%! %!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips 5.47 Copyright 1986-91 Radical Eye Software %%Title: newgate.dvi %%Pages: 19 1 %%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 843 %%DocumentFonts: Palatino-Bold Palatino-Roman Palatino-Italic %%EndComments %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro /TeXDict 200 dict def TeXDict begin /N /def load def /B{bind def}N /S /exch load def /X{S N}B /TR /translate load N /isls false N /vsize 10 N /@rigin{ isls{[0 1 -1 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale Resolution VResolution vsize neg mul TR matrix currentmatrix dup dup 4 get round 4 exch put dup dup 5 get round 5 exch put setmatrix}N /@letter{/vsize 10 N}B /@landscape{/isls true N /vsize -1 N}B /@a4{/vsize 10.6929133858 N}B /@a3{ /vsize 15.5531 N}B /@ledger{/vsize 16 N}B /@legal{/vsize 13 N}B /@manualfeed{ statusdict /manualfeed true put}B /@copies{/#copies X}B /FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N /FBB[0 0 0 0]N /nn 0 N /IE 0 N /ctr 0 N /df-tail{/nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N /FontMatrix fntrx N /FontBBox FBB N string /base X array /BitMaps X /BuildChar{CharBuilder}N /Encoding IE N end dup{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N load 0 nn put /ctr 0 N[}B /df{/sf 1 N /fntrx FMat N df-tail} B /dfs{div /sf X /fntrx[sf 0 0 sf neg 0 0]N df-tail}B /E{pop nn dup definefont setfont}B /ch-width{ch-data dup length 5 sub get}B /ch-height{ch-data dup length 4 sub get}B /ch-xoff{128 ch-data dup length 3 sub get sub}B /ch-yoff{ ch-data dup length 2 sub get 127 sub}B /ch-dx{ch-data dup length 1 sub get}B /ch-image{ch-data dup type /stringtype ne{ctr get /ctr ctr 1 add N}if}B /id 0 N /rw 0 N /rc 0 N /gp 0 N /cp 0 N /G 0 N /sf 0 N /CharBuilder{save 3 1 roll S dup /base get 2 index get S /BitMaps get S get /ch-data X pop /ctr 0 N ch-dx 0 ch-xoff ch-yoff ch-height sub ch-xoff ch-width add ch-yoff setcachedevice ch-width ch-height true[1 0 0 -1 -.1 ch-xoff sub ch-yoff .1 add]/id ch-image N /rw ch-width 7 add 8 idiv string N /rc 0 N /gp 0 N /cp 0 N{rc 0 ne{rc 1 sub /rc X rw}{G}ifelse}imagemask restore}B /G{{id gp get /gp gp 1 add N dup 18 mod S 18 idiv pl S get exec}loop}B /adv{cp add /cp X}B /chg{rw cp id gp 4 index getinterval putinterval dup gp add /gp X adv}B /nd{/cp 0 N rw exit}B /lsh{rw cp 2 copy get dup 0 eq{pop 1}{dup 255 eq{pop 254}{dup dup add 255 and S 1 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B /rsh{rw cp 2 copy get dup 0 eq{pop 128}{dup 255 eq{pop 127}{dup 2 idiv S 128 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B /clr{rw cp 2 index string putinterval adv}B /set{rw cp fillstr 0 4 index getinterval putinterval adv}B /fillstr 18 string 0 1 17{2 copy 255 put pop}for N /pl[{adv 1 chg}bind{adv 1 chg nd}bind{1 add chg}bind{1 add chg nd}bind{adv lsh}bind{ adv lsh nd}bind{adv rsh}bind{adv rsh nd}bind{1 add adv}bind{/rc X nd}bind{1 add set}bind{1 add clr}bind{adv 2 chg}bind{adv 2 chg nd}bind{pop nd}bind]N /D{ /cc X dup type /stringtype ne{]}if nn /base get cc ctr put nn /BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{dup dup length 1 sub dup 2 index S get sf div put}if put /ctr ctr 1 add N}B /I{cc 1 add D}B /bop{userdict /bop-hook known{bop-hook}if /SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto}N /eop{clear SI restore showpage userdict /eop-hook known{eop-hook}if}N /@start{userdict /start-hook known{start-hook}if /VResolution X /Resolution X 1000 div /DVImag X /IE 256 array N 0 1 255{IE S 1 string dup 0 3 index put cvn put}for}N /p /show load N /RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N /BDot 260 string N /rulex 0 N /ruley 0 N /v{/ruley X /rulex X V}B /V statusdict begin /product where{pop product dup length 7 ge{0 7 getinterval (Display)eq}{pop false}ifelse}{false}ifelse end{{gsave TR -.1 -.1 TR 1 1 scale rulex ruley false RMat{BDot}imagemask grestore}}{{gsave TR -.1 -.1 TR rulex ruley scale 1 1 false RMat{BDot}imagemask grestore}}ifelse B /a{moveto}B /delta 0 N /tail{dup /delta X 0 rmoveto}B /M{S p delta add tail}B /b{S p tail} B /c{-4 M}B /d{-3 M}B /e{-2 M}B /f{-1 M}B /g{0 M}B /h{1 M}B /i{2 M}B /j{3 M}B /k{4 M}B /w{0 rmoveto}B /l{p -4 w}B /m{p -3 w}B /n{p -2 w}B /o{p -1 w}B /q{p 1 w}B /r{p 2 w}B /s{p 3 w}B /t{p 4 w}B /x{0 S rmoveto}B /y{3 2 roll p a}B /bos{ /SS save N}B /eos{clear SS restore}B end %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: texps.pro TeXDict begin /rf{655360 div mul Resolution mul 7227 div /PixPerEm X findfont dup length 1 add dict /nn X{1 index /FID ne{nn 3 1 roll put}{pop pop}ifelse} forall 256 dict begin nn /Encoding get 0 1 255{2 copy get 3 index 2 index get 1000 mul PixPerEm div def pop}for pop pop nn /Metrics currentdict put end /fontname X /nn dup nn definefont[PixPerEm 0 0 PixPerEm neg 0 0]makefont N fontname{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N fontname load 0 nn put}N /ObliqueSlant{dup sin S cos div neg}B /SlantFont{/foo X[1 0 foo 1 0 0] TransFont}N /ExtendFont{/foo X 3 2 roll[S{foo div}forall]3 1 roll[foo 0 0 1 0 0]TransFont}N /TransFont{S findfont S makefont dup length dict /nn X{1 index /FID ne{nn 3 1 roll put}{pop pop}ifelse}forall dup nn definefont pop}N end %%EndProcSet TeXDict begin 1000 300 300 @start /Fa [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 21 12 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 21 26 28 18 39 43 32 10 14 21 21 21 37 32 12 14 14 16 25 10 14 10 12 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 10 10 25 25 25 21 31 30 25 28 32 25 23 30 32 14 14 28 23 39 32 32 25 32 28 23 25 32 30 39 30 28 28 14 25 14 14 21 12 18 19 17 21 16 12 21 21 12 12 18 12 32 23 18 21 19 16 16 14 23 21 30 21 21 18 14 25 14 14 14 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 21 7 21 21 21 21 0 21 21 14 14 22 23 0 21 21 21 10 0 21 21 12 21 21 21 42 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Italic 1000 655360 rf /Fb 2 121 df<126012F0A2126004047C830C>58 D<380787803808C8403810 F0C03820F1E0EBE3C03840E1803800E000A2485AA43863808012F3EB810012E5EA84C6EA787813 127E9118>120 D E /Fc 5 55 df48 D<12035A123F12C71207B3A4 EA0F80EAFFF80D1C7C9B15>I51 D<130CA2131C133CA2135C13DC139CEA011C120312021204120C120812101230122012 4012C0B512C038001C00A73801FFC0121C7F9B15>I<13F0EA030CEA0604EA0C0EEA181E123013 0CEA7000A21260EAE3E0EAE430EAE818EAF00C130EEAE0061307A51260A2EA7006EA300E130CEA 1818EA0C30EA03E0101D7E9B15>54 D E /Fd 79 123 df<126012F0AF12601200A4126012F0A2 12600419779816>33 DII<12301278127C12 3C121CA41238127812F012E01240070D789816>39 D<13E01201EA0380EA0700120E5AA25AA25A A35AA91270A37EA27EA27E7EEA0380EA01E012000B217A9C16>I<12C07E12707E7E7EA27EA2EA 0380A3EA01C0A9EA0380A3EA0700A2120EA25A5A5A5A5A0B217B9C16>II<12 38127C127EA2123E120E121E121C127812F01260070B798416>44 DI< 127012F8A312700505788416>IIIIII<137C13FC13DC1201EA039CA2EA071C120F120E121E123C1238127812F0B512E0A3 38001C00A53801FFC0A313197F9816>II<13F8EA03FC487E EA0F07EA1C0F1238EA78060070C7FCA2EAE3F8EAEFFCB47EEAF80F487EEB038012E0A21270A213 0700381300EA3C1EEA1FFC6C5AEA03E011197E9816>I<12E0B51280A338E00F00131EEA001C5B 137813705BA2485AA3485AA448C7FCA7111A7E9916>III<127012F8A312701200A8127012F8A312700512789116>I<1238127CA3123812 00A812381278127CA2123C121CA21238127012E012400618799116>I61 D<12C012F012FC123EEA0F806C7EEA01F06C7E133EEB1F8013 07131FEB3E0013F8485AEA07C0485A003EC7FC12FC12F012C011157E9616>I<13F8EA03FC487E EA0F07381C3F80EA387FEA78FF3871C3C0A2EAE381A73871C380A23878FF00EA387EEA1C3C380F 03C0EA07FF6C1300EA00FC12197E9816>64 D<13E0487EA213B0A2EA03B8A31318EA071CA5EA0E 0EA2EA0FFEA2487EEA1C07A3387F1FC000FF13E0007F13C013197F9816>II<3801F180EA07FBEA0FFFEA1F0FEA3C07EA38031270A200F0C7FC5AA7 7E38700380A21238383C0700EA1F0FEA0FFE6C5AEA01F011197E9816>II<387FFFC0B5FC7EEA1C01A490C7FCA2131CA2EA1FFCA3EA1C1CA290C7FC14E0A5EA7FFF B5FC7E13197F9816>III<387F1FC038FFBFE0 387F1FC0381C0700A7EA1FFFA3EA1C07A9387F1FC038FFBFE0387F1FC013197F9816>III<387F0FE038FF8FF0387F0FE0381C0780EB0F00130E5B133C5B5B5BEA1DF0 121F7F1338EA1E1C121C7FA27FA2EB0380387F07E038FF8FF0387F07E01419809816>II<38FC07E0EAFE0FA2383A0B80EA3B1BA513BB EA39B3A413F3EA38E3A21303A538FE0FE0A313197F9816>I<387E1FC038FF3FE0387F1FC0381D 07001387A313C7A2121CA213E7A31367A21377A21337A31317EA7F1FEAFF9FEA7F0F13197F9816 >IIIIII<387FFFE0B5FCA2EAE0E0A400 001300AFEA07FC487E6C5A13197F9816>I<387F07F038FF8FF8387F07F0381C01C0B0380E0380 A23807070013FF6C5AEA00F81519809816>I<38FC07E0EAFE0FEAFC07387001C0A300301380EA 3803A313E3EA39F3A213B300191300A61313EA1B1BEA0F1EA2EA0E0E13197F9816>87 D<387F1F80133F131F380E1E00131CEA073C1338EA03B813F012015B120012017F120313B81207 131CA2EA0E0EA2487E387F1FC000FF13E0007F13C013197F9816>I<387FFF80B5FCA238E00700 5B131E131CEA003C5B137013F0485A5B1203485A90C7FC5A381E0380121C123C12781270B5FCA3 11197E9816>90 D<12C07EA21270A27EA27EA27EA27EA26C7EA26C7EA26C7EA21370A27FA27FA2 7FA27FA2EB0380A2130111207E9C16>92 D95 D<1208121C123C127812 7012E0A412F012F812781230060D789B16>II<127E12FE127E120EA413 3E13FF000F1380EB83C0EB00E0120E1470A614E0EA0F01EB83C0EBFF80000E1300EA063C141980 9816>II<133F5B7F1307A4EA03C7EA0FF748B4FCEA3C1F487EEA700712E0A6EA70 0FA2EA3C1F381FFFE0380FE7F03807C7E014197F9816>II<131FEB 7F8013FFEA01E7EBC30013C0A2EA7FFFB5FCA2EA01C0ACEA3FFE487E6C5A11197F9816>I<3803 E3C03807F7E0EA0FFF381C1CC038380E00A56C5AEA0FF8485AEA1BE00038C7FC1218EA1FFC13FF 481380387803C038E000E0A4387001C0EA7C07383FFF80380FFE00EA03F8131C7F9116>I<127E 12FE127E120EA4133C13FEEA0FFFEB87801303120EAA387FC7F038FFE7F8387FC7F01519809816 >II<13301378A2 13301300A4EA1FF8A3EA0038B3EA6070EAF0F0EAFFE0EA7FC0EA3F800D237E9916>I<127E12FE 127E120EA4EB7FE0A3EB0F00131E5B5B5B120F7F13BC131EEA0E0E7F1480387F87F0EAFFCFEA7F 871419809816>II<38F9C38038FFEFC0EBFFE0EA3C78 A2EA3870AA38FE7CF8A2EB3C781512809116>IIIII<38FF0FC0EB3FE0137F3807F040EBC000 5BA290C7FCA8EAFFFCA313127F9116>II<12035AA4EA7F FFB5FCA20007C7FCA75BEB0380A3EB8700EA03FE6C5A6C5A11177F9616>I<387E1F80EAFE3FEA 7E1FEA0E03AB130F380FFFF03807FBF83803E3F01512809116>I<387F1FC000FF13E0007F13C0 381C0700EA1E0FEA0E0EA36C5AA4EA03B8A3EA01F0A26C5A13127F9116>I<38FF1FE013BF131F 38380380A413E33819F300A213B3EA1DB7A4EA0F1EA313127F9116>I<387F1FC0133F131F380F 1C00EA073CEA03B813F012016C5A12017FEA03B8EA073C131CEA0E0E387F1FC038FF3FE0387F1F C013127F9116>I<387F1FC038FF9FE0387F1FC0381C0700120E130EA212075BA2EA039CA21398 EA01B8A2EA00F0A35BA3485A1279127BEA7F806CC7FC123C131B7F9116>I<383FFFC05AA23870 0780EB0F00131EC65A5B485A485AEA078048C7FC381E01C0123C1278B5FCA312127F9116>I E /Fe 1 16 df15 D E /Ff 6 89 df<1403EC0780A2140F15005C141E143E143C147C1478 14F85C13015C13035C13075C130F91C7FC5B131E133E133C137C137813F85B12015B12035B1207 5B120F90C8FC5A121E123E123C127C127812F85A1260192E82AB00>1 D<136013F0A3120113E0 A4120313C0A512071380A4120F1300A45A121EA4123E123CA5127C1278A412F85AA312600C2E82 AB00>4 D<1778EE07FC167F923807FFF8037F13C091390FFFFC0091B512C0010F01FCC7FC90B5 12C0000F01F8C8FC007F1380D8FFF8C9FC13800078CAFC2E0E828B00>24 D<126012F07E1278127C123C123E121E121F7E7F12077F12037F12017F12007F1378137C133C13 3E131E131F7F801307801303801301801300801478147C143C143E141E141F8015801407A2EC03 00192E82AB00>65 D<126012F0A37E1278A3127C123CA3123E121EA3121F7EA313801207A413C0 1203A313E01201A313F01200A313F81378A3137C133CA313180E2E82AB00>67 D<1278B47E13F86CB47E000F13F8C6EBFFC0010F13FC0100EBFFC0020F13FC9139007FFFC00307 13F89238007FFC1607EE00782E0E828B00>88 D E /Fg [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 18 14 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 25 32 35 23 42 42 35 10 12 17 21 21 37 35 12 14 14 18 25 10 14 10 12 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 10 10 25 25 25 18 31 32 28 30 35 25 23 35 35 16 16 32 25 42 35 35 25 35 30 25 28 32 32 42 28 28 28 14 25 14 14 21 12 21 25 18 25 21 16 23 25 14 14 25 14 37 25 23 25 25 16 18 14 25 23 35 21 23 21 13 25 13 14 14 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 21 7 21 21 21 21 0 21 21 16 16 25 25 0 21 21 21 10 0 27 25 14 21 21 21 42 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Bold 1000 655360 rf /Fh [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 18 12 0 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 23 31 34 23 39 41 35 10 12 15 21 21 35 32 12 14 14 16 25 10 14 10 25 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 10 10 