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\it Copyright \copyright\ 2000,2002 Antonio Villal\'on Huerta.\\
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this do\-cu\-ment under 
the 
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version 
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{\bf NOTA}: Obviamente, en este cap\'{\i}tulo no hablaremos del tratamiento de
ficheros (creaci\'on, borrado, modificaci\'on, jerarqu\'{\i}a de 
directorios\ldots), sino de temas referentes
a la seguridad de los archivos y el sistema de ficheros. Para informaci\'on 
sobre la gesti\'on de ficheros se puede consultar cualquier obra que estudie
Unix desde una perspectiva general, como \cite{kn:tho82}, \cite{kn:chr94} o 
\cite{kn:man91}. Para un conocimiento m\'as profundo sobre los ficheros y los
sistemas de archivos se puede consultar \cite{kn:tan91}, \cite{kn:bac86} ({\sc
bsd}), \cite{kn:goo94} ({\it System V}) o, en el caso de Linux, \cite{kn:car97}
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Para verificar el hecho que de no hay que confiar toda la seguridad de un 
sistema a ning\'un programa, hemos {\it crackeado} el fichero de claves de un
servidor de la Universidad Polit\'ecnica de Valencia. Se trata de un sistema 
Unix con unos 1300 
usuarios, dedicado a c\'alculo cient\'{\i}fico (obviamente, no vamos a decir
el nombre del servidor). A pesar de utilizar un mecanismo que no permite que
los usuarios elijan claves d\'ebiles, en menos de dos horas de ejecuci\'on sobre
un Pentium MMX a 233 MHz el programa Crack corriendo sobre Solaris ha encontrado
seis claves de usuario utilizando exclusivamente diccionarios de demostraci\'on 
que acompa\~nan al programa (seguramente si utiliz\'aramos diccionarios en 
castellano o relacionados con temas como el deporte o la m\'usica nacionales
-- que los hay-- habr\'{\i}amos encontrado alguna clave m\'as\ldots). Se puede 
pensar que s\'olo seis usuarios de entre 1300 es 
algo bastante aceptable, pero no es as\'{\i}: cualquier combinaci\'on v\'alida
de {\it login} y {\it password} es una puerta abierta en nuestro sistema; si
un intruso consigue entrar por esta puerta, tiene m\'as del 70\% del camino
recorrido para obtener el control total de la m\'aquina. Si queremos conseguir
un sistema m\'{\i}nimamente fiable, no podemos permitir ni una sola clave 
d\'ebil.\\
Sin embargo, tampoco hay que pensar que programas como {\tt Passwd+} no 
desempe\~nan bien su labor: en 1994, cuando en el sistema con el que hemos 
realizado la prueba anterior no dispon\'{\i}a de estos mecanismos de seguridad,
en menos de 12 horas de ejecuci\'on de un programa adivinador sobre un 486DX a
33 MHz utilizando Linux, se consiguieron extraer m\'as de cien claves, entre
ellas algunas de usuarios con cierto nivel de privilegio dentro del sistema.
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$^{o}$%
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$\textstyle \parbox{13cm}{\hspace{8cm}Valencia, mayo de 2002}$%
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