While faculty at The City University spend the largest part of their time in the classroom and carrying out research projects, many play a leadership role in administration by serving as department chairs, and on college and university-wide committees. Many also place their knowledge and expertise at the service of the communities surrounding the Colleges, and have co-operated in the planning of projects and activities that will ultimately benefit both the University and the City and State of New York of which it is an integral part. Administration Over 45 years ago, the Chairman of the Board of Higher Education commended the adoption of a Bylaw that "lodges in faculties and departments large responsibility for college governances, subject to the approval and recommendation of the president of the college." The responsibility for governance through shared authority has characterized the collegial organization of great universities throughout this country, allowing faculty and administration to exercise appropriate influence within their spheres of primary concern. Faculty at The City University are involved in the development and approval of policies concerning curriculum, instruction, personnel, and academic standards. Their active participation has been crucial to the University's continued commitment to the highest standards of liberal and professional learning. Department Chairs According to the University's Bylaws, the executive officer of each department, in addition to undertaking the usual faculty duties of teaching and research, shall also: ensure the quality of instruction within that discipline by conducting classroom observations of faculty; evaluate the performance of department faculty and thus suggest appropriate direction for further professional development; select course offerings and arrange class hours so that both faculty and students will have a convenient schedule for teaching and learning; review curriculum to ensure that uniform instruction takes place in all sections of the same course; recruit new faculty for the department; recommend the promotion, reappointment, and tenure of faculty; lead the department in the development of curriculum and instructional methods that reflect state-of-the-art scholarship in that discipline; monitor student performance in departmental courses to encourage adoption of the discipline as a major as well as successful completion of required basic course sequences, ultimately contributing to student success and retention; represent the interests of the department through participation in the governance of the college; prepare the departmental budget proposal and oversee the disbursement of funds in order to ensure the appropriate expenditure of resources; and seek recognition of the department's achievements and funding for the accomplishment of new goals. Committee Service In addition, many faculty volunteer to represent their Colleges and their disciplines on the University-wide committees that make and implement policy affecting all units of the University. For example, 30 faculty are appointed annually to the University Committee on Research, which reviews and approves projects funded by the PSC-CUNY Awards; faculty serving on the Reading, Writing, Mathematics, and ESL Task Forces advise the University's central administration on effective policy in the area of Basic Skills. College Preparatory Initiative In 1991, CUNY launched a major initiative with the New York City Board of Education to strengthen the level of academic preparation of high school students throughout the City. Upon entrance to college, students will be expected to have completed courses in English, algebra, geometry, laboratory and social science, a foreign language, and the arts. Faculty from all of CUNY's colleges, in conjunction with the faculty from high schools in each borough, have developed learning competencies that students leaving high school should have attained in each subject area. Evaluation results on the first group of students subject to CPI guidelines who entered the University in the Fall 1993 compared to the 1991 enrollees show the entering class came to the University with strengthened academic preparation in all areas. 1993 entering students completed more academic courses in each of the five areas required by CPI for this year (Social Studies, Sequential Math, Foreign Language, Lab Science, and English) than 1991 freshman enrollees. In addition, the percentage of students at both two and four-year institutions who met or exceeded 1993 CPI requirements rose to 84% at the community colleges and nearly 86% at the senior colleges. English as a Second Language Task Force In 1993-1994, a faculty committee was formed to address the needs of the University's growing English as a Second Language population. The findings of this committee were submitted to the Office of Academic Affairs which is in the process of distributing the committee's report to various faculty members and University committees for review. Responses to the report will then be collected by the Office of Academic Affairs and will be used in conjunction with the report's findings in order to generate policy recommendations on instructional approaches and program structures, measurement of students' progress, certification of proficiency, and other matters pertaining to ESL instruction. The University Faculty Advancement Program In 1989, this Program was established to promote pluralism and diversity by supporting junior-ranking faculty in their efforts to complete their dissertations and receive the doctoral degree. Participants engage in a program of weekly seminars and individual counseling by senior faculty mentors. As of Fall 1994, 40 of the 119 participants in the program, 50 percent of whom are included in the Affirmative Action Program, have received the doctorate as a direct result of participation in this program. Professional Staff Congress Since 1972, the Professional Staff Congress/ CUNY has been recognized by the Board of Trustees of The City University of New York as the collective bargaining agent under the Public Employees Fair Employment Act for full-time and part-time members of the instructional staff of The City University (other than certain instructional staff titles and functions which are managerial or confidential). The PSC performs these essential functions: * It negotiates terms and conditions of employment for its unit members; * It helps settle personnel conflicts informally and through the contractual grievance and arbitration structure on behalf of employees, groups of employees, or on its own behalf; * It funds and participates with the University in the administration of the PSC-CUNY Welfare Fund, which provides certain welfare benefits for members of the instructional staff; and * It engages in extensive legislative activity on behalf of the union and the University. The University Faculty Senate The Charter of the University Faculty Senate mandates its responsibility for the formulation of University-wide policies and procedures concerning the academic status, role, rights, responsibilities, and freedoms of the faculty, as well as issues concerning education and instruction, research and scholarly activities of significance to the University as a whole. The University Faculty Senate serves as a liaison between the individual campuses and the central administration of the University. It advises the Board of Trustees, the Council of Presidents, and other University-wide bodies, initiating recommendations and reviewing changes of policy on issues that are within its sphere of interests. Equally important, it represents a valuable forum for the exchange of ideas that concern the faculty and the University. The CUNY Urban Marine and Freshwater Initiative (CUMFI) In 1991, the University launched an initiative to coordinate and integrate all its marine and freshwater programs. The CUMFI Advisory Committee, meeting regularly during the past two years, developed a plan for a CUNY Urban Marine and Freshwater Institute to focus on studies of the effects of human activity on the marine and coastal environments of New York City, and on recruitment of students from minority groups into environmental sciences. The committee organized the first interdisciplinary research and field work course, Field Methods in Oceanography, at the Queens College Center for Environmental Teaching and Research at Caumsett State Park on Long Island, New York in Summer 1992. An expanded version of the course was offered in the summers of 1993 and 1994. Future programs will focus on issues of shoreline usage, pollution, regional fisheries, water quality, recreation, opportunities for industrial development, education and training. Community Service Fifty years ago, the faculty of the four municipal colleges were commended for using their expert knowledge in the service of the city, state, and nation. The faculty members cited in that report had served as: counsel to the New York State Commission on the Condition of the Urban Colored Population; special adviser to the Bureau of the Budget in Washington; investigator of wind forces on tall buildings for the American Institute of Steel; and evaluator of visual aids and safety devices in the streets of New York City. The faculty have continued their role as consultants to industry, commerce, and government. Many have also expressed their commitment to the University's mission of providing access to knowledge and education for all citizens by volunteering to participate in activities that reach out into neighboring communities and benefit citizens who otherwise would not be touched by the presence of a great university in their neighborhood. .