25 25 25 18 31 32 25 29 32 25 23 32 35 14 14 30 25 39 34 33 25 33 28 22 25 32 30 42 28 28 28 14 25 14 14 21 12 21 23 18 25 20 14 23 24 12 10 23 12 37 24 23 25 23 16 18 14 25 23 35 21 23 21 14 25 14 14 14 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 21 7 21 21 21 21 0 21 21 14 14 25 25 0 21 21 21 10 0 26 25 12 21 21 21 42 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 16 13 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Roman 1000 655360 rf /Fi [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 17 27 20 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 37 47 50 33 60 60 50 15 17 24 30 30 53 50 17 20 20 27 36 15 20 15 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 36 36 36 27 45 47 40 43 50 37 33 50 50 23 23 47 37 60 50 50 37 50 43 37 40 47 47 60 40 40 40 20 36 20 20 30 17 30 37 27 37 30 23 33 37 20 20 37 20 53 37 33 37 37 23 27 20 37 33 50 30 33 30 19 36 19 20 20 36 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 10 30 30 30 30 0 30 30 23 23 37 37 0 30 30 30 15 0 38 36 20 30 30 30 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Bold 1000 943718 rf /Fj 55 123 df12 D<12E0A312601240A312C003087C9C0C>39 D<13E0EA01C0EA0380EA0700120EA25AA25AA35AA45AAC1270A47EA37EA27EA27EEA0380EA01C0 EA00E00B2A7E9E10>I<12E012707E7E7EA27EA2EA0380A3EA01C0A4EA00E0ACEA01C0A4EA0380 A3EA0700A2120EA25A5A5A5A0B2A7E9E10>I<12E0A312601240A312C003087C820C>44 DI<12E0A303037C820C>I<5A1207123FB4FC12C71207B3A3EAFFF8A20D 1C7C9B15>49 DII<133C137C135C13DC1201139C 1203A2EA071CA2120EA2121C123C12381278127012F0B512C0A238001C00A7121B7F9A15>II<13F8EA03FCEA0704EA0E005A5AA25AA2EA71F0EAE7F8EAEFFCEA FC3CEAF81EEAF00E130712E0A51270A2130E1230EA381CEA1C38EA0FF0EA03E0101D7E9B15>I< EA07E0EA1FF8EA3C3CEA700EA2EAE007A4EA700EA2EA3C3CEA1FF8EA07E0EA1FF8EA3C3CEA700E A2EAE007A6EA700EEA781EEA3C3CEA1FF8EA07E0101D7E9B15>56 DI<12E0A31200AC12E0A303127C910C>I<131C 133EA2132E1367A2EBE78013C713C300017F1383138100037FA248C67EA21206000E1378380FFF F8A2381C003CA2121800387FA248131F80A248EB0780191D7F9C1C>65 D67 DIII<12F0 B3AB041D7C9C0C>73 D<00FCEB07E0A300EE130DA300E71319A3EB803900E31331EBC071A200E1 1361A2EBE0E1A200E013C113F1EB7181A3EB3B01A3131EA313001B1D7C9C24>77 D<00FC1370A27E12EE12EF12E7A2138012E313C0A2EAE1E0A212E013F013701378A2133CA2131C 131E130EA2130F130714F01303A2141D7C9C1D>I83 DI< 00F01370B3A5007813E0A2383C01C0381E0380EA0F073807FE00EA01F8141E7C9C1D>I<007813 0E007C131E003C5B6C13386C5B14F0380781E03803C1C0EA01C3EBE780D800F7C7FC137E133E13 3CA2137E1377EBE780EA01E33803C1C0EB81E048C67E487F000E1378487F003C133E487F00707F 00F01480191D7F9C1C>88 D<12601240A312C012E0A303087C9C0C>96 DI< 12E0ABEAE3E0EAEFF0EAFFF8EAF87CEAF01CEAE01E130EA6131C12F0EAF87CEAFFF8EAEFF0EAE3 C00F1D7D9C15>II<130EABEA0F8EEA1FEEEA3FFEEA7C3EEA700EA212E0A612F0EA701EEA 7C3EEA3FFEEA1FEEEA0F8E0F1D7E9C15>II<13FC12011203EA0700120E A7EAFFE0A2EA0E00B00E1D809C0D>I<3803C3C0EA0FFF5A381C3800487EA56C5AEA1FF85BEA3B C00038C7FCA2EA1FFC13FF481380EA700738E001C0A3EAF003387C0F80383FFF006C5AEA07F812 1B7F9115>I<12E0ABEAE3E0EAEFF0EAFFF8EAF83CEAF01C12E0AD0E1D7D9C15>I<12F0A41200A7 1270B2041D7E9C0A>II<12E0 AB133C137813F0EAE1E0EAE3C0EAE780EAEF00B4FC138012FBEAF9C0EAF1E012E013F013781338 133C131E0F1D7D9C14>I<12E0B3AB031D7D9C0A>I<38E3F03F39EFF8FF80D8FFFD13C039F81F81 E038F00F00EAE00EAD1B127D9122>I IIIIII<121CA6EAFFE0A2EA1C00 AC1320EA1FF0120FEA07C00C187F970F>II< EAE007A2EA7006130EA2EA381CA3EA1C38A3EA0E70A2EA0660120713E0EA03C0A210127F9113> I<39E03E0380A3D870371300EB7707A213733838E38EA33818E18C381CC1CC001D13DCA2380D80 D8000F13F8A20007137019127F911C>I<3870038038780700EA3C0EEA1C1C120E6C5AEA03F06C 5A5B7F487EEA0738EA0E18131C487E487E3870038000F013C01212809113>III E /Fk [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 14 22 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 30 39 41 28 50 50 41 12 14 20 25 25 44 41 14 17 17 22 30 12 17 12 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 12 12 30 30 30 22 37 39 33 36 41 30 28 41 41 19 19 39 30 50 41 41 30 41 36 30 33 39 39 50 33 33 33 17 30 17 17 25 14 25 30 22 30 25 19 28 30 17 17 30 17 44 30 28 30 30 19 22 17 30 28 41 25 28 25 15 30 15 17 17 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 8 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 19 19 30 30 0 25 25 25 12 0 32 30 17 25 25 25 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Bold 1000 786432 rf /Fl [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 14 22 14 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 28 38 41 28 47 50 41 12 14 18 25 25 42 39 14 17 17 19 30 12 17 12 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 12 12 30 30 30 22 37 39 30 35 39 30 28 38 41 17 17 36 30 47 41 39 30 39 33 26 31 39 36 50 33 33 33 17 30 17 17 25 14 25 28 22 30 24 17 28 29 14 12 28 14 44 29 27 30 28 20 21 16 30 28 42 26 28 25 17 30 17 17 17 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 8 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 16 16 30 30 0 25 25 25 12 0 31 30 14 25 25 25 50 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 19 16 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Roman 1000 786432 rf /Fm [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 17 27 17 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 45 49 33 56 60 50 15 17 22 30 30 50 47 17 20 20 23 36 15 20 15 36 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 36 36 36 27 45 47 37 42 46 37 33 46 50 20 20 43 37 57 50 47 36 47 40 31 37 47 43 60 40 40 40 20 36 20 20 30 17 30 33 27 37 29 20 33 35 17 14 33 17 53 35 33 36 33 24 25 19 36 34 50 31 33 30 20 36 20 20 20 36 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 10 30 30 30 30 0 30 30 20 20 36 36 0 30 30 30 15 0 38 36 17 30 30 30 60 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 23 19 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Roman 1000 943718 rf /Fn [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 29 46 34 0 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 63 80 86 57 103 103 86 26 29 42 52 52 92 86 29 34 34 46 63 26 34 26 31 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 26 26 63 63 63 46 77 80 69 75 86 63 57 86 86 40 40 80 63 103 86 86 63 86 75 63 69 80 80 103 69 69 69 34 63 34 34 52 29 52 63 46 63 52 40 57 63 34 34 63 34 92 63 57 63 63 40 46 34 63 57 86 52 57 52 32 63 32 34 34 63 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 52 17 52 52 52 52 0 52 52 40 40 63 63 0 52 52 52 26 0 66 63 34 52 52 52 103 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 0 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] /Palatino-Bold 1000 1630536 rf end %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%Feature: *Resolution 300 TeXDict begin @a4 %%EndSetup %%Page: 1 1 bop 71 107 a Fn(Setting)27 b(up)f(a)g(Packet\261Internet)f(Gateway)443 321 y Fm(Warren)13 b(Toomey)g(VK1XWT)i(\261)g(April)g(1994)601 518 y Fl(Email:)20 b(wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au)865 767 y Fk(Abstract)62 857 y Fj(This)15 b(pap)q(er)h(discusses)g(the)f(reasons)g(fo)o(r)e(setting)i (up)g(an)g(amateur)f(pack)o(et)i(radio)e(to)g(Internet)i(gatew)o(a)o(y)m(,)e (technical)i(and)0 907 y(ha)o(rdw)o(a)o(re)f(features)g(of)f(such)h(a)e (gatew)o(a)o(y)m(,)h(and)g(securit)o(y)h(asp)q(ects)h(of)d(maintaining)g(a)h (gatew)o(a)o(y)m(.)62 956 y(Several)21 b(sections)g(of)e(this)h(pap)q(er)h (require)h(some)d(kno)o(wledge)j(of)d(amateur)g(pack)o(et)j(radio)e(op)q (eration,)h(Internet)h(site)0 1006 y(op)q(eration,)12 b(connecting)h(ha)o (rdw)o(a)o(re,)g(and)f(Internet)g(securit)o(y)m(.)18 b(These)13 b(sections)f(will)f(b)q(e)h(ma)o(rk)o(ed,)f(and)h(I)e(will)h(try)h(to)e (summa)o(rise)0 1056 y(each)15 b(section)g(in)f(a)g(manner)g(that)g(do)q(es)h (not)f(require)i(this)e(kno)o(wledge.)62 1106 y(This)h(pap)q(er)g(is)e (intended)k(fo)o(r)c(p)q(eople)i(who)g(have)f(to)g(install)f(a)h(pack)o (et-Internet)j(gatew)o(a)o(y)m(,)c(p)q(eople)i(who)f(must)f(maintain)0 1156 y(a)18 b(pack)o(et-Internet)k(gatew)o(a)o(y)c(\(b)q(oth)i(at)e(the)i (soft)o(w)o(a)o(re)e(and)h(ha)o(rdw)o(a)o(re)h(level\),)g(p)q(eople)g(who)f (manage)f(a)h(set)g(of)f(Internet)0 1205 y(machines,)c(and)h(p)q(eople)h(who) f(p)o(rovide)g(the)g(facilities)f(fo)o(r)g(a)g(set)g(of)g(Internet)i (machines)e(\(such)i(as)e(a)g(Universit)o(y\).)19 b(This)c(is)f(a)0 1255 y(wide)j(range)f(of)f(readers,)i(so)e(I)g(ap)q(ologise)h(in)g(advance)h (if)e(y)o(ou)h(\014nd)g(some)f(of)g(the)h(material)f(to)q(o)g(fa)o(r)g(b)q (elo)o(w)i(o)o(r)e(ab)q(ove)i(y)o(our)0 1305 y(level)e(of)e(understanding.)0 1564 y Fi(1)60 b(Introduction)0 1658 y Fh(The)10 b(Internet)e(is)h(a)g(large) g(network)f(of)h(academic)g(and)h(commercial)f(computers)f(in)h(the)g(United) g(States)e(that)h(provide)i(a)0 1708 y(number)g(of)g(communication)f (services)i(\(such)f(as)g(electronic)g(mail)g(and)h(file)f(transfers\))f(to)g (its)h(users,)g(via)g(the)g(TCP/IP)0 1758 y(network)h(protocols.)20 b(This)12 b(network)g(is)g(connected)g(to)g(other)f(networks,)h(such)g(as)g (the)g(AARNet)g(in)g(Australia,)h(and)0 1808 y(networks)c(in)i(Europe)g(and)f (Japan,)g(to)g(provide)h(a)f(global)g(computer)g(network.)62 1857 y(The)15 b(amateur)e(radio)h(service)h(consists)e(of)h(a)f(large)i (number)f(of)g(individuals)h(\(known)e(as)h(amateurs)e(or)j(Hams\))0 1907 y(throughout)10 b(the)h(world)g(who)f(use)g(radio)i(communications)d(to) i(pass)e(messages,)h(chat,)h(do)g(research)h(into)e(aspects)g(of)0 1957 y(radio)j(communications)e(and)i(exchange)g(information)e(with)h(other)g (amateurs)f(on)h(several)h(radio)f(frequencies)h(that)0 2007 y(are)8 b(allocated)f(for)h(their)g(use.)14 b(To)8 b(become)g(an)f(amateur,)h (an)g(individual)h(must)e(undergo)i(an)e(examination)g(which)i(tests)0 2057 y(the)j(individual's)g(knowledge)g(of)g(the)g(technical)g(operation)g (of)f(radio)i(equipment,)f(radio)h(propagation,)e(electronic)0 2106 y(theory,)e(as)e(well)h(as)f(legal)h(and)h(other)e(aspects)g(of)h (amateur)f(radio.)15 b(Thus)8 b(amateurs)f(form)g(a)h(highly)h(technical,)g (capable)0 2156 y(and)14 b(responsible)e(group)i(of)f(people,)h(who)f(are)g (able)h(to)e(provide)i(communication)f(during)i(emergencies,)f(natural)0 2206 y(disasters,)c(as)f(well)h(as)g(for)g(their)h(own)f(use.)62 2256 y(The)j(amateur)e(radio)i(service)g(is)f(also)f(actively)i(involved)g (in)g(finding)g(new)f(and)h(more)e(efficient)h(forms)g(of)g(radio)0 2306 y(communication)d(-)g(techniques)h(such)f(as)g(single)h(sideband)f (radio)h(and)g(reduced)h(spectrum)e(radio)h(were)f(invented)h(by)0 2355 y(amateurs.)k(In)c(the)f(last)g(decade)h(or)g(so,)g(amateur)e(radio)j (operators)d(have)i(been)g(involved)h(in)f(researching)g(new)g(forms)0 2405 y(of)15 b(digital)g(radio)g(communications.)28 b(This)16 b(research)f(has)g(led)g(several)h(amateurs)d(to)i(experiment)g(with)f (different)0 2455 y(communication)d(protocols)f(for)h(digital)g(radio)h (communications,)f(including)h(the)f(TCP/IP)i(protocols)d(used)h(on)g(the)0 2505 y(Internet)f(\(see)f(Appendix)j(A\).)62 2555 y(The)k(Internet)e (protocols)g(have)h(been)g(found)g(to)f(be)h(very)g(useful)g(for)f(radio)i (networking,)g(and)f(are)g(now)f(used)0 2605 y(widely)j(by)g(amateurs.)34 b(To)17 b(this)g(end,)i(a)e(block)h(of)e(16,387,064)g(Internet)h(addresses)f (has)h(been)g(allocated)f(to)g(the)0 2654 y(worldwide)10 b(amateur)g(radio)g (service.)62 2704 y(Fast)i(and)h(effective)f(digital)h(radio)f (communications)g(is)g(limited)g(over)h(large)g(distances,)g(due)g(to)f(the)g (distortion)0 2754 y(and)g(noise)f(introduced)h(by)g(the)f(atmosphere,)g(and) h(the)f(curvature)i(of)e(the)g(Earth.)20 b(Amateurs)10 b(have)i(sought)f (several)0 2804 y(methods)17 b(to)g(overcome)h(these)f(limitations,)h(such)h (as)e(amateur)g(satellites,)h(which)h(are)f(designed)g(and)g(built)g(by)0 2854 y(amateurs,)9 b(and)i(provide)g(store)f(and)g(forward)h(message)e (capabilities)g(as)h(well)g(as)g(digital)g(repeater)g(services.)950 2978 y(1)p eop %%Page: 2 2 bop 62 75 a Fh(Another)17 b(method)e(of)h(overcoming)h(the)f(distance)g (limitation)f(is)h(to)f(use)h(the)g(Internet)f(itself)h(to)f(route)h(digital) 0 125 y(messages)g(between)g(distant)h(amateur)g(stations.)35 b(This)18 b(is)g(easy)f(to)g(accomplish)g(as)g(amateurs)f(are)i(able)g(to)e (use)0 175 y(the)f(same)f(network)h(protocols,)h(TCP/IP,)h(as)e(used)g(on)h (the)f(Internet.)30 b(This)15 b(method)g(of)g(long-distance)g(amateur)0 225 y(communication)d(has)h(been)g(implemented)f(at)g(several)h(places)g(in)h (the)e(world:)21 b(Australia,)14 b(America,)g(Switzerland,)0 274 y(the)f(Netherlands)h(and)g(Canada,)g(and)g(has)f(been)h(found)f(to)g(be) g(very)h(simple)f(to)g(set)f(up)i(and)g(operate,)f(and)h(is)f(very)0 324 y(reliable.)62 374 y(There)e(are)g(two)e(legal/policy)i(aspects)e(of)h (these)f(amateur)h(radio\261Internet)g(gateways.)j(The)e(first)f(is)g(the)g (amateur)0 424 y(radio)i(service)h(enforces)f(that)f(amateur)h (communications)f(must)g(be)h(between)f(two)g(\(or)h(more\))f(licensed)i (amateurs:)0 474 y(therefore,)i(non-amateur)d(Internet)h(users)h(must)e(not)h (be)h(able)f(to)g(use)g(the)h(gateways)e(to)h(transmit)f(messages.)24 b(The)0 523 y(second)17 b(is)f(that)f(many)h(AARNet/Internet)h(sites')d (policy)j(is)f(to)g(prevent)h(non-registered)f(users)g(from)g(accessing)0 573 y(local/Internet)e(resources:)22 b(therefore)13 b(amateurs)g(may)g(only)h (pass)f(messages)f(to)h(other)g(amateur)g(gateways.)25 b(The)0 623 y(software)10 b(that)g(controls)h(the)g(packet\261Internet)g(gateways)f (has)h(been)g(written)g(to)f(solidly)i(enforce)g(these)e(two)g(condi-)0 673 y(tions.)0 814 y Fi(2)60 b(The)14 b(Gateway)0 908 y Fh(A)9 b(packet\261Internet)f(gateway)g(obviously)h(must)f(be)h(able)f(to)h (communicate)f(to)g(both)h(the)f(Internet,)h(and)h(the)e(amateurs)0 958 y(in)h(its)g(local)g(area.)14 b(Therefore,)c(it)f(must)f(have)h(at)g (least)e(two)h Fg(interfaces)p Fh(,)i(one)f(to)f(the)h(Internet,)g(and)g(one) g(to)f(the)h(amateur)0 1008 y(community.)15 b(This)10 b(is)g(shown)g(in)h (Figure)g(1.)1486 1327 y Ff(\004)1478 1368 y(\004)1470 1406 y(\004)1468 1447 y(C)1479 1488 y(C)1486 1517 y(C)1494 1528 y(X)1536 1539 y(X)1569 1547 y(X)1611 1548 y(\030)1652 1537 y(\030)1682 1530 y(\030)p 1438 1407 30 4 v 396 1377 60 4 v 283 1377 30 4 v 111 1062 113 4 v 203 1102 a(\001)182 1144 y(\001)166 1174 y(\001)143 1173 y(A)122 1131 y(A)108 1104 y(A)p 162 1345 4 285 v 59 1344 228 4 v 59 1404 4 60 v 283 1404 V 59 1407 228 4 v 310 1344 90 4 v 310 1404 4 60 v 396 1404 V 310 1407 90 4 v 1262 1347 177 4 v 1437 1462 4 117 v 1262 1463 177 4 v 456 1347 173 4 v 454 1462 4 117 v 456 1463 173 4 v 453 1344 7 4 v 453 1347 V 625 1115 641 4 v 625 1516 4 402 v 1262 1516 V 625 1519 641 4 v 475 1387 a Fh(Serial)711 1150 y(Packet\261Internet)e (Gateway)1434 1270 y(AARNet/Internet)1513 1214 y(Network)h(and)1543 1162 y(Local)h(Area)1284 1443 y(card)1281 1394 y(Ethernet)493 1447 y(Port)1116 1499 y(address)1011 1387 y(interface)f(with)1056 1439 y(Internet)g(IP)1108 1334 y(Internet)643 1499 y(address)647 1447 y(Amateur)g(IP)640 1387 y(interface)g(with)647 1334 y(Amateur)317 1383 y(TNC)-331 b(Transceiver)246 1102 y(Antenna)514 1668 y Fg(Figure)11 b(1:)k Fh(Packet\261Internet)9 b(Gateway)g(Block)i(Design)62 1751 y(The)k(gateway)d(is)i(a)g(machine)g(that)e(runs)j(the)e(software)f (that)h(enables)g(it)h(to)f(perform)h(its)f(function.)26 b(Currently,)0 1801 y(this)11 b(means)f(that)g(it)h(must)g(be)g(an)g(IBM)h(PC)g(computer)f (or)g(clone,)h(running)h(the)d(latest)g(version)i(of)f(the)f(NOS)i(software)0 1851 y(by)h(Phil)h(Karn,)h(Gerard)e(van)h(der)g(Grinten,)g(and)g(other)f (flavours.)23 b(The)14 b(software)e(itself)g(is)h(freely)g(available,)i(but)d (is)0 1901 y(copyright)j(by)f(the)g(software)e(authors.)26 b(For)14 b(performance)g(reasons,)h(I)f(would)g(recommend)g(a)g(computer)g (with)g(at)0 1951 y(least)d(the)h(performance)g(of)g(a)g(10MHz)f(IBM)i(XT,)g (with)f(640K)f(or)i(memory.)20 b(An)13 b(AT)g(of)f(course)g(would)g(be)g (better.)20 b(If)0 2000 y(you)10 b(plan)g(on)h(providing)g(file)g(transfer)e (or)i(mail)f(access,)g(a)g(hard)h(disk)g(is)f(needed.)62 2050 y(Each)c(interface)g(must)g(have)g(a)g(unique)g(IP)g(addr)q(ess,)j(so)d(that) g(both)g(the)g(local)g(amateurs)g(and)g(the)g(other)g(gateways)g(can)0 2100 y(communicate)h(with)g(it.)k(The)c(Internet)g(interface's)g(address)g (is)g(as)o(signed)g(by)f(the)h(AARNet/Internet)f(administ)o(rator)h(o)o(f)0 2150 y(the)g(institution,)h(and)g(the)f(amateur)g(radio)h(interface's)f (address)h(is)f(assigned)h(by)g(the)f(local)h(amateur)f(IP)h(administrator.) 62 2200 y(Each)13 b(interface)e(must)g(also)g(have)h(the)f(appropriate)g (hardware)h(needed)g(for)g(it)f(to)g(communicate)g(with)g(its)g(desti-)0 2250 y(nation.)22 b(On)12 b(the)h(amateur)f(radio)h(side,)g(a)g Fg(Terminal)f(Node)g(Controller)p Fh(,)i(a)f Fg(transceiver)g Fh(and)g(an)g Fg(antenna)f Fh(convert)0 2299 y(the)g(packets)f(from)g(the)h (gateway)f(into)g(radio)h(transmissions)e(that)h(can)h(be)g(received)i(by)e (amateur)f(stations.)18 b(On)11 b(the)0 2349 y(Internet)d(side,)h(there)f (are)g(two)f(main)g(options:)13 b(an)8 b Fg(Ethernet)h(card)g Fh(connects)f(the)f(gateway)g(to)h(the)f(local)h(area)g(network,)0 2399 y(which)14 b(is)f(part)g(of)g(the)g(AARNet/Internet,)h(or)g(a)f Fg(serial)g(line)g Fh(connects)h(the)f(gateway)f(to)g(another)h(machine)h(in) f(the)0 2449 y(institution)d(which)i(is)f(on)g(the)g(local)g(area)g(network,) g(and)h(hence)g(is)f(part)g(of)g(the)g(AARNet/Internet.)18 b(The)12 b(serial)f(line)0 2499 y(can)g(run)g(either)f(the)g(SLIP)h(or)f(PPP) h(protocol)e(to)h(communicate)g(with)f(the)h(other)g(machine.)62 2598 y(That)g(completes)f(the)h(overview)g(of)g(the)f(hardware)i(setup)e(of)g (the)h(gateway.)k(This)c(leads)g(on)g(to)f(several)i(consider-)0 2648 y(ations:)62 2739 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(The)11 b(gateway)e(and)i(other)f (hardware)h(must)e(be)h(reliable,)h(and)g(be)f(readily)h(available)g(to)e (the)i(maintainer)e(of)h(the)104 2789 y(gateway)f(to)g(fix)i(unforseen)f (problems.)950 2978 y(2)p eop %%Page: 3 3 bop 62 75 a Fe(\017)21 b Fh(The)7 b(gateway)g(must)g(be)g(pla)o(ced)g(in)g(a) g(physical)g(pos)o(ition)g(t)o(o)g(s)o(uit)g(b)o(oth)g(it)o(s)g(connection)f (to)g(the)h(AARNet/Internet,)104 125 y(and)j(to)g(the)g(TNC/transceiver.)62 205 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(The)15 b(transceiver)g(and)g(antenna)f(must)f(be)i(in)g (a)f(position)f(to)h(satisfy)f(both)h(the)h(needs)f(of)g(the)g(local)h (amateur)104 255 y(community,)10 b(and)g(the)g(wishes)g(of)g(the)g (institution)e(where)j(they)f(are)g(to)g(be)g(situated.)62 335 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(If)12 b(using)g(Ethernet,)h(the)e(gateway's)f(position) h(must)g(allow)h(it)f(to)h(be)g(physically)g(connected)h(to)e(the)h(local)g (area)104 385 y(network.)0 470 y(At)e(this)f(point,)h(it)g(should)g(be)g (mentioned)f(that)g(at)h(least)f(one)g(of)h(the)g(people)f(maintaining)h(the) f(gateway)g(must)g(have)h(a)0 520 y(current)g(amateur)e(radio)h(license.)15 b(The)10 b(institution)e(providing)i(the)e(Internet)h(connection)g(may)g (also)f(wish)h(to)f(appoint)0 570 y(another)i(person)f(to)h(ensure)g(the)f (gateway)g(meets)g(the)g(policies)h(of)f(the)h(institution;)f(this)g(of)h (course)g(may)g(be)f(the)h(same)0 619 y(person.)0 760 y Fi(3)60 b(How)14 b(the)h(Gateway)f(Works)0 853 y Fh(At)e(an)g(elementary)g(level,)h (the)f(gateway)f(works)h(as)f(follows:)18 b(Messages)11 b(are)h(broken)g(up)g (into)g Fg(packets)h Fh(when)f(they)0 903 y(are)f(sent)f(over)h(the)f (Internet.)16 b(When)10 b(the)g(gateway)g(receives)h(a)f(packet)h(on)f(one)g (interface,)h(it)g(checks)g(the)f(destination)0 953 y(IP)f(address)f(in)h (the)g(packet,)g(and)g(according)h(to)e(its)g(table)g(of)g Fg(routes)p Fh(,)i(it)e(retransmits)f(that)h(packet)h(on)f(the)g(interface)h (that)0 1003 y(will)i(send)f(the)g(packet)h(to)f(its)g(destination.)15 b(For)c(example,)f(a)h(packet)f(from)g(the)g(local)h(amateur)f(radio)h (community)f(to)0 1052 y(a)h(gateway)g(in)h(another)f(country)h(will)f(be)h (received)h(by)f(the)f(local)h(gateway,)f(retransmitted)f(by)i(the)f(gateway) f(on)i(its)0 1102 y(Internet)f(interface,)g(and)g(will)g(travel)g(along)g (the)g(Internet)f(to)h(the)f(destination)g(gateway,)g(where)h(it)g(will)g(be) g(received)0 1152 y(and)g(retransmitted)e(by)h(the)g(transceiver)h(at)f(that) f(gateway.)62 1202 y(In)14 b(practice,)i(this)e(is)f(not)h(as)f(simple,)i (because)e(of)h(the)f(following)h(reason.)25 b(Even)15 b(though)f(the)f (global)h(amateur)0 1252 y(community)e(has)h(been)g(allocated)f(a)h(block)g (of)f(valid)i(Internet)f(addresses,)g(none)g(of)f(the)h(Internet)g(machines)f (in)h(the)0 1301 y(world)k(know)g(how)f(to)g(send)h(packets)f(to)h(these)f (addresses.)34 b(This)18 b(is)e(because)h(up)g(until)g(recently,)i(no)e (amateur)0 1351 y(computers)10 b(were)g(connected)h(to)e(the)h(Internet.)62 1401 y(The)j(easiest)d(solution)h(would)h(be)g(to)f(advertise)h(the)f(routes) g(to)h(these)f(addresses)g(to)g(all)h(Internet)g(machines,)g(but)0 1451 y(this)e(was)f(not)h(done)g(for)h(the)f(following)f(reasons:)62 1536 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Amateur)9 b(stations)e(are)i(not)g(as)g (geographically)h(fixed)g(as)e(most)g(Internet)h(computers,)g(as)g(their)g (computers)g(are)104 1585 y(generally)k(smaller,)g(and)h(the)e(radio)h (medium)g(allows)f(amateurs)f(to)h(move)h(around)g(and)g(still)g(communicate) 104 1635 y(with)d(each)g(other,)h(and)62 1716 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Advertising)14 b(amateur)d(computer)i(addresses)f(to)g(all)h(Internet)f (machines)h(greatly)f(increases)h(the)f(possibility)104 1765 y(of)e(non-amateurs)e(accessing)j(amateur)e(transmitters.)62 1850 y(The)14 b(solution)f(adopted)g(was)f(to)h Fg(encapsulate)i Fh(amateur)d(packets)h(received)i(by)f(the)f(gateways)f(inside)h(another)0 1900 y(packet,)f(transmit)f(this)g(bigger)h(packet)f(to)g(the)h(destination)e (gateway,)h(which)i(unwraps)e(the)g(packet)h(and)g(transmits)0 1950 y(the)e(contents)f([Woodburn)h(et)g(al.)15 b(1991].)f(This)d(is)f (illustrated)g(in)g(Figure)h(2.)p 585 2516 4 225 v 1110 2516 V 1110 2816 V 1110 2216 V 584 2589 907 4 v 584 2814 4 225 v 1487 2814 V 584 2817 907 4 v 59 2290 1432 4 v 59 2515 4 225 v 1487 2515 V 59 2518 1432 4 v 584 1990 907 4 v 584 2215 4 225 v 1487 2215 V 584 2218 907 4 v 617 2644 a(IP)59 b(44.136.0.25)835 2722 y(to)737 2794 y(44.14.1.2)1251 2715 y(data)1251 2415 y(data)610 2044 y(IP)700 2344 y(44.136.0.25)696 2044 y(44.136.0.25)156 2494 y(128.171.41.250)182 2344 y(131.236.20.90)298 2419 y(to)77 2344 y(IP)733 2494 y(44.14.1.2)823 2422 y(to)1251 2115 y(data)722 2194 y(44.14.1.2)823 2115 y(to)606 2344 y(IP)950 2978 y(3)p eop %%Page: 4 4 bop 587 75 a Fg(Figure)10 b(2:)16 b Fh(Amateur)9 b(Packet)i(Encapsulation)62 153 y(The)g(first)f(packet)f(shown)h(is)g(the)g(packet)f(transmitted)g(by)h (an)h(amateur)e(and)h(received)i(by)e(the)g(local)g(gateway.)k(At)0 202 y(this)c(level,)i(the)e(source)h(and)g(destination)f(address)h(are)g (both)f(amateur)g(addresses.)16 b(The)11 b(local)g(gateway)f(determines)0 252 y(which)j(remote)e(gateway)f(this)i(packet)f(must)g(be)h(passed)f(to,)h (and)h Fg(encapsulates)g Fh(the)f(packet)f(inside)h(a)g(new)g(packet,)0 302 y(with)e(source)g(and)g(destination)f(addresses)h(being)h(the)e(Internet) h(addresses)g(of)g(the)f(local)i(and)f(remote)f(gateway.)15 b(The)0 352 y(packet)10 b(is)g(then)g(placed)h(on)f(the)g(Internet,)g(where)h (it)f(is)g(passed)f(to)h(the)g(remote)f(gateway.)62 402 y(This)i (encapsulated)f(packet)g(\(the)f(second)i(packet)f(in)g(Figure)h(2\))f(is)g (seen)g(by)g(the)g(Internet)g(to)f(have)i(a)f(valid)h(source)0 451 y(and)f(destination)f(address,)h(and)h(can)f(be)g(passed)f(to)g(the)g (remote)g(gateway.)14 b(The)d(Internet)e(sees)g(the)h(wrapped)f(packet)0 501 y(as)h(data,)g(which)h(it)f(ignores.)62 551 y(At)k(the)g(remote)f (gateway,)i(the)f(packet)g(is)g(received)h(and)g(unwrapped;)h(this)e(is)g (the)g(third)h(packet)f(in)g(Figure)h(2.)0 601 y(The)i(remote)f(gateway)f (determines)h(which)h(interface)g(to)e(transmit)h(the)g(unwrapped)h(packet,)h (according)g(to)d(the)0 651 y(destination)9 b(address.)16 b(Reply)10 b(messages)e(are)i(encapsulated)g(in)h(exactly)f(the)g(same)g(manner.)0 791 y Fi(4)60 b(AX.25)14 b(Encapsulat)o(ion)0 885 y Fh(One)f(of)h(the)f (first)g(digital)h(protocols)f(used)h(by)g(amateurs,)f(and)h(still)f(the)h (most)e(widely)i(used,)h(is)e(AX.25,)i(a)f(reliable)0 934 y(protocol)j(based) g(on)g(X.25.)36 b(One)17 b(of)g(its)f(limitations)g(is)h(that)f(AX.25)i (packets)e(cannot)h(pass)g(through)g(more)g(that)0 984 y(7)e(intermediate)f (machines)h(before)f(reaching)i(their)f(destination.)28 b(This)15 b(limits)f(the)h(distance)g(AX.25)f(packets)h(can)0 1034 y(travel.)62 1084 y(The)f(latest)d(versions)h(of)h(NOS)f(include)i(AX.25)f(encapsulation,) g(which)g(operates)e(in)i(exactly)g(the)g(same)e(way)i(as)0 1134 y(normal)e(IP)h(encapsulation,)f(thereby)h(allowing)f(long)g(distance)h (AX.25)f(communication)g(while)h(still)f(obeying)g(the)g(7)0 1183 y(step)e(limit)h([Kantor)g(1991].)0 1324 y Fi(5)60 b(Preparing)14 b(the)g(Gateway)g(Machine)0 1417 y Fh(This)e(section)g(discusses)f(the)g (aspects)g(of)h(preparing)g(the)g(gateway)f(for)h(the)f(software)f(that)h (will)h(make)g(the)f(gateway)0 1467 y(work.)k(It)10 b(is)g(assumed)f(that:)62 1551 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)10 b(have)g(a)g(fairly)h(good)f(idea)h(of)e(the)h (Internet)g(and)h(how)f(it)g(works.)62 1632 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)13 b(have)g(a)h(reasonable)e(understanding)i(of)f(the)g(NOS)h (software.)23 b(If)13 b(you)g(don't,)h(you)f(can)h(either)g(obtain)e(a)104 1682 y(`plug)7 b('n)g(play')g(disk)g(from)g(me)g(by)g(mailing)g(me)g(a)g (note)g(to)f(my)h(email)g(address)g(at)g(the)g(beginning)h(of)f(the)g(paper,) h(or)104 1731 y(you)i(can)h(anonymous)e(ftp)g(to)h(the)g(machine)g Fd(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.a)o(u)p Fh(,)e(cd)j(to)f Fd(hamradio/packet)o(/plug)o (play)p Fh(,)104 1781 y(and)g(get)g(the)g(software)f(from)h(there.)62 1861 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)16 b(have)g(a)h(copy)f(of)g(the)g(NOS)h(software.) 