thread start executing.
- Scheduling of the CPU is fully preemptive. If a thread with a higher priority than the currently executing thread needs to execute, the higher priority thread is immediately scheduled.
- The Java runtime will not preempt the currently running thread for another thread of the same priority. In other words, the Java runtime does not time-slice. However, the system implementation of threads underlying the Java Thread class may support time-slicing. Do not write code that relies on time-slicing.
- In addition, a given thread may, at any time, give up its right to execute by calling the `yield` method. Threads can only yield the CPU to other threads of the same priority--attempts to yield to a lower priority thread are ignored.
- When all the runnable threads in the system have the same priority, the scheduler chooses the next thread to run in a simple, non-preemptive, round-robin scheduling order.

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