32 b(At)16 b(the)g(time)g(of)g(writing,)j(the)d(NOS)g(flavour)h(most)e(used)h (on)104 1911 y(gateways)11 b(is)h(Johan)g(Reinalda's)g(JNOS,)g(and)h(the)f (current)i(version)f(is)f(1.07.)21 b(Other)13 b(NOS)f(versions)h(used)f(are) 104 1961 y(Phil)f(Karn's)f(KA9Q,)g(and)h(Gerard)g(van)g(der)g(Grinten's)e (PA0GRI.)i(The)g(latest)e(version)h(of)g(these)g(NOS)g(flavours)104 2011 y(can)h(be)f(obtained)f(from)h Fd(ucsd.edu)f Fh(or)i Fd(grivel.une.oz.a) o(u)p Fh(.)62 2091 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)c(have)g(a)g(gateway)g(that)f(meets) g(the)h(hardware)h(specifications)e(given)i(in)g(the)f(Introduction,)j(and)d (the)104 2141 y(hardware)11 b(needed)g(to)f(form)g(the)g(interfaces)h(\261)f (that)g(is,)g(a)h(TNC,)h(a)f(transceiver,)g(an)g(antenna,)g(and)f(an)h (Ethernet)104 2191 y(board)g(or)h(a)f(serial)h(link)f(to)g(a)g(machine)h(on)f (the)h(Internet)f(that)f(can)i(talk)f(SLIP)h(or)f(PPP.)h(The)g(gateway)f (will)g(also)104 2241 y(need)f(around)h(1)f(Megabyte)g(of)g(free)g(disk)h (space)f(if)g(it)g(is)g(to)g(provide)h(file)f(transfer)g(or)h(mail)f(access.) 62 2321 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)8 b(have)g(a)g(local)h(amateur)e(IP)i(address)f (for)h(the)f(machine,)h(and)g(a)f(local)g(Internet)g(IP)h(address)f(for)g (the)g(machine.)62 2405 y(Your)h(first)f(step)f(is)h(to)g(give)h(the)f (gateway)g(two)f(domain)h(names,)h(a)f(name)g(for)h(the)f(other)g(gateways)f (to)h(know,)g(and)h(a)0 2455 y(name)f(for)g(the)g(amateurs)f(to)g(know.)14 b(Your)9 b(Internet)e(name)h(should)g(follow)g(any)g(rules)g(specified)h(for) f(your)g(institution.)0 2505 y(Your)f(amateur)f(domain)h(name)f(should)h(be)g (of)g(the)g(following)f(form:)13 b Fd(name.callsign.ampr.)o(org)t Fh(where)7 b(the)g(callsign)0 2555 y(is)14 b(the)f(callsign)i(of)e(the)h (amateur)f(that)g(will)h(be)g(operating)g(the)f(gateway,)i(and)f(the)g(name)f (is)h(whatever)g(name)f(you)0 2605 y(want)d(to)g(call)i(the)e(machine.)17 b(An)12 b(example)f(of)f(Internet)h(and)g(amateur)f(domain)g(names)g(is)h Fd(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.)o(au)0 2654 y Fh(and)g Fd(minnie.vk1xwt.am)o(pr.or)o(g) p Fh(.)62 2704 y(You)f(need)h(to)f(register)h(the)f(Internet)g(name)g(on)h (the)f(Domain)g(Name)h(Server)g(for)g(your)g(local)f(area)h(network.)16 b(You)0 2754 y(then)10 b(need)h(to)f(register)g(your)h(amateur)f(domain)g (name)g(with)g(the)g(Domain)g(Name)g(Server)i(for)e(the)g(amateur)g(service.) 0 2804 y(This)g(is)f(the)h(DNS)g(server)g(at)f Fd(ucsd.edu)p Fh(.)k(To)d(do)g(this,)f(send)h(email)f(to)g(the)g(following)g(address:)15 b Fd(ampraddr@ucsd.edu)p Fh(.)0 2854 y(The)c(subject)e(line)i(should)f(be)g (empty,)g(and)h(the)f(email)g(should)g(have)h(the)f(following)f(line:)950 2978 y(4)p eop %%Page: 5 5 bop 0 75 a Fd(name.callsign)302 b(IN)87 b(A)65 b(amateur.radio.ip.ad)o(dress) 62 166 y Fh(For)11 b(example,)f(the)g(line)h(I)f(sent)g(in)g(for)h(my)f (gateway)f(was:)0 258 y Fd(minnie.vk1xwt)302 b(IN)87 b(A)g(44.136.7.129)62 349 y Fj(Aside:)20 b(F)o(o)o(r)13 b(those)i(who)g(understand)i(DNS)e(reco)o (rds,)g Fd(ucsd.edu)e Fj(will)h(also)g(accept)i(CNAME)e(and)h(MX)g(reco)o (rds.)20 b(Also,)0 399 y(y)o(ou)g(can)g(delete)h(p)o(revious)f(entries)h(b)o (y)f(sending)h(the)f(same)f(line,)i(with)f(the)g(last)f(\014eld)i(on)e(the)h (line)h(the)f(w)o(o)o(rd)g(`delete'.)0 449 y(Additions)c(and)g(changes)g(to)f (the)h(DNS)g(at)f Fd(ucsd.edu)e Fj(usually)j(tak)o(e)g(a)f(few)g(da)o(ys)h (to)e(b)q(e)j(entered,)g(so)e(mak)o(e)f(sure)i(y)o(ou)g(get)0 499 y(things)e(right)g(\014rst.)0 640 y Fi(6)60 b(Installing)13 b(the)h(NOS)h(Software)0 734 y Fh(Installing)10 b(the)g(NOS)g(software)f(can) i(be)f(done)g(in)h(three)f(stages:)62 825 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Install)12 b(the)h(software,)g(and)g(set)g(the)f(gateway)g(up)i(as)e(a)h(local)g (amateur)g(radio)g(station;)h(this)e(includes)i(setting)104 875 y(up)i(the)g(TNC,)i(transceiver)f(and)f(antenna.)32 b(This)17 b(should)f(not)g(be)g(too)f(hard)i(to)e(do,)j(as)e(the)g(local)g(amateur)104 925 y(community)9 b(can)i(provide)g(information)f(on)g(how)g(to)f(do)i(this.) 62 1008 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Alter)12 b(the)g(setup)f(to)h(include)h(an)f (interface)g(to)f(the)h(AARNet/Internet,)h(using)f(either)h(an)f(Ethernet)g (board,)h(or)104 1057 y(a)d(serial)h(link)g(running)h(SLIP)g(or)f(PPP.)g(You) f(will)h(need)g(an)g(appropriate)f(Ethernet)h(driver)i(if)e(you)f(are)h (using)g(an)104 1107 y(Ethernet)e(board)g(\261)g(these)f(can)h(be)g(obtained) f(from)h Fd(ucsd.edu)e Fh(in)j(the)e(directory)i Fd(hamradio/drivers)p Fh(.)i(Read)c(the)104 1157 y(documentation)h(that)g(comes)h(with)g(the)g (driver)i(package.)62 1240 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Finally,)10 b(set)f(up)h (encapsulated)f(routes)g(to)g(the)h(other)f(amateur)g(gateways,)g(and)h (email)f(their)h(operators)f(so)g(that)104 1290 y(they)h(will)g(set)g(up)g (routes)g(back)g(to)g(your)h(gateway.)j(Use)c(the)g(`ping',)h(`telnet')d(and) j(`ftp')e(commands)h(in)g(NOS)h(to)104 1340 y(ensure)f(that)f(the)h (encapsulation)g(is)g(working.)62 1431 y(Example)e(setup)f(files)g(are)h (given)h(in)f(the)f(appendices)h(,)h(and)f(are)f(currently)i(in)f(use)g(at)f (the)g Fd(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.)o(au)0 1481 y Fh(gateway.)14 b(This)d(section)e (will)i(discuss)f(aspects)f(of)h(a)g(gateway's)e(setup)i(that)f(I)h(think)h (need)f(attention.)62 1531 y(To)h(begin)f(with,)g(the)f(hostname)g(of)h(the)f (gateway)g(should)h(be)g(the)g(gateway's)e(amateur)h(domain)h(name,)g(as)f (it)h(will)0 1580 y(be)h(used)f(mainly)h(by)g(amateurs.)k(Ensure)c(that)f (the)h(gateway)e(has)h(a)h(valid)h(amateur)d(callsign.)17 b(Every)12 b(interface)f(used)0 1630 y(by)h(the)g(gateway)f(should)h(use)g(the)g (amateur)f(IP)h(address,)h(except)g(for)f(the)f(single)i(interface)f(to)f (the)h(Internet,)h(which)0 1680 y(should)d(use)f(the)h(Internet)f(IP)h (address.)16 b(The)10 b(default)g(route)f(should)h(be)g(the)f(Internet)h (interface,)g(as)g(badly)g(addressed)0 1730 y(packets)h(will)g(not)f(affect)h (anybody)h(there.)18 b(Ensure)11 b(that)g(routes)f(are)i(as)e(specific)i(as)f (possible:)16 b(for)11 b(example,)h(if)f(your)0 1780 y(local)f(amateur)g (address)g(are)h(of)e(the)h(form)g Fc(44)p Fb(:)p Fc(136)p Fb(:)p Fc(0)p Fb(:x)p Fh(,)e(then)i(you)g(should)g(add)h(a)f(route)g(to)g Fd(44.136.0/24)p Fh(.)0 1900 y Fk(6.1)50 b(Adding)13 b(Encapsulated)h(IP)f (Routes)0 1978 y Fh(Adding)e(the)e(encapsulated)f(IP)i(routes)e(to)h(other)g (gateways)e(is)i(very)h(easy,)g(as)e(is)h(shown)g(in)g(the)g(example)g(setup) g(file)g(in)0 2028 y(the)i(appendices.)19 b(Note)11 b(that)f(you)h(must)g (specify)g(the)g(Internet)g(IP)g(address)h(of)f(the)g(gateway,)f(and)i(not)f (the)g(amateur)0 2078 y(IP)f(address.)0 2198 y Fk(6.2)50 b(Adding)13 b(Encapsulated)h(AX.25)e(Routes)0 2276 y Fh(Due)g(to)f(the)h(implementation)e (aspects)h(of)g(AX.25)h(encapsulation,)g(each)h(encapsulated)e(AX.25)h(route) f(appears)h(as)f(a)0 2326 y(new)e Fg(interface)h Fh(under)g(NOS,)g(and)f(as)g (such,)h(needs)g(to)e(have)i(a)f(new)g Fg(SSID)h Fh(\(Station)e(Sequence)i (ID\),)f(as)g(well)g(as)g(a)g(new)0 2376 y(interface)14 b(name.)26 b(For)14 b(example,)h(the)f(pseudo-interfaces)f(used)h(by)g(the)g Fd(minnie)f Fh(gateway)g(have)h(SSIDs)f Fj(vk1xwt-2)p Fh(,)0 2426 y Fj(vk1xwt-3)p Fh(,)j Fj(vk1xwt-4)p Fh(,)h Fj(vk1xwt-5)e Fh(and)g Fj(vk1xwt-6)p Fh(.)29 b(These)14 b(are)h(different)g(than)f(the)g (callsign)h(used)g(for)g(the)f(gateway,)0 2475 y Fj(vk1xwt-1)p Fh(.)h(According)c(to)d(the)h(AX.25)g(protocol,)g(this)g(allows)f(up)h(to)f (15)g(pseudo-interfaces,)h(with)g(SSIDs)f(of)g(\2611)h(to)f(\26115,)0 2525 y(as)i(well)g(as)g(the)f(local)i(amateur)e(interface.)62 2575 y(For)k(AX.25)g(encapsulation)e(to)h(work,)i(you)e(need)h(to)f(already)h (have)g(an)f(encapsulated)g(IP)h(route)f(defined)i(to)d(the)0 2625 y(destination)e(gateway,)h(and)g(vice)i(versa.)62 2675 y(When)e(using)g(the)g(encapsulated)f(AX.25)h(service,)i(you)d(must)g (remember)h(that)f(you)h(need)g(to)g(use)f(the)h(SSID)g(of)f(the)0 2724 y(interface)h(you)g(want)g(to)f(connect)i(through.)16 b(For)10 b(example,)g(to)g(connect)h(to)e Fd(minnie)g Fh(locally,)i(you)f (would)h(do:)0 2816 y Fd(net>)21 b(connect)f(vk1xwt-1)950 2978 y Fh(5)p eop %%Page: 6 6 bop 62 75 a Fh(However,)10 b(to)g(connect)h(to)e(a)h(machine)h(in)g(Hawaii)e (through)h Fd(minnie)p Fh(,)g(you)g(need)g(to)g(use)g Fd(minnie)p Fh('s)e(SSID)i(of)g(\2614:)0 166 y Fd(net>)21 b(connect)f(ah6bw-1)h(vk1xwt-4) 62 258 y Fh(Similarly,)11 b(a)f(user)g(in)h(Hawaii)e(connects)i Fg(to)f Fd(vk1xwt-4)p Fh(,)f(but)h(connects)g Fg(through)i Fd(vk1xwt-1)p Fh(.)0 399 y Fi(7)60 b(Security)13 b(Considerations)g(\261)i (Packet)e(Filtering)0 493 y Fh(One)8 b(obvious)g(problem)g(with)f(a)h (gateway)f(is)h(that)f(packets)h(from)g(Internet)g(machines)g(may)f(escape)h (out)g(onto)f(amateur)0 543 y(frequencies.)35 b(This)17 b(problem)g(is)f (usually)h(minimised)f(by)h(not)f(advertising)i(routes)e(to)g(amateur)g (frequencies)h(to)0 592 y(Internet)10 b(machines.)15 b(However,)10 b(this)g(is)g(security)g(through)h(obscurity.)62 642 y(New)e(versions)g(of)f (NOS)g(have)h(solved)g(this)f(problem)g(by)h(adding)h(packet)e(filtering,)h (known)g(as)f(`IP)g(Access'.)15 b(WIth)0 692 y(IP)e(access,)g(the)f(gateway)f (can)i(allow)f(or)g(refuse)g(to)g(transmit)f(a)i(packet)f(on)g(any)h (interface)f(according)i(to)e(the)g(source)0 742 y(IP)j(address)h(in)f(the)g (packet.)30 b(Thus,)17 b(access)e(to)g(amateur)f(frequencies)i(can)f(be)h (denied)g(to)e(all)h(packets)g(who)g(have)0 792 y(non-amateur)9 b(IP)i(addresses,)f(i.e)h(IP)f(addresses)g(that)f(are)i(not)e(of)h(the)g (form)g(44.X.Y.Z.)62 841 y(IP)h(Access)f(is)g(described)i(more)e(completely)f (in)i(the)f(appendices)g(and)h(in)g(the)f(NOS)g(documentation.)0 983 y Fi(8)60 b(Security)13 b(Considerations)g(\261)i(Services)0 1077 y Fh(If)i(you)f(use)g(your)h(gateway)f(with)g(no)g(services)h(running,)j (you)d(can)g(guarantee)f(the)g(security)h(of)f(your)h(gateway.)0 1126 y(However,)c(with)f(several)h(services,)i(the)d(mailbox,)h(SMTP,)h(RIP)f (and)g(the)f(converse)i(service,)g(your)f(security)g(can)g(be)0 1176 y(breached.)j(Fortunately,)10 b(these)g(services)g(can)h(be)f(secured)h (as)f(described)h(below.)0 1296 y Fk(8.1)50 b(RIP)0 1375 y Fh(RIP)15 b(is)g(the)g(routing)g(protocol)g(that)f(is)i(used)f(to)f(pass)h (routing)g(information)f(around)i(between)e(machines)h(on)g(the)0 1424 y(Internet.)25 b(Strictly)13 b(speaking,)i(a)e(packet\261Internet)g (gateway)f(does)h(not)h(need)f(to)g(run)i(RIP,)e(as)h(all)f(of)g(its)g (routes)g(are)0 1474 y(statically)7 b(defined.)15 b(The)9 b(only)g(reason)e (for)h(a)h(gateway)e(to)g(run)i(RIP)f(is)g(to)f(inform)i(and/or)f(learn)h (from)f(other)g(gateways)0 1524 y(when)i(new)g(gateways)f(become)h (available.)62 1574 y(If)g(you)h(think)f(that)f(using)i(RIP)f(is)g(a)g(good)g (idea,)h(you)f(must)f(ensure)i(that:)62 1665 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)12 b(do)i(not)e(broadcast)h(your)g(routing)g(table)g(to)f(your)h (local)h(network;)g(if)f(you)g(do,)h(non-amateur)e(machines)104 1715 y(will)17 b(learn)g(about)f(routes)g(to)h(the)f(amateur)h(gateways,)g (and)h(may)e(allow)g(non-amateurs)g(to)g(use)h(amateur)104 1765 y(transceivers.)62 1848 y Fe(\017)k Fh(You)10 b(refuse)g(all)g(RIP)h (broadcasts)f(from)g(your)g(local)h(network;)f(if)h(you)f(do)h(not,)f (amateurs)g(will)g(learn)h(about)e(the)104 1898 y(Internet)h(addresses)g(on)g (your)g(local)h(network,)f(which)h(are)f(non-amateur)f(addresses.)62 1981 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(You)12 b(only)g(send)h(your)g(routing)g(table)e(to)h (destination)g(amateur)f(gateways,)h(as)g(they)h(are)f(the)h(only)f(machines) 104 2030 y(who)e(are)g(interested)g(in)g(your)h(routes.)0 2122 y(I)f(would)h(receommend)f Fg(not)h Fh(running)g(RIP)f(at)g(all.)0 2242 y Fk(8.2)50 b(The)13 b(Mailbox)0 2320 y Fh(The)f(mailbox)g(service)h (can)f(be)g(accessed)f(in)i(two)d(ways:)18 b(by)12 b(a)f(local)h(amateur)f (connecting)i(to)e(your)h(machine)g(using)0 2370 y(the)e(AX.25)g(protocol,)g (or)g(by)h(an)f(amateur)f(or)i(non-amateur)e(connecting)h(to)g(your)g (machine)h(by)f(the)g(Telnet)g(protocol.)62 2420 y(The)h(mailbox)f(provides)h (features)e(that)h(you)g(do)g(not)g(want)f(amateur)h(or)g(non-amateur)f (users)h(to)g(access:)62 2511 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(Telnet)h(capability)f (which)h(can)f(connect)h(to)f(both)f(amateur)h(and)g(non-amateur)g(machines.) 62 2594 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(Gateway)f(capability)h(which)h(can)g (connect)f(using)h(AX.25)f(to)g(amateur)f(machines.)62 2677 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(Netrom)g(capability)h(which)f(can)h(connect)g(using) f(NETROM)h(to)f(amateur)f(machines.)62 2760 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(Remote)f(operation)h(capability)g(which)h(allows)e(a)h(user)g(to)g (change)h(the)f(current)h(setup)e(of)h(the)g(gateway.)950 2978 y(6)p eop %%Page: 7 7 bop 62 75 a Fh(Fortunately,)13 b(these)e(are)i(easily)f(disabled)g(by)h (including)h(an)e(entry)g(in)h(the)f Fd(ftpusers)f Fh(file)h(for)g(the)g (user)h(`anony-)0 125 y(mous',)e(with)h(permissions)f(`1',)g(no)h(password,)g (and)g(a)g(home)f(directory)i(the)f(directory)h Fd(/pub)p Fh(.)19 b(Make)12 b(sure)g(that)f(the)0 175 y Fd(ftpusers)e Fh(file)h(is)g(not)g (kept)g(in)g(the)g Fd(pub)g Fh(directory,)h(or)g(any)f(of)g(its)g (subdirectories.)62 225 y(You)h(may)f(wish)h(to)f(add)i(other)e(users)h (entries,)g(so)g(that)f(you)g(can)i(remotely)e(Telnet)h(to)g(the)f(gateway)g (and)h(modify)0 274 y(its)d(state.)13 b(These)c(entries)g(should)f(have)i(a)e (password,)h(and)g(you)g(should)f(never)i(Telnet)f(to)f(the)g(gateway)g(from) g(another)0 324 y(amateur)h(machine,)i(as)f(the)g(password)f(will)i(be)f (broadcast)g(over)g(the)g(airwaves)g(for)g(other)g(people)g(to)g(hear.)0 444 y Fk(8.3)50 b(SMTP)0 523 y Fh(SMTP)9 b(is)f(the)g(another)g(way)g(to)f (bypass)h(security,)h(as)f(it)g(allows)f(non-amateurs)g(to)g(send)i (electronic)f(mail)g(to)g(amateurs,)0 572 y(and)j(vice)g(versa,)g(and)f(SMTP) h(cannot)f(be)h(easily)e(set)h(up)g(to)g(prevent)g(this.)62 622 y(You)15 b(may)g(initially)h(have)g(SMTP)g(enabled,)i(and)e(monitor)e (the)i(use)f(of)g(email)g(to)g(see)g(if)h(there)f(is)h(any)f(current)0 672 y(security)10 b(problems;)g(however,)h(this)f(leaves)g(the)g(gateway)f (open)h(for)g(email)g(interchange)h(which)g(may)f(be)g(illegal.)0 792 y Fk(8.4)50 b(The)13 b(Converse)g(Service)0 870 y Fh(The)d(converse)g (service)g(is)f(similar)g(to)g(a)g(DX-Cluster)g(or)g(an)h(Internet)e(Relay)h (Chat:)15 b(local)10 b(users)e(login)i(to)f(the)g(converse)0 920 y(server,)k(which)f(is)f(itself)f(connected)i(to)f(other)g(server,)i(and) e(the)g(text)g(sent)g(by)g(local)h(users)f(is)g(passed)f(to)h(all)g(the)g (other)0 970 y(converse)g(server)g(users.)62 1020 y(Again,)k(this)d(is)h(a)g (security)g(problem,)h(especially)f(as)f(many)h(converse)h(servers)f(are)g (run)h(on)f(amateur-only)f(ma-)0 1070 y(chines.)36 b(Thus,)19 b(Internet)e(users)f(could)i(log)f(into)f(one)h(converse)h(server,)h(and)f (then)e(transmit)g(text)h(via)g(amateur)0 1120 y(frequencies)11 b(to)e(amateur-only)h(machines.)0 1261 y Fi(9)60 b(Security)13 b(Considerations)g(\261)i(Connection)f(Filtering)0 1355 y Fh(You)d(will)h(be) g(relieved)h(to)e(know)h(that)f(in)h(new)g(versions)g(of)f(NOS)h(there)g(is)g (connection)g(filtering)g(as)f(well)h(as)f(packet)0 1404 y(filtering.)19 b(Connection)11 b(filtering)h(allows)e(the)h(gateway)f(to)h(accept)g(or)g (refuse)h(a)f(connection)g(to)g(a)g(single)g(or)h(range)g(of)0 1454 y(services)f(according)g(to)f(the)g(IP)g(address)h(attempting)d(the)i (connection.)62 1504 y(This)g(filtering,)g(known)g(as)f(`TCP)h(Access',)g (allows)e(insecure)i(services)g(such)g(as)f(SMTP)h(and)g(the)f(converse)h (service)0 1554 y(to)i(be)g(restricted)g(to)g(amateur-only)f(IP)h(addresses,) h(i.e)f(only)h(44.X.Y.Z)f(addresses.)20 b(Of)12 b(course,)h(if)f(you)g (believe)h(that)0 1604 y(other)8 b(services)h(are)g(insecure)g(for)g(one)g (reason)f(or)h(another,)g(you)f(can)h(use)f(TCP)i(Access)f(to)f(deny)h (connections)g(to)f(them)0 1653 y(as)i(well.)15 b(More)10 b(details)g(on)g (TCP)i(Access)e(are)h(given)g(in)f(the)g(appendices)h(and)f(in)h(the)f(NOS)g (documentation.)0 1795 y Fi(10)60 b(Conclusion)0 1889 y Fh(To)9 b(summarise,)f(the)h(packet\261Internet)f(gateway)f(provides)j(fast)d(and)i (reliable)g(long-distance)g(digital)g(amateur)f(radio)0 1938 y(communication,)h(which)i(up)e(until)h(recently)g(has)f(been)h(difficult)f (if)h(not)f(impossible.)14 b(The)c(use)f(of)g(TCP/IP)i(protocols)0 1988 y(allows)j(easy)h(connection)h(to)f(the)g(AARNet/Internet,)i(as)e(well)g (as)g(the)g(local)h(amateur)e(community.)30 b(This)16 b(long-)0 2038 y(distance)10 b(connection)g(not)g(only)g(provides)g(reliable)h (communication)e(for)h(amateur)f(and)i(emergency)f(use,)g(but)g(gives)0 2088 y(the)g(amateur)f(radio)i(community)f(another)g(avenue)g(for)g(research) h(into)f(radio)h(communication)e(techniques.)62 2138 y(The)j(gateway)d (software)h(provides)h(the)g(method)f(to)g(connect)h(amateur)f(gateways)g (together,)g(while)h(at)g(the)f(same)0 2187 y(time)d(ensures)h(the)f(gateway) g(can)h(be)g(operated)f(correctly)i(from)f(both)f(the)h(amateur)f(and)h (non-amateur)f(point)g(of)h(view.)62 2237 y(I)14 b(have)h(operated)f(and)g (maintained)g(a)g(packet\261Internet)f(gateway)g(in)h(Canberra)h(since)g (April)g(1991,)f(and)h(have)0 2287 y(found)i(it)g(to)f(be)h(very)g(reliable,) i(very)f(easy)e(to)h(maintain,)h(and)f(very)h(secure.)35 b(Moreover,)20 b(due)d(to)f(the)h(commu-)0 2337 y(nication)h(speeds)f(used)g(in)h(the)f (amateur)g(community,)i(the)e(gateway)g(has)g(added)i(a)e(negligible)h (burden)h(to)d(the)0 2387 y(AARNet/Internet)10 b(use)g(of)g(my)g(local)h (network.)62 2486 y(I)j(would)g(be)g(glad)g(to)g(answer)f(any)h(questions)f (that)g(are)h(emailed)g(to)f(me)h(at)f(the)h(Internet)g(mail)f(address)h (given)0 2536 y(at)e(the)g(beginning)h(of)f(this)g(paper,)h(although)f(I)h (cannot)f(guarantee)g(the)g(promptness)f(of)h(my)g(replies.)22 b(I)13 b(would)f(also)0 2586 y(greatly)e(appreciate)g(comments,)g(criticisms) g(and)g(suggestions)f(about)g(this)h(paper)h(and)f(how)g(it)g(can)h(be)f (improved.)427 2695 y(Warren)g(Toomey)g(vk1xwt.)950 2978 y(7)p eop %%Page: 8 8 bop 0 76 a Fi(A)59 b(Bibliography)0 170 y Fh(This)15 b(bibliography)h (includes)g(the)e(papers)h(describing)h(the)f(encapsulation)f(protocols)g (used)h(by)g(a)g(packet)g(radio\261)0 220 y(Internet)10 b(gateway,)f(as)h (well)g(as)g(some)f(example)h(papers)g(published)g(by)h(amateurs)e(in)h(the)g (field)h(of)f(packet)g(radio.)0 319 y Fg([Diersing)h(et)f(al.)17 b(1989])9 b Fh(R.J.Diersing,)j(J.W.Ward.)17 b Fa(Packet)12 b(Radio)f(in)g(the)f(Amatuer)i(Satellite)e(Service.)16 b Fh(IEEE)c(J)f (Selected)0 369 y(Areas)f(in)h(Communications,)f(Vol)g(7)g(No)g(2.)15 b(February)c(1989.)0 478 y Fg([Enmore)18 b(1990])e Fh(G.)i(Enmore)f Fj(n6gn)p Fh(.)37 b Fa(Physical)17 b(Layer)h(Considerations)g(in)f(Building)f (a)i(High)f(Speed)g(Amateur)h(Radio)0 528 y(Amateur)9 b(Network.)16 b Fh(ARRL/CRRL)9 b(Amateur)f(Radio)g(9th)f(Computer)h(Networking)h (Conference.)15 b(London,)9 b(Ontario.)0 578 y(Canada.)16 b(September)9 b(1990.)0 687 y Fg([Flaherty)f(1988])g Fh(P.)h(Flaherty)f Fj(n9fzx)p Fh(.)15 b Fa(Digital)7 b(Radio)i(Networks)h(and)e(Spectrum)h(Management.)16 b Fh(ARRL/CRRL)9 b(Amateur)0 736 y(Radio)h(7th)g(Computer)g(Networking)g (Conference.)16 b(Columbia,)11 b(Maryland,)g(America.)16 b(October)10 b(1988.)0 845 y Fg([Geier)f(et)g(al.)15 b(1990])9 b Fh(J.)h(Geier,)g(M.)g (DeSimio)f Fj(wb8mpf)h Fh(and)g(B.)h(Welsh)e Fj(kd8wg)p Fh(.)15 b Fa(Network)d(Routing)d(Techniques)h(and)g(Their)0 895 y(Relevance)h(to)h (Packet)g(Radio)f(Networks.)20 b Fh(ARRL/CRRL)12 b(Amateur)f(Radio)g(9th)g (Computer)g(Networking)g(Conference.)0 945 y(London,)g(Ontario.)k(Canada.)g (September)10 b(1990.)0 1054 y Fg([Ioannidis)e(et)f(al.)14 b(1991])6 b Fh(J.)h(Ioannidis,)h(D.)f(Duchamp)h(and)f(G.)g(Maguire)h(Jr.)14 b Fa(IP-Based)8 b(Protocols)h(for)e(Mobile)g(Networking.)0 1104 y Fh(ACM)k(SIGCOMM)g('91)e(Conference.)16 b(Zurich,)c(Switzerland.)j (September,)9 b(1991.)0 1212 y Fg([Kahn)k(et)e(al.)20 b(1985])10 b Fh(P.R.Kahn,)k(H.E.Price,)g(R.J.Diersing.)21 b Fa(Packet)13 b(Radio)f(in)f(the)h(Amateur)h(Service.)19 b Fh(IEEE)13 b(J)f(Selected)0 1262 y(Areas)e(in)h(Communications,)f(Vol)g(3,)g(No)h(5.)k(May)10 b(1985.)0 1371 y Fg([Kantor)j(1991])f Fh(B.)i(Kantor)f Fj(wb6cyt)p Fh(.)25 b Fa(Internet)13 b(Protocol)h(Encapsulation)g(of)f(AX.25)g(Frames.)24 b Fh(Request)12 b(for)h(Comments)0 1421 y(memo)c(1226.)15 b(May)10 b(1991.)0 1530 y Fg([Karn)h(1990])f Fh(P.)h(Karn)g Fj(k)o(a9q)p Fh(.)17 b Fa(MACA)10 b(\261)h(A)g(New)g(Channel)f(Access)h(Method)g(for)g (Packet)h(Radio.)k Fh(ARRL/CRRL)11 b(Amateur)0 1580 y(Radio)f(9th)g(Computer) g(Networking)g(Conference.)16 b(London,)11 b(Ontario.)k(Canada.)g(September) 10 b(1990.)0 1689 y Fg([Neben)16 b(1983])g Fh(B.)h(Neben)g Fj(k9bl)p Fh(.)34 b Fa(Packet)18 b(Radio)e(for)h(Emergency)g(Communications.) 35 b Fh(ARRL)16 b(Amateur)h(Radio)f(2nd)0 1738 y(Computer)10 b(Networking)g(Conference.)16 b(San)10 b(Francisco,)i(California.)j(March)d (1983.)0 1847 y Fg([Sproul)21 b(et)f(al.)45 b(1990])19 b Fh(M.)i(Sproul)f Fj(kb2ici)h Fh(and)g(K.)g(Sproul)f Fj(wu2z)p Fh(.)46 b Fa(Long)20 b(Distance)h(Packet)g(Mail)g(via)f(Satellite.)0 1897 y Fh(ARRL/CRRL)8 b(Amateur)g(Radio)g(9th)f(Computer)g(Networking)h(Conference.)16 b(London,)9 b(Ontario.)14 b(Canada.)g(Septem-)0 1947 y(ber)d(1990.)0 2056 y Fg([Woodburn)f(et)e(al.)14 b(1991])7 b Fh(R.)i(Woodburn)f(and)h(D.)g (Mills.)15 b Fa(A)8 b(Scheme)h(for)g(an)g(Internet)f(Encapsulation)h (Protocol.)16 b Fh(Request)0 2106 y(for)10 b(Comments)f(memo)g(1241.)15 b(July)10 b(1991.)0 2247 y Fi(B)60 b(Existing)13 b(Packet\261Internet)f (Gateways)0 2341 y Fh(Following)e(is)g(a)g(table)g(of)g(the)f(existing)i (gateways)d(as)i(at)g(the)g(28th)f(of)h(April,)i(1992.)950 2978 y(8)p eop %%Page: 9 9 bop 62 35 1597 2 v 61 85 2 50 v 249 70 a Fg(Area)p 524 85 V 363 w(Operator)p 1049 85 V 342 w(Email)10 b(Address)p 1658 85 V 62 87 1597 2 v 62 97 V 61 147 2 50 v 87 132 a Fh(Canberra,)i(Australia)p 524 147 V 100 w(Warren)e(Toomey)g Fj(vk1xwt)p 1049 147 V 93 w Fh(wkt@csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.au)p 1658 147 V 61 196 V 87 181 a(Newcastle,)g(Australia)p 524 196 V 80 w(Dave)g(Walmsley)f Fj(vk2xp)o(x)p 1049 196 V 107 w Fh(ccdrw@cc.newcastle.edu.au)p 1658 196 V 61 246 V 87 231 a(Sydney,)i(Australia)p 524 246 V 134 w(Terry)g(Dawson)f Fj(vk2ktj)p 1049 246 V 145 w Fh (terryd@extro.su.oz.au)p 1658 246 V 61 296 V 87 281 a(Melbourne,)h(Australia) p 524 296 V 69 w(Peter)f(Hallgarten)g Fj(vk3ave)p 1049 296 V 95 w Fh(vk3ave@csource.oz.au)p 1658 296 V 61 346 V 87 331 a(Queensland,)g(Australia)p 524 346 V 50 w(Andy)h(Joyce)f Fj(vk4kiv)p 1049 346 V 193 w Fh(joyce@qut.edu.au)p 1658 346 V 61 396 V 87 381 a(Central)h(Virginia,)g(USA)p 524 396 V 59 w(Jim)f(De)g(Arras)h Fj(w)o(a4ong)p 1049 396 V 145 w Fh(jmd@emperor.handheld.com)p 1658 396 V 61 445 V 87 430 a(Parts)f(of)g(Europe)p 524 445 V 178 w(Marco)h(Zollinger)f Fj(hb9cat)p 1049 445 V 101 w Fh (marco@srztm601.alcatel.ch)p 1658 445 V 61 495 V 87 480 a(Ottawa,)f(Canada)p 524 495 V 165 w(Barry)i(McLarnon)h Fj(ve3jf)p 1049 495 V 129 w Fh(barry@dgbt.doc.ca)p 1658 495 V 61 545 V 87 530 a(Ontario,)e(Canada)p 524 545 V 159 w(Roger)g(Sanderson)g Fj(ve3rks)p 1049 545 V 94 w Fh(rsanders@sunee.uwaterloo.ca)p 1658 545 V 61 595 V 87 580 a(Hawaii,)g(USA)p 524 595 V 221 w(Antonio)g(Querubin)g Fj(ah6b)o(w)p 1049 595 V 65 w Fh(tony@mpg.phys.hawaii.edu)p 1658 595 V 61 645 V 87 630 a(Pennsylvania,)h(USA)p 524 645 V 109 w(Joe)f(Reinhardt)g Fj(af2j)p 1049 645 V 199 w Fh(jmr@ecl.psu.edu)p 1658 645 V 61 694 V 87 680 a(South)g(Texas,)h(USA)p 524 694 V 133 w(Kurt)f(Freiberger)i Fj(wb5bb)o(w)p 1049 694 V 90 w Fh(kurt@cs.tamu.edu)p 1658 694 V 61 744 V 87 729 a(San)e(Antonio,)h(USA)p 524 744 V 127 w(Jack)f(Spitznagel)g Fj(kd4iz)p 1049 744 V 145 w Fh(kd4iz@giskard.uthscsa.edu)p 1658 744 V 61 794 V 87 779 a(Chicago,)i(USA)p 524 794 V 205 w(Bob)e(Van)g(Valzah)g Fj(k)o(e9yq)p 1049 794 V 122 w Fh(bob@imsa.edu)p 1658 794 V 61 844 V 87 829 a(Indiana,)h(USA)p 524 844 V 215 w(Dwight)f(Hazen)f Fj(wb9tlh)p 1049 844 V 129 w Fh(hazen@hazen.ucs.indiana.edu)p 1658 844 V 61 894 V 87 879 a(Illinois,)i(USA)p 524 894 V 229 w(Chuck)g(Henderson)f Fj(wb9uus)p 1049 894 V 52 w Fh(chuck@bradley.bradley.edu)p 1658 894 V 61 944 V 87 929 a(Illinois,)h(USA)p 524 944 V 229 w(Jay)f(Freeman)g Fj(wt9s)p 1049 944 V 206 w Fh(freeman@eagle.sangamon.edu)p 1658 944 V 61 993 V 87 978 a(Colorado,)h(USA)p 524 993 V 184 w(Bdale)g(Garbee)f Fj(n3eua)p 1049 993 V 168 w Fh(bdale@gag.com)p 1658 993 V 61 1043 V 87 1028 a(Houston,)f(USA)p 524 1043 V 196 w(Remi)h(Hutin)f Fj(fe6cnb)p 1049 1043 V 187 w Fh(hutin@asl.slb.com)p 1658 1043 V 61 1093 V 87 1078 a(nevada,)i(USA)p 524 1093 V 222 w(Bill)g(Healy)f Fj(n8khn)p 1049 1093 V 228 w Fh(healy@moriah.unr.edu)p 1658 1093 V 62 1095 1597 2 v 0 1258 a Fi(C)60 b(Example)14 b(NOS)g(Configuration)g(Files)0 1352 y Fh(This)e(section)f(examines)g(a)g (set)g(of)g(example)g(configuration)h(files)f(for)h(NOS)f(on)h(the)f(gateway) f(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au.)0 1401 y(Note)e(that)g(not)h(all)f(gateways)g(have)h (the)f(same)g(requirements)h(or)f(offer)h(the)f(same)g(services,)i(and)f(not) f(all)h(use)g(the)f(same)0 1451 y(variety)j(of)e(NOS.)i(Therefore,)g(take)f (the)g(examples)g(given)h(here)f(as)g(a)g(guide)h(for)f(your)h(own)f(files.)0 1571 y Fk(C.1)50 b(Introduction)0 1650 y Fh(In)10 b(order)g(to)g(understand)g (the)f(configuration)h(files)f(presented)g(here,)i(we)e(need)h(to)g(first)f (examine)g(the)h(purpose)f(of)g(the)0 1700 y(gateway,)g(its)h(services,)h (and)g(the)f(software)e(it)i(uses.)62 1749 y(Minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au)j(is)f(an)f (Internet-AMPRnet)g(gateway)g(which)h(routes)f(packets)g(between)g(itself)f (and)i(other)0 1799 y(gateways)d(via)h(encapsulation.)15 b(It)10 b(also)f(offers)h(the)g(following)f(services:)62 1890 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Anonymous)9 b(file)i(transfer)f(with)f(the)h Fg(ftp)h Fh(service.)62 1974 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Logins)10 b(via)h(AX.25)f(or)g(telnet)g (to)f(the)h(NOS)h(mailbox.)62 2057 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Mail)10 b(delivery)i(using)e(the)g Fg(smtp)h Fh(service.)62 2140 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Determination)9 b(of)h(the)g(current)h(users)f(of)g(the)g (gateway)f(with)h(the)g Fg(finger)g Fh(service.)62 2223 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b Fg(converse)i Fh(service)f(that)e(is)h(the)g(TCP/IP)i(equivalent) e(to)g(a)g(DX-Cluster.)62 2314 y(It)d(should)h(be)f(noted)h(that)e(the)i (mailbox)f(in)h(particular)g(provides)g(more)f(services)h(than)f(just)g (sending)h(and)g(receiving)0 2364 y(mail;)14 b(mailbox)e(users)h(may)f(be)g (permitted)h(to)f(telnet)f(or)i(AX.25)g(connect)g(out)f(of)g(the)h(mailbox,)g (use)f(the)h(finger)g(and)0 2414 y(converse)g(services,)h(and)f (upload/download)f(files.)21 b(Ensuring)14 b(reasonable)e(privileges)h(to)e (mailbox)i(users)f(will)g(be)0 2463 y(dealt)e(with)g(later.)62 2563 y(The)15 b(most)d(important)g(service)j(is)e(that)g(of)g(encapsulating)h (AMPRnet)f(packets)h(destined)f(for)h(other)f(gateways,)0 2613 y(and)g(vice)g(versa.)22 b(Unlike)13 b(most)e(ordinary)i(TCP/IP)h(hosts,)e(a) g(gateway)g(has)g(two)f(or)h(more)h(interfaces,)g(and)f(at)g(least)0 2663 y(two)d(IP)i(addresses.)j(Minnie)d(has)f(the)g(following)g(addresses)g (and)g(domain)g(names:)62 2754 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au)11 b([131.236.20.70])62 2837 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org)11 b([44.136.7.129])950 2978 y(9)p eop %%Page: 10 10 bop 0 75 a Fh(and)11 b(three)f(interfaces:)62 154 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(An)11 b(ethernet)e(interface)i(\()p Fd(ec0)p Fh(\))e(for)h(Internet)g (users)62 232 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(KISS)h(AX.25)f(interface)g(\()p Fd(ax0)p Fh(\))g(for)g(AMPRnet)g(users,)g(and)62 310 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(pseudo-interface)g(\()p Fd(encap)p Fh(\))f(which)i(performs)f (the)g(encapsulation.)0 388 y(With)c(the)g(encapsulation)g(correctly)g(set)g (up,)g(minnie)g(can)g(be)g(accessed)g(by)g(all)g(Internet)g(users)g(as)g (minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au,)0 438 y(and)11 b(by)f(all)g(AMPRnet)h(users)f(as)f (minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.org.)62 528 y(Packet)d(encapsulation)g(is)g(a)g(two-way)g (process.)11 b(Minnie)6 b(services)g(the)g(range)g(of)g(AMPRnet)g(addresses)g (44.136.7.128)0 577 y(to)11 b(44.136.7.255,)g(i.e)h(44.136.7.128/25.)17 b(Other)11 b(gateways)f(who)h(wish)g(to)f(route)h(packets)g(to)g(this)g (AMPRnet)g(address)0 627 y(range)d(must)e(include)i(an)f Fg(encapsulated)i (route)e Fh(so)g(that)f(packets)g(will)i(be)f(encapsulated)g(and)g(then)g (routed)g(to)g(minnie's)0 677 y(Internet)j(address,)h(i.e)65 756 y Fd(route)21 b(addprivate)f(44.136.7.128/25)f(encap)h (minnie.cs.adfa.oz.a)o(u)0 834 y Fh(Similarly,)9 b(minnie)g(must)f(have)h(a)g (corresponding)g(set)f(of)g(encapsulated)g(routes)g(back)h(to)f(all)h(the)f (other)h(gateways,)f(e.g)131 913 y Fd(...)65 963 y(route)21 b(addprivate)f(dest_AMPRnet_rang)o(e)f(encap)i(dest_gateway)131 1013 y(...)0 1091 y Fh(The)6 b(list)g(of)g(encapsulated)g(routes)g(to)g(all)g (known)g(gateways)g(is)g(available)g(via)g(anonymous)f(ftp)h(from)f (minnie.cs.adfa.oz.au)0 1141 y(in)11 b(the)f(`gateways')d(directory,)12 b(as)e(the)g(file)g(`gateways.XXX',)d(where)k(`XXX')d(are)j(digits.)0 1259 y Fk(C.2)50 b(Booting)12 b(the)g(Gateway)0 1337 y Fh(Gateways)7 b(are)g(usually)g(run)g(as)f(turn-key)h(ma)o(chines;)f(the)h(box)g(is)g (turned)g(on)g(and)g(the)g(NOS)g(so)o(ftw)o(are)g(is)g(a)o(utom)o(at)o (ically)0 1387 y(started.)14 b(Therefore,)e(in)e(the)g(gateway's)f(boot)g (file)h(you)g(need)h(to)e(do)i(several)f(things:)62 1466 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Set)9 b(up)i(some)e(environment)h(variables)h(used)f(by)g (NOS)62 1543 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Install)9 b(the)h(packet)g(drivers)i(you)e (need)h(for)f(NOS)62 1621 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Run)10 b(NOS)0 1700 y(Here)g(is)g(an)g(example)g Fd(autoexec.bat)p Fh(:)0 1779 y Fd(@echo)21 b(off)0 1829 y(PATH)g(c:\\bin;c:\\ka9q\\bi)o(n;)0 1878 y(rem)0 1928 y(rem)108 b(Set)22 b(up)f(some)g(environment)e(variables)h (for)h(NOS)0 1978 y(rem)0 2028 y(rem)g(set)g(TMP=C:\\tmp)0 2078 y(rem)g(set)g(TEMP=C:\\tmp)0 2127 y(rem)0 2177 y(rem)108 b(Set)22 b(up)f(miscellaneous)e(environment)h(variables)0 2227 y(rem)0 2277 y(set)h(USER=warren)0 2327 y(set)g(TERM=nansi)0 2376 y(loadhigh)f(\\ka9q\\bin\\wd8003e)e(0x70)j(-o)h(5)f(0x280)g(0xc800)0 2426 y(nos)62 2505 y Fh(On)13 b(minnie,)i(all)e(of)f(the)h(gateway)f(files)h (and)g(programs)g(are)g(kept)g(under)h(the)f Fd(KA9Q)f Fh(directory.)25 b(The)14 b(programs)0 2555 y(and)h(batch)f(files)f(are)i(kept)f(in)g Fd(KA9Q\\BIN)p Fh(.)f(NOS)h(uses)g(the)g Fd(TMP)f Fh(or)i Fd(TEMP)e Fh(variable)i(to)e(determine)h(where)h(it)f(creates)0 2605 y(temporary)c(variables:)15 b(I)10 b(can't)g(remember)g(which)h(one)f(so)g(I) g(set)g(both.)62 2654 y(The)e(packet)g(driver)h(for)f(minnie's)e(WD8003E)h (card)i(is)e(then)h(loaded.)14 b(Each)8 b(packet)g(driver)h(has)e(a)h (slightly)f(different)0 2704 y(calling)13 b(convention:)20 b(here)12 b(the)g(driver)i(is)e(loaded)h(to)e(use)h(software)f(interrupt)h Fd(0x7e)p Fh(,)h(hardware)f(interrupt)h(5,)g(with)0 2754 y(the)e(card's)g (registers)g(at)g Fd(0x280)f Fh(and)i(the)f(card's)g(buffer)h(memory)e(at)h Fd(0xc800)p Fh(.)17 b(Only)12 b(the)f(interrupt)g(numbers)g(are)h(of)0 2804 y(interest)d(to)h(NOS.)62 2854 y(Finally,)h(a)f(batch)h(file)f(kept)g (in)g Fd(KA9Q\\BIN)f Fh(called)i Fd(NOS.BAT)e Fh(is)h(executed.)939 2978 y(10)p eop %%Page: 11 11 bop 0 75 a Fk(C.3)50 b(The)13 b(NOS)h(Batch)f(File)0 153 y Fh(The)c(NOS)f(batch)g(file)h(usually)f(runs)g(as)g(an)g(infinite)h(loop,)f (restarting)g(NOS)g(if)h(ever)g(it)f(is)g(terminated:)13 b(this)8 b(is)g(useful)g(for)0 203 y(when)j(the)g(gateway)f(must)h(run)h(unattended.) 18 b(The)12 b(batch)f(file)h(cleans)f(up)g(the)g(lock)h(files)f(from)g(the)g (mail)g(subsystem)0 253 y(\(in)e(case)g(NOS)g(was)f(abruptly)h(terminated\).) 14 b(If)8 b(the)h(gateway)f(has)g(logging)i(turned)f(on,)h(the)e(last)g(log)h (file)g(is)g(appended)0 303 y(to)h(a)h(cumulative)g(log)g(file,)h(and)f(then) g(zeroed.)18 b(Thus)11 b(a)g(gateway)f(administrator)g(can)i(look)f(in)g Fd(nos.log)f Fh(for)h(logging)0 353 y(information)e(since)i(the)f(last)f(NOS) h(restart,)g(and)h(in)g Fd(nos)p 909 353 14 2 v 15 w(old.log)e Fh(for)h(the)g(remaining)g(log)h(information.)0 443 y Fd(@echo)21 b(off)0 492 y(:Again)0 542 y(cd)g(\\ka9q)0 592 y(set)g(TZ=EST14)0 642 y(del)g(\\ka9q\\spool\\mqueue)o(\\*.lc)o(k)0 692 y(del)g (\\ka9q\\spool\\mail\\*)o(.lck)0 741 y(type)g(nos.log)f(>>)i(nos_old.log)0 791 y(del)f(nos.log)0 841 y(copy)g(dom.txt)f(domain.txt)0 891 y(rem)h(\\ka9q\\bin\\oldnos.e)o(xe)e(-d)i(/ka9q)g(minnie.net)0 941 y(\\ka9q\\bin\\jnos107)o(b.exe)d(-f)k(minn107.cfg)0 991 y(goto)f(Again)62 1080 y Fh(One)14 b(line)g(to)g(note)f(is)h(that)f(the)h Fd(domain.txt)e Fh(file)i(\(which)h(holds)f(TCP/IP)h(name/address)f(pairs\))g (is)f(recreated)0 1130 y(from)d(the)g Fd(dom.txt)e Fh(file.)16 b(This)10 b(is)g(done)h(because)e(some)g(versions)i(of)e(NOS)i(\(for)e (example)h(GRINOS\),)g(would)g(rewrite)0 1180 y(the)g(file,)h(removing)f(any) h(comments.)j(This)c(ensures)g(that)g(an)g(original)h(version)f(is)g(kept)g (intact.)62 1230 y(Finally,)15 b(the)d(NOS)h(program)g(is)g(started.)23 b(This)13 b(can)h(be)f(done)g(in)g(two)f(ways.)23 b(With)12 b(some)g(NOS)h(flavours,)h(you)0 1280 y(specify)c(the)g(directory)h(where)g (all)f(the)g(configuration)g(files)g(are)g(kept,)h(and)f(the)g(NOS)h (initialisation)e(file,)h(e.g)0 1369 y Fd(\\ka9q\\bin\\oldnos.)o(exe)19 b(-d)i(/ka9q)g(minnie.net)62 1459 y Fh(With)12 b(these)g(flavours,)h(all)g (of)f(the)g(NOS)h(service)g(configuration)g(files)f(are)g(kept)g(in)h(fixed)g (locations)f(in)h(the)f(NOS)0 1509 y(directory,)i(which)f(can)g(be)f (inflexible.)22 b(In)13 b(new)f(NOS)g(flavours,)h(e.g)g(JNOS)f(1.07,)h(a)f (directory)i(configuration)e(file)g(is)0 1559 y(first)e(read)h(to)e(inform)h (NOS)h(of)e(the)h(location)g(of)g(the)g(NOS)g(service)h(configuration)g (files,)f(e.g)0 1649 y Fd(\\ka9q\\bin\\jnos107)o(b.exe)18 b(-f)k(minn107.cfg) 62 1738 y Fh(If)10 b(you)h(have)f(a)g(NOS)h(flavour)f(that)g(performs)f (this,)h(go)h(on)f(to)f(the)h(next)h(section.)j(If)d(not,)f(skip)g(the)g (next)g(section.)0 1858 y Fk(C.4)50 b(The)13 b(Directory)f(Configuration)h (File)0 1937 y Fh(As)j(mentioned,)i(this)e(file)g(is)h(read)f(by)h(newer)f (versions)h(of)f(NOS)g(to)g(allow)f(you)i(to)e(set)h(up)g(a)g(flexible)h (directory)0 1986 y(system.)c(I)d(won't)e(attempt)g(to)h(explain)h(every)g (line;)h(see)e(the)g(NOS)h(documentation)f(for)g(your)h(NOS)g(flavour)g(for)f (more)0 2036 y(information.)14 b(The)d(most)d(important)h(line)h(is)g(the)g (one)f(which)i(tells)e(NOS)h(where)g(the)g(NOS)g(initialisation)f(file)g(is)h (kept:)0 2126 y Fd(Startup)20 b(=)i(/ka9q/minnie.net)0 2216 y Fh(Once)10 b(this)g(file)g(is)h(read,)g(NOS)f(reads)g(the)g(initialisation) f(file.)16 b(The)10 b(rest)g(of)g(this)g(file)g(is)g(left)g(for)g(your)h (perusal.)0 2306 y Fd(#SAMPLE:)20 b(these)h(are)g(the)g(defaults)f(used.)0 2355 y(#These)h(are)g(new)g(names)g(for)g(the)g(various)f(files)h(and)g (directories)f(used)h(in)g(nos.)0 2405 y(#To)g(use)g(them,)g(run)g(nos)g(as)h ('nos)f(-fnos.cfg')0 2455 y(#If)g(you)g(don't)g(change)g(a)g(particular)f (filename,)g(you)h(should)g(comment)f(out)h(each)0 2505 y(#unneeded)f(line,)h (since)f(they)h(allocate)g(memory)f(for)h(the)g(new)h(name.)0 2605 y(#lines)f(need)g(to)g(be)g(either)g(comments)f(\(starting)g(with)h(#\)) 0 2654 y(#or)g(have)g(a)h(valid)e('file=filename')f(format.)0 2704 y(#\(lines)h(are)i(NOT)f(case)g(sensitive.\))0 2754 y(#all)g(others)g (are)g(ignored;)f(this)h(allows)f(for)i(different)d(compiles)i(to)0 2804 y(#use)g(the)g(same)g(files-configuratio)o(n)e(file...)0 2854 y(#both)i(spaces)f(or)i(tabs)f(can)g(be)g(used)g(as)h(separators.)939 2978 y Fh(11)p eop %%Page: 12 12 bop 0 125 a Fd(#921125)20 b(-)i(WG7J)0 225 y(#the)f(autoexec)f(file)h (containing)f(system)g(setup)0 274 y(Startup)g(=)i(/ka9q/minnie.107)0 374 y(#the)f(user)g(permission)f(file)0 424 y(Userfile)g(=)i(/ka9q/ftpusers)0 523 y(#the)f(ftp)g(host)g(file)g(for)g(auto-login)0 573 y(#Hostfile)f(=)i (/net.rc)0 673 y(#the)f(mail)g(log)g(file)0 723 y(Maillog)f(=)i (/ka9q/spool/mail.)o(log)0 822 y(#the)f(directory)f(where)h(local)f(mail)h (gets)g(delivered)0 872 y(Mailspool)f(=)i(/ka9q/spool/mai)o(l)0 972 y(#the)f(directory)f(where)h(mail)g(gets)g(queued)f(for)h(the)g(smtp)g (daemon)g(to)g(handle)0 1022 y(Mailqdir)f(=)i(/ka9q/spool/mque)o(ue)0 1121 y(#this)f(should)f(have)h(same)g(path)g(as)h(the)f(above!!)0 1171 y(Mailqueue)f(=)i(/ka9q/spool/mqu)o(eue/*)o(.wrk)0 1271 y(#if)f(you)g(route)g(mail,)g(here)g(is)g(goes)0 1320 y(#Routeqdir)f(=)h (/ka9q/spool/rqueue)0 1420 y(#the)g(mail)g(alias)g(file)0 1470 y(Alias)g(=)g(/ka9q/alias)0 1569 y(#the)g(domain.txt)f(file)0 1619 y(Dfile)h(=)g(/ka9q/domain.txt)0 1769 y(#directory)f(where)g(finger)h (files)g(go)0 1819 y(Fdir)g(=)h(/ka9q/finger)0 1918 y(#the)f(file)g(where)g (the)g(finger)f(database)h(is)g(maintained)0 1968 y(Fdbase)g(=)g (/ka9q/finger/dbase)o(.dat)0 2068 y(#the)g(list)g(of)g(areas)g(on)g(the)h (system)0 2117 y(#Arealist)e(=)i(/ka9q/spool/are)o(as)0 2217 y(#mailbox)e(message)g(of)i(the)f(day)0 2267 y(Motdfile)f(=)i (/ka9q/spool/motd)o(.txt)0 2367 y(#mail)f(rewrite)f(rules)0 2416 y(Rewritefile)g(=)h(/ka9q/spool/rewrit)o(e)0 2516 y(#user)g(signatures)e (go)j(here)0 2566 y(#Signature)e(=)h(/spool/signatur)0 2665 y(#Bulletin)f(ID's)h(go)g(here)0 2715 y(#Historyfile)e(=)j(/spool/history)0 2815 y(#Help)f(files)g(go)g(in)g(this)g(directory)939 2978 y Fh(12)p eop %%Page: 13 13 bop 0 75 a Fd(Helpdir)20 b(=)i(/ka9q/spool/help)0 175 y(#the)f(user)g (defaults)f(file)h(\(created)f(by)i(system\))0 225 y(UDefaults)e(=)i (/ka9q/spool/use)o(rs.da)o(t)0 324 y(#backup)e(of)i(the)f(above)0 374 y(UDefbak)f(=)i(/spool/ka9q/users)o(.bak)0 474 y(#Convers)e(user)h(info)g (file;)g(notice)f(that)h(default)g(is)g(the)g(same)g(as)h(Fdbase)e(file)h(!)0 523 y(Cinfo)g(=)g(/ka9q/finger/dbase.)o(dat)0 623 y(#pop)g(users)g(are)g (listed)f(in)i(this)0 673 y(#Popusers)e(=)i(/popusers)0 772 y(#FTP)f(message)f(of)i(the)f(day)0 822 y(Ftpmotd)f(=)i(/ka9q/spool/ftpmo)o (td.tx)o(t)0 922 y(#NNTP)f(directory)0 972 y(Newsdir)f(=)i(/ka9q/spool/news)0 1071 y(#BBS)f(forward)f(file)0 1121 y(#Forwardfile)f(=)j(/spool/forward.bb)o (s)0 1221 y(#saved)f(netrom)f(routes)h(go)g(here)0 1271 y(#Netromfile)f(=)h (/netrom.sav)0 1370 y(#these)g(commands)f(get)h(executed)f(on)h(exit)0 1420 y(#Onexit)f(=)i(/onexit.nos)0 1520 y(#expire)e(command)h(file)0 1569 y(#Expirefile)f(=)h(/spool/expire.dat)0 1669 y(#NNTP)g(active)f(file)0 1719 y(#Active)g(=)i(/spool/news/activ)o(e)0 1819 y(#NNTP)f(pointer)f(file)0 1868 y(#Pointer)g(=)i(/spool/news/poin)o(ter)0 1968 y(#NNTP)f(info)0 2018 y(#NInfo)g(=)g(/spool/news/info)0 2117 y(#NNTP)g(help)0 2167 y(#Nhelp)g(=)g(/spool/news/help)0 2267 y(#NNTP)g(message)f(history)g (file)0 2317 y(History)g(=)i(/ka9q/spool/news/)o(histo)o(ry)0 2416 y(#NNTP)f(forward)0 2466 y(#Forward)f(=)i(/spool/news/forw)o(ard)0 2566 y(#NNTP)f(poll)0 2616 y(#Poll)g(=)g(/spool/news/poll)939 2978 y Fh(13)p eop %%Page: 14 14 bop 0 75 a Fk(C.5)50 b(The)13 b(Domain)g(File)0 153 y Fh(Before)e(going)g(on) g(to)f(look)g(at)g(the)h(NOS)g(initialisation)e(file,)i(we)g(need)g(to)f (first)g(examine)h(the)g(domain)f(file.)17 b(Although)0 203 y(NOS)c(can)g(use)f Fg(name)h(servers)h Fh(to)e(look)g(up)h(TCP/IP)h (name/address)f(pairs)f(it)h(doesn't)f(know,)h(these)f(are)h(not)f(used)0 253 y(while)g(processing)h(the)f(initialisation)f(file.)21 b(Therefore)13 b(the)f(domain)h(file)f(\(usually)g Fd(domain.txt)p Fh(\))e(must)h(contain)i Fg(all)0 303 y Fh(of)g(the)g(TCP/IP)i(names)d(used)i (by)f(the)g(initialisation)f(file.)25 b(You)13 b(may)g(also)f(want)h(to)g (include)h(names)f(that)f(you)h(use)0 353 y(frequently,)g(so)e(that)g(NOS)h (won't)f(have)h(to)f(query)i(any)f(name)g(servers)g(to)f(resolve)h(them.)20 b(Note)11 b(however,)i(that)e(the)0 403 y(domain)e(file)g(is)h(static,)f(and) g(you)h(may)f(need)g(to)g(keep)g(it)g(up)h(to)e(date)i(periodically)g(to)e (ensure)i(that)e(the)h(name/address)0 452 y(pairs)h(are)h(correct.)16 b(Here)10 b(is)g(minnie's)f Fd(domain.txt)p Fh(:)0 544 y Fd(#)22 b(Last)f(updated:)f(10:00am)g(921209)0 594 y(#)0 643 y(#)i(Canberra)e(packet) g(stations)0 693 y(#)0 743 y(gw.vk1bud.ampr.or)o(g.)106 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(44.136.0.40)0 793 y(minnie.vk1xwt.amp)o(r.org)o(.)19 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(44.136.7.129)0 843 y(#)0 892 y(#)22 b(Gateways)e(to)h (other)g(packet)f(stations)0 942 y(#)0 992 y(#)0 1042 y(#)i(ADFA)f(machines)0 1092 y(#)0 1141 y(cserve.cs.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.20.1)0 1191 y(cs_gate.cs.adfa.o)o(z.au.)40 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.20.2)0 1241 y(cspyr1.cs.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.20.7)0 1291 y(joruth.cs.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.20.69)0 1341 y(minnie.cs.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.20.70)0 1391 y(convex.cc.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.1.1)0 1440 y(ccadfa.cc.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.1.2)0 1490 y(sserve.cc.adfa.oz)o(.au.)62 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(131.236.1.17)0 1540 y(#)0 1590 y(#)0 1640 y(#)22 b(Other)e(machines)0 1689 y(#)0 1739 y(munnari.oz.au.)215 b(IN)130 b(A)153 b(128.250.1.21)0 1789 y(#)0 1839 y(#)22 b(Aliases)0 1889 y(#)0 1938 y(minnie.cs.)129 b(IN)h(CNAME)64 b(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 1988 y(csadfa.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(csadfa.cs.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 2038 y(cspyr1.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(cspyr1.cs.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 2088 y(ccadfa.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(ccadfa.cc.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 2138 y(sserve.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(sserve.cc.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 2188 y(cserve.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(cserve.cs.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 2237 y(convex.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(convex.cc.adfa.oz.a)o(u.)0 2287 y(minnie.)195 b(IN)130 b(CNAME)64 b(minnie.vk1xwt.ampr.)o(org.)0 2407 y Fk(C.6)50 b(The)13 b(NOS)h(Initialisation)c(File)0 2486 y Fh(The)18 b(NOS)g(initialisation)e(file)i(is)f(where)g(the)h(gateway's)d (network)i(addresses)g(and)h(interfaces)g(are)f(set)g(up,)j(and)0 2535 y(where)13 b(the)f(services)h(on)f(the)h(gateway)e(are)i(started.)21 b(Some)12 b(commands)f(must)h(occur)i(before)e(others;)h(in)g(general,)h(I)0 2585 y(recommend)c(performing)h(things)f(in)h(the)e(following)h(order:)62 2677 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Define)10 b(the)g(gateway's)e(main)i(hostname)f(and)i (IP)f(address.)62 2760 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Describe)11 b(the)e(memory)h (buffers)g(and)h(memory)e(parameters.)62 2843 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Specify)10 b(the)g(interfaces)g(used)g(and)h(their)f(soft/hardware)g (interrupts.)939 2978 y(14)p eop %%Page: 15 15 bop 62 75 a Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Specify)10 b(the)g(interfaces)g(addresses,)g (MTUs)h(and)g(broadcast)f(addresses.)62 158 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Detail)10 b(what)f(domain)h(name)g(servers)h(are)f(to)g(be)g(used.)62 241 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Set)9 b(up)i(routes)e(to)h(the)g(gateway's)e (interfaces,)i(and)h(to)e(other)i(gateways.)62 324 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Set)9 b(up)i(TCP)g(and)g(IP)f(parameters.)62 407 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Set)9 b(up)i(service-specific)g(parameters.)62 490 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Start)9 b(the)h(gateway)f(services.)62 573 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Any)11 b(miscellaneous)e(commands.)0 665 y(Once)14 b(the)g (initialisation)f(file)h(is)f(finished,)j(NOS)e(falls)f(to)h(the)f(command)h (line)g(prompt)g(as)f(usual.)26 b(For)14 b(the)g(rest)g(of)0 714 y(this)c(section,)g(we)g(will)g(look)g(at)g(an)g(example)g (initialisation)f(file,)i(minnie's)f(initialisation)f(file,)h(broken)h(into)f (the)g(parts)0 764 y(given)h(above.)62 864 y(The)6 b(gateway's)g(domain)g (name)g(and)g(IP)g(address)g(is)g(given)g(first.)14 b(You)6 b(must)g(choose)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(two)f(name/addresses)0 914 y(that)10 b(the)g(gateway)g(has.)16 b(I)10 b(use)h(the)f(AMPRnet)h(name)f(so) g(as)g(not)g(to)g(confuse)h(the)f(amateur)g(users;)h(the)f(Internet)g(users)0 963 y(can)h(cope.)0 1055 y Fd(#)327 b(A)21 b(U)h(T)f(O)h(E)g(X)f(E)h(C)f(.)h (N)g(E)f(T)109 b(F)21 b(O)h(R)109 b(W)21 b(G)h(7)g(J)0 1105 y(#)0 1154 y(#)0 1204 y(#)152 b(Local)21 b(Definitions)0 1254 y(#)0 1304 y(hostname)f(minnie.vk1xwt.ampr)o(.org)0 1354 y(ip)h(address)g (minnie.vk1xwt.am)o(pr.or)o(g)62 1445 y Fh(The)11 b(number)f(of)f(interrupt)h (buffers)g(should)g(be)f(set)h(so)f(as)g(to)g(minimise)g(the)h(number)g(of)g (lost)e(packets,)i(especially)0 1495 y(from)d(an)h(Ethernet.)15 b(Minnie)8 b(uses)f(10)h(interrupt)g(buffers.)14 b(Each)8 b(buffer)g(should)g (be)g(at)f(least)g(as)g(large)h(as)f(the)h(maximum)0 1545 y(packet)13 b(size;)i(the)e(default)g(buffer)g(size)g(is)g(2048)f(bytes.)24 b(Minnie)14 b(uses)f(the)g(`efficient')f(form)h(of)g(memory)g(allocation)0 1594 y(which)e(helps)f(to)f(keep)i(the)f(amount)f(of)h(available)g(memory)g (high.)0 1686 y Fd(#)0 1736 y(#)152 b(Memory)21 b(Parameters)0 1785 y(#)0 1835 y(#)h(nibufs)e(-)i(number)e(of)i(interrupt)e(buffers)0 1885 y(#)i(eff)f(-)g(efficient.)42 b(It's)21 b(a)g(better)g(memory)g (allocation)e(algorithm.)0 1935 y(mem)i(nibufs)g(10)0 1985 y(mem)g(eff)g(on)62 2076 y Fh(The)11 b(interfaces)f(used)h(by)f(the)h (gateway)e(are)h(now)g(attached.)16 b(Minnie)11 b(has)f(one)g(Ethernet)h (interface)f Fd(ec0)g Fh(which)h(is)0 2126 y(a)e(packet)g(driver,)j(and)d(a)g (KISS)g(interface)h Fd(ax0)e Fh(using)i(the)f(built-in)g(NOS)g(KISS)g (driver.)17 b(Note)9 b(that)f(the)h(soft/hardware)0 2176 y(interrupt)i (values)g(used)g(by)g(the)g(packet)g(driver)i(must)d(be)h(the)g(same)f(as)g (used)h(when)g(the)g(packet)g(driver)i(was)d(loaded)0 2225 y(in)h(the)f Fd(AUTOEXEC.BAT)d Fh(file.)62 2275 y(The)13 b(largest)e(packet)g (size)g(is)h(also)e(specified)i(on)g(the)f(attach)g(lines,)h(1500)f(for)h (the)f Fd(ec0)g Fh(interface,)i(and)f(576)f(for)g(the)0 2325 y Fd(ax0)f Fh(interface.)15 b(You)10 b(should)g(read)h(the)f(NOS)g (documenation)g(for)g(the)g(other)g(parameters.)0 2416 y Fd(#)0 2466 y(#)152 b(Attach)21 b(ports)0 2516 y(#)0 2566 y(#)h(We)f(have)g(2)h (interfaces:)0 2616 y(#)152 b(ec0)22 b(connects)e(minnie)g(to)i(the)f(ADFA)g (net)0 2665 y(#)152 b(ax0)22 b(connects)e(minnie)g(to)i(the)f(local)g(AMPR)f (subnet)0 2715 y(attach)h(packet)f(0x70)h(ec0)g(5)h(1500)0 2765 y(attach)f(asy)g(0x2f8)f(3)i(ax25)f(ax0)g(1024)g(576)g(9600)939 2978 y Fh(15)p eop %%Page: 16 16 bop 62 75 a Fh(With)16 b(the)h(interfaces)f(attached,)i(their)f(addresses)f (etc.)35 b(must)16 b(now)g(be)g(given.)36 b(A)17 b(gateway)e(has)i(two)e (other)0 125 y(interfaces:)j Fd(loopback)11 b Fh(is)g(used)h(to)g(route)f (the)h(gateway's)e(packets)h(back)h(to)f(itself)g(\(for)h(debugging)h (purposes\),)f(and)0 175 y Fd(encap)d Fh(encapsulates)g(packets)h(and)h (passes)d(them)i(back)h(to)e(the)h(gateway)f(for)h(further)h(routing.)62 225 y(For)16 b(each)f(interface)h(you)f(should)g(specify)g(the)g(IP)h (address,)h(the)e(maximum)f(packet)h(size)g(and)h(the)f(broadcast)0 274 y(address.)22 b(The)13 b(latter)f(should)g(have)h(all)f(non-network)g (address)h(bits)e(as)h(1's.)21 b(For)13 b(example,)g(44.A/16)f(would)h(have)0 324 y(broadcast)i(address)h(44.A.255.255,)h(and)f(44.A.B/24)h(would)f(have)g (broadcast)f(address)h(44.A.B.255.)32 b(The)17 b(encap)0 374 y(interface)11 b(should)h(have)f(the)g(gateway's)f(AMPRnet)h(address,)h(but)f (broadcast)g(should)g(not)g(be)g(specified)g(\(it)g(doesn't)0 424 y(make)f(sense)f(anyway\).)0 515 y Fd(#)0 565 y(#)152 b(Interface)20 b(addresses)0 615 y(#)0 665 y(#)i(Although)e(minnie's)g(default)g(ip)i (address)e(is)h(minnie.v1kxwt,)e(we)j(need)f(to)g(use)g(a)0 714 y(#)h(`real')e(Internet)g(address)h(for)g(the)g(ec0)g(connection.)f(We)h (also)g(use)g(minnie's)f(ampr)0 764 y(#)i(ip)f(address)f(for)h (encapsulation.)0 814 y(ifc)g(ec0)65 b(ipa)21 b(minnie.cs.adfa.oz.)o(au)0 864 y(ifc)g(ec0)65 b(broadcast)20 b(131.236.20.255)0 914 y(ifc)h(ec0)65 b(mtu)21 b(1500)0 963 y(ifc)g(ax0)65 b(ipa)21 b(minnie.vk1xwt.ampr)o(.org)0 1013 y(ifc)g(ax0)65 b(mtu)21 b(576)0 1063 y(ifc)g(ax0)65 b(broadcast)20 b(44.136.7.255)0 1113 y(ifc)h(encap)g(ipa)g(minnie.vk1xwt.ampr)o(.org)0 1163 y(ifc)g(encap)g(mtu)g(576)62 1254 y Fh(With)9 b(the)h(above)f(done,)h (the)f(only)h(important)f(thing)g(to)g(do)h(next)g(is)f(to)g(set)g(up)g(the)g (routes)g(for)h(packets.)k(However,)0 1304 y(I)e(usually)f(describe)i(the)e (name)g(servers)i(that)d(are)i(available)g(for)g(domain)f(name)g(to)g(IP)h (address)g(lookups.)19 b(This)12 b(was)0 1354 y(before)e(I)g(found)h(out)e (that)h(NOS)g(doesn't)f(use)h(name)g(servers)g(while)h(in)f(the)g (initialisation)f(file.)62 1403 y(You)f(can)i(specify)e(several)h(domain)g (name)f(servers.)15 b(There)10 b(are)f(two)e(local)i(domain)g(servers)g(at)f (ADFA,)i(which)f(are)0 1453 y(specified,)k(as)f(well)g(as)f(the)h (authorative)f(name)h(server)h(for)f(the)g(AMPRnet,)h(ucsd.edu.)21 b(A)13 b(maximum)e(lookup)h(wait)0 1503 y(of)f(30)h(seconds)g(is)f (specified.)20 b(Note)12 b(that)f(NOS)h(uses)f(the)g(last)g(named)h(server)h (first,)f(so)f(be)h(sure)g(to)f(place)h(your)g(local)0 1553 y(nameservers)e(last!)62 1603 y(Minnie)j(also)e(acts)g(as)h(a)g(caching)h (name)e(server)i(itself:)18 b(nameserver)12 b(requests)f(to)g(minnie)h(are)g (passed)f(on)h(to)f(the)0 1653 y(nameservers)f(minnie)h(knows,)f(and)g(the)h (result)f(is)g(kept)g(in)g(minnie's)g(memory)g(in)h(case)f(it)g(is)g(again)g (requested)h(in)f(the)0 1702 y(future.)15 b(Minnie)c(caches)g(up)f(to)g(200)f (domain)h(name)g(results.)0 1794 y Fd(#)0 1843 y(#)152 b(Domain)21 b(Servers)0 1893 y(#)0 1943 y(domain)g(cache)f(wait)h(30000)0 1993 y(domain)g(cache)f(size)h(200)0 2043 y(domain)g(cache)f(clean)h(off)0 2093 y(domain)g(addserver)e(ucsd.edu)0 2142 y(domain)i(addserver)e (ccadfa.cc.adfa.oz.au)0 2192 y(domain)i(addserver)e(cspyr1.cs.adfa.oz.au)0 2242 y(dom)i(maxwait)g(30)0 2292 y(dom)g(start)0 2342 y(dom)g(trans)g(on)62 2433 y Fh(Finally,)11 b(routing!)k(A)10 b(gateway)g(needs)g(the)g(following)f (routes:)62 2524 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(route)g(to)g(the)g(local)g(AMPRnet) h(subnet.)62 2607 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(route)g(to)g(the)g(local)g(LAN)i (subnet.)62 2690 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(A)10 b(default)g(route)g(via)h(the)f (local)g(Internet)g(gateway.)62 2773 y Fe(\017)21 b Fh(Lots)9 b(of)h(encap)h(routes)e(to)h(other)g(AMPRnet)g(gateways.)939 2978 y(16)p eop %%Page: 17 17 bop 0 75 a Fh(Note)12 b(that)g(the)g(default)g(route)g(is)h(out)e(to)h(the)h (Internet.)21 b(This)13 b(is)f(done)h(so)f(that)g(mistakes)f(hit)h(the)g (Ethernet)h(and)g(not)0 125 y(the)i(airwaves.)31 b(The)17 b(first)e(three)h (routes)f(are)g(usually)h(static,)g(and)g(are)g(included)h(in)f(the)g (initialisation)e(file.)32 b(The)0 175 y(encap)10 b(routes)f(frequently)i (change,)g(and)f(so)f(minnie)h(loads)g(them)f(from)h(a)g(second)g(file,)g Fd(encap.txt)p Fh(.)j(This)e(file)f(can)g(be)0 225 y(generated)i(by)h (extracting)f(only)h(those)e(lines)h(with)g(the)g(word)h(`encap')e(from)h (the)g(`gateways.XXX')d(file.)22 b(You)11 b Fg(must)0 274 y Fh(remember)f(to)g(remove)h(the)g(encap)f(route)h(to)f(your)h(own)f(gateway)f (from)i Fd(encap.txt)p Fh(,)e(otherwise)h(weird)h(things)f(will)0 324 y(happen.)62 374 y(Routes)e(are)i(specified)g(as)f(private.)15 b(This)10 b(prevents)f(your)h(gateway)e(from)h(advertising)h(routes)f(to)g (the)g(Internet,)h(in)0 424 y(the)g(unlikely)h(event)f(that)f(you)i(are)f (running)h(RIP.)0 515 y Fd(#)0 565 y(#)152 b(Routing)0 615 y(#)0 665 y(#)22 b(The)f(default)f(route)h(is)g(via)g(ec0.)g(ax0)h(takes)e (the)h(subnet)g(44.136.7.128/25.)e(Other)0 714 y(#)j(routes)e(are)h(via)g(IP) h(encapsulation)d(to)i(other)g(44.)g(networks)f(via)i(the)f(Internet.)0 764 y(#)h(See)f(the)g(file)g(`gateways.xxx')e(for)i(more)g(details.)f(We)h (now)h(load)f(from)g(a)g(2nd)g(file,)0 814 y(#)h(encap.txt;)d(this)i(makes)g (altering)f(much)h(easier.)0 864 y(#)0 914 y(route)g(addprivate)e(default)195 b(ec0)21 b(cs_gate.cs.adfa.oz.)o(au)0 963 y(route)g(addprivate)e (131.236.20/24)63 b(ec0)0 1013 y(route)21 b(addprivate)e(44.136.7.128/25)g (ax0)0 1063 y(source)i(encap.txt)62 1154 y Fh(With)11 b(the)h(routing)g (specified,)g(minnie's)f(packet)h(filtering)g(\(IP)f(access\))h(and)g (connection)g(filtering)g(\(TCP)g(access\))0 1204 y(are)f(given.)16 b(The)11 b(rule)g(of)f(thumb)f(here)i(is)f(to)g(first)g(specify)g(the)g (range)h(of)f(addresses)g(that)f(are)i(permitted)f(access,)g(then)0 1254 y(specify)g(the)g(range)h(of)f(addresses)g(denied.)16 b(If)10 b(no)g(denials)g(are)h(specified,)g(then)f(the)g(default)f(is)i(to)e (permit)h(all.)62 1304 y(The)h(IP)f(access)g(is)g(simple.)k(All)d(AMPRnet)f (addresses)g(can)g(route)g(packets)f(over)i(the)f Fd(ax0)f Fh(interface,)i(but)e(all)h(other)0 1354 y(addresses)g(are)g(denied.)62 1403 y(For)e(the)e(TCP)i(access,)g(you)f(must)f(decide)i(which)f(services)h (should)f(be)g(denied)h(and)f(from)g(whom.)13 b(On)7 b(minnie,)h(only)0 1453 y(the)k(converse)h(server)f(running)i(on)e(TCP)h(port)f(3600)f(has)h (access)g(denied.)21 b(TCP)14 b(access)e(is)f(permitted)h(on)g(AMPRnet)0 1503 y(addresses)g(and)h(ADFA)g(addresses)f(on)g(TCP)h(ports)f(1)g(to)g (3600.)20 b(TCP)14 b(access)e(to)g(port)g(3600)f(is)h(denied)h(to)f(all)g (others.)0 1553 y(Thus,)f(all)f(addresses)g(are)h(implicitly)f(allowed)g(to)f (connect)i(to)f(all)g(ports)f(but)h(3600.)0 1644 y Fd(#)0 1694 y(#)152 b(IP)22 b(Access)e(-)i(prevent)e(Joe)h(Internet)g(from)f(accessing)g (ax0)0 1744 y(#)0 1794 y(ip)h(access)g(permit)f(44/8)h(ax0)0 1843 y(ip)g(access)g(deny)g(all)g(ax0)0 1893 y(#)0 1943 y(#)152 b(TCP)22 b(Access)e(-)i(prevent)e(Joe)h(Internet)f(from)h(accessing)f(the)h (converse)g(server)0 1993 y(#)0 2043 y(tcp)g(access)g(permit)f(44/8)h(1)h (3600)0 2093 y(tcp)f(access)g(permit)f(131.236.20/24)f(1)j(3600)0 2142 y(tcp)f(access)g(deny)g(all)g(3600)62 2234 y Fh(TCP)10 b(and)g(IP)f(parameters)f(can)i(now)f(be)g(detailed.)15 b(The)10 b(IP)f(maximum)f(hop)h(count)h(should)f(now)f(be)i(at)e(least)g(32,)i(as)0 2283 y(the)f(Internet)g(is)h(large)g(enough)f(to)g(need)h(this.)k(The)c (maximum)f(segment)g(size)g(in)h(TCP)g(should)g(be)f(set)g(to)g(the)g (smallest)0 2333 y(packet)h(size)g(\(576)f(on)h Fd(ax0)g Fh(and)h Fd(encap)p Fh(\))e(minus)h(40.)0 2425 y Fd(#)0 2474 y(#)152 b(Set)22 b(TCP)f(and)g(IP)g(parameters)0 2524 y(#)0 2574 y(ip)g(ttl)h(32)0 2624 y(#)0 2674 y(tcp)f(mss)g(536)0 2724 y(tcp)g(window)g(2900)0 2773 y(tcp)g(irtt)g(10000)0 2823 y(tcp)g(syndata)g(on)939 2978 y Fh(17)p eop %%Page: 18 18 bop 62 75 a Fh(With)9 b(the)g(interfaces)g(and)h(routes)f(ready,)h(we)g(can)f (begin)h(on)g(the)f(parameters)f(of)h(the)g(gateway's)f(services.)15 b(These)0 125 y(are)10 b(all)h(readily)g(explained)g(in)f(the)g(NOS)h (documentation,)e(and)i(I)f(will)g(omit)g(any)g(descriptions)g(here.)0 202 y Fd(#)0 252 y(#)152 b(SMTP)21 b(parameters)0 302 y(#)0 352 y(#)501 b(Some)21 b(mailing)f(list)h(recipients)f(are)h(stuffed)g(:-\()0 402 y(smtp)g(batch)g(off)0 451 y(smtp)g(timer)g(500)0 501 y(smtp)g(usemx)g (on)0 551 y(smtp)g(trace)g(0)0 601 y(smtp)g(maxclients)f(7)0 651 y(#)0 701 y(#)152 b(Mbox)21 b(parameters)0 750 y(#)0 800 y(attended)f(off)0 850 y(mb)h(attend)g(off)0 900 y(mb)g(tdisc)g(200)0 950 y(mb)g(conv)g(off)0 999 y(#)0 1049 y(#)152 b(Ftp)22 b(parameters)0 1099 y(#)0 1149 y(ftptdisc)e(200)0 1199 y(ftype)h(bin)0 1248 y(#)0 1298 y(#)152 b(Converse)20 b(Commands)0 1348 y(#)0 1398 y(conv)h(host)g(Canberra)62 1475 y Fh(Minnie)11 b(is)f(an)h(interesting)e (gateway,)h(in)g(that)g(it)g(runs)g(both)g(a)g(SMTP)h(mail)f(service)h(and)f (a)h(converse)f(server,)i(both)0 1525 y(of)g(which)h(seem)e(to)h(suffer)g (from)g(memory)g(haemorrhages.)21 b(This)13 b(means)e(that)h(minnie)g(is)h (unlikely)g(to)e(stay)h(up)g(for)0 1575 y(more)e(than)h(24)f(hours)h(before)f (running)i(out)e(of)g(memory)h(and)g(hanging.)17 b(If)10 b(you)h(are)g(able)f (to,)h(I)g(suggest)e(you)i(offload)0 1625 y(one)f(or)h(both)e(of)h(these)g (services)g(to)g(a)g(non-gateway)f(machine.)62 1675 y(To)14 b(try)g(and)g(remedy)g(this)g(problem,)g(minnie)g(uses)f(the)h(`at')e (command)i(in)g(NOS)g(to)f(exit)g(out)g(of)h(NOS)g(every)g(6)0 1724 y(hours,)i(where)f(it)f(falls)g(back)h(to)f(the)g(NOS)h(batch)f(file,)i (which)f(cleans)g(up)f(and)h(reruns)h(NOS,)f(reclaiming)g(the)f(lost)0 1774 y(memory.)h(This)10 b(is)g(mostly)f(sucessful,)h(but)g(under)h(heavy)g (use)f(minnie)g(will)h(still)e(hang.)0 1852 y Fd(#)0 1902 y(#)152 b(AT)22 b(commands)0 1951 y(#)0 2001 y(at)f(0001)g(exit)0 2051 y(at)g(0600)g(exit)0 2101 y(at)g(1200)g(exit)0 2151 y(at)g(1800)g(exit)62 2228 y Fh(Finally,)11 b(the)f(gateway's)f(services)h(are)h(started.)0 2306 y Fd(#)0 2355 y(#)152 b(Start)21 b(Servers)0 2405 y(#)0 2455 y(#)h(The)f(telnet)f(server)h(is)g(activated)f(so)i(that)f(people)f (coming)h(in)g(from)g(other)g(44.)g(boxes)0 2505 y(#)h(can)f(leave)g(mail,)f (and)h(eventually)f(see)h(what)g(other)g(calls)g(to)g(connect)g(to.)0 2555 y(start)g(echo)0 2605 y(start)g(discard)0 2654 y(start)g(ftp)0 2704 y(start)g(smtp)0 2754 y(start)g(finger)0 2804 y(start)g(telnet)0 2854 y(start)g(convers)939 2978 y Fh(18)p eop %%Page: 19 19 bop 62 75 a Fh(Miscellaneous)10 b(stuff.)k(Logging)c(of)g(incoming)g (connections)g(and)g(server)h(use)e(is)h(appended)g(to)g(the)f Fd(nos.log)g Fh(file,)0 125 y(and)j(the)f(function)h(keys)f(F7)h(and)g(F8)g (have)g(the)f(strings)g(`mem)g(stat',)f(and)i(`t)f(s')g(attached,)h(so)f (minnie's)g(operator)g(can)0 175 y(quickly)g(review)g(the)f(memory)g(status)e (and)j(the)f(TCP)h(connections)f(to)g(the)g(gateway.)0 266 y Fd(#)0 316 y(#)152 b(Misc)0 366 y(#)0 415 y(#)43 b(Log)22 b(server)e(use.)0 465 y(#)43 b(Set)22 b(up)f(some)g(function)f(keys.)0 515 y(log)h(nos.log)0 565 y(fkey)g(65)g("mem)g(stat")0 615 y(fkey)g(66)g("t)h(s")0 665 y(strace)f(0)939 2978 y Fh(19)p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